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Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Educação E Humanidades Instituto De Letras 1 Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Educação e Humanidades Instituto de Letras Felipe Mansur O bruxo e o ilusionista: Machado de Assis e seu leitor Woody Allen Rio de Janeiro 2011 2 Felipe Mansur O bruxo e o ilusionista: Machado de Assis e seu leitor Woody Allen Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Letras, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Área de concentração: Literatura Comparada Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gustavo Bernardo Galvão Krause Rio de Janeiro 2011 CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE UERJ/REDE SIRIUS/CEHB M289 Mansur, Felipe O bruxo e o ilusionista: Machado de Assis e seu leitor Woody Allen / Felipe Mansur. - 2011. 158 f. Orientador: Gustavo Bernardo Galvão Krause. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Letras. 1. Literatura comparada – Brasileira e americana - Teses. 2. Literatura comparada – Americana e brasileira - Teses. 3. Análise do discurso narrativo - Teses. 4. Ética na literatura - Teses. 5. Ironia na literatura – Teses. 6. Ironia no cinema - Teses. 7. Memória na literatura - Teses. 8. Assis, Machado de, 1839-1908. Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas – Teses. 9. Assis, Machado de, 1839-1908 - Crítica e interpretação – Teses. 10. Allen, Woody, 1935-. Stardust memories – Teses. 10. Allen, Woody, 1935- - Crítica e interpretação – Teses. I. Bernardo, Gustavo, 1955-. II. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Letras. III. Título. CDU 82.091 Autorizo, apenas para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta dissertação, desde que citada a fonte __________________________ __________________ Assinatura Data 3 Felipe Mansur O bruxo e o ilusionista: Machado de Assis e seu leitor Woody Allen Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Letras, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Área de concentração: Literatura Comparada Aprovada em 21 de março de 2011. Banca Examinadora: ____________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Gustavo Bernardo Galvão Krause (Orientador) Instituto de Letras da UERJ ____________________________________________________________ Profª Dra. Luciana Hidalgo Instituto de Letras da UERJ ____________________________________________________________ Profª Dra. Marta Ribeiro Rocha e Silva de Senna Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa ____________________________________________________________ Profª Dra. Martha Alkimin de Araújo Vieira Faculdade de Letras da UFRJ ____________________________________________________________ Profª Dra. Sílvia Regina Pinto Instituto de Letras da UERJ Rio de Janeiro 2011 4 DEDICATÓRIA Para a Ingrid. Pelo amor a todo instante. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus pais, pelo apoio incondicional em toda minha vida, e aos parentes e amigos que acompanham minha trajetória acadêmica ao longo dos anos. Ao professor Gustavo Bernardo, pela orientação dedicada e por transmitir-me – delicadamente – o precioso vírus da obsessão. Aos professores e funcionários do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e à Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 6 I got everything by talking fast in a world that goes with talking. And end up with exactly nothing. Dana Andrews em Fallen Angel, de Otto Preminger [Eu consegui tudo falando rápido em um mundo onde não se para de falar. E terminei com exatamente nada.] 7 RESUMO MANSUR, Felipe. O bruxo e o ilusionista: Machado de Assis e seu leitor Woddy Allen. 2011. 157f. Tese (Doutorado em Literatura Comparada) – Instituto de Letras, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2011. A presente tese tem como intuito investigar as relações entre as narrativas de Machado de Assis e de Woody Allen, autores de épocas e culturas bastante distintas. No entanto, através da análise do papel da ironia na obra de ambos tornou-se possível aproximar Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, romance de 1881 de Machado, e Stardust Memories, filme lançado em 1980 pelo diretor Woody Allen. A investigação divide-se em três etapas. No primeiro capítulo, analisa-se a aproximação entre os dois autores através de uma mesma visão sobre a ficção presente tanto na obra de Machado quanto na de Allen. Esta visão encontra-se fundamentada através de uma tradição literária burlesca que rompe com o primado realista na narrativa ficcional. No segundo capítulo, procura-se demonstrar como a perspectiva não realista escapa a uma regra moralizante na ficção, para valorizar uma postura ética, isto é, para se definir o ethos da narrativa. A ironia, assim, será a morada da ficção de ambos os autores, que problematizam o mundo incluindo nele a própria narrativa. E no terceiro e último capítulo, analisa-se a relação ficcional nas duas obras com a memória. A memória, elemento constituinte da identidade humana, revela-se uma linguagem própria e opressora aos narradores memorialistas, impondo-lhes a inexorabilidade do tempo. Dessa forma, suas ficções seriam uma luta incessante do homem contra o seu caminhar para a morte. Palavras chave: Machado de Assis.Woody Allen. Ironia. Ficção. Memória. 