DOCSLIB.ORG

Metal Mobility and Transport from an Oil-Shale Mine, Lake Nõmmejärv, Estonia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Metal Mobility and Transport from an Oil-Shale Mine, Lake Nõmmejärv, Estonia Metal mobility and transport from an oil-shale mine, Lake Nõmmejärv, Estonia Åsa Ekelund Department of Physical Geography GE6014 Physical Geography, Degree Project 30 hp, NG80 Study Programme in Earth Sciences Spring term 2020 Supervisor: Christian Bronge, Jan Risberg and Lars-Ove Westerberg Preface This Bachelor’s thesis is Åsa Ekelund’s degree project in Physical Geography at the Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University. The Bachelor’s thesis comprises 30 credits (one term of full-time studies). Supervisors have been Christian Bronge, Jan Risberg and Lars-Ove Westerberg at the Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University. Examiner has been Stefan Wastegård at the Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University. The author is responsible for the contents of this thesis. Stockholm, 1 September 2020 Björn Gunnarson Vice Director of studies Metal mobility and transport from an oil-shale mine, Lake Nõmmejärv, Estonia Åsa Ekelund Abstract Mining activities have a large impact on the environment, for example by the release of heavy metals from acid mine drainage and erosion of mine waste. North-eastern Estonia has the largest commercially exploited oil-shale deposit in the world. Waste from the mining processes have led to contamination of groundwater and streams polluted by phenols, oil products, sulphates and heavy metals. This thesis concerns the metal mobility from oil-shale mines in north-eastern Estonia, through water flow in the drainage system directed into Lake Nõmmejärv, which acts as a sedimentation