8 ABSTRACT This thesis has the intention to investigate the relationship between the narratives of Machado de Assis and Woody Allen, authors from very different ages and cultures. However, by examining the role of irony in the work of both writers has become possible to approach Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, Machado's novel from 1881, and Stardust Memories, released in 1980 by movie director Woody Allen. The research is divided into three stages. The first chapter analyzes the closeness of the two authors by a common vision about the nature of. And this view is substantiated by a literary tradition of burlesque that breaks the rule of realistic fiction. The second chapter seeks to demonstrate how the non-realistic approach escapes from the moralizing rule of fiction, to value an ethical approach that defines the ethos of the narrative. The irony, therefore, will be the home of the fiction of both authors, who analyzes the world including it's own narrative. And in the third and final chapter examines the relationship of the two fictional works with memory. Memory, constituent element of human identity, it is an independent language and an oppressive force to the narrators memoirists, imposing them the inevitability of time. Thus his fictions would be an endless struggle of man against the certain of death. Key Words: Machado de Assis. Woody Allen. Irony. Fiction. Memory. 9 SUMÁRIO POR UM MACHADO UNIVERSAL ......................................................................10 1. A FICÇÃO ..................................................................................................................18 1.1 Brás Cubas é ele .........................................................................................................18 1.2 O tom é o mesmo ........................................................................................................28 1.3 Humor e ironia ...........................................................................................................55 2. A ÉTICA .....................................................................................................................64 2.1 A atitude é a mesma ...................................................................................................64 2.2 A ética da ficção .........................................................................................................74 2.3 Realidade Objetiva ...................................................................................................85 3. A MEMÓRIA ............................................................................................................111 3.1 O que é memória .......................................................................................................111 3.2 As narrativas da memória ......................................................................................118 3.3 A ironia fundamental da memória ..........................................................................131 4 EM DEFESA DA IRONIA ......................................................................................145 REFERÊNCIAS .......................................................................................................152 10 POR UM MACHADO UNIVERSAL Um trabalho que se proponha a estudar a obra de Machado de Assis deve lidar com uma série de problemas iniciais. O primeiro deles surge a partir da grandeza do analisado. Reconhecidamente o mais importante romancista da literatura brasileira, autor de duas obras- primas colossais – Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas (1881) e Dom Casmurro (1900) – e fundador da Academia Brasileira de Letras, interpretar Machado de Assis torna-se, de certa forma, interpretar o Brasil. Diante desse desafio, o estudioso pode tomar dois caminhos bem distintos: não alterar a imagem do mito ou se propor a desmistificá-lo sem, no entanto, desengrandecê-lo. O primeiro caso, bastante comum na crítica atual, seria seguir os passos dados por Roberto Schwarz há quase meio século. Esta linha crítica procura adequar todos os aspectos a serem analisados na obra do autor – seja a época, o estilo ou os personagens de Machado – a uma leitura marxista em literatura. Assim, o aspecto mais importante na ficção machadiana restringe-se ao campo da crítica social que, de fato, o autor de Memórias póstumas realizou. Tal leitura foi fundamental para resgatar
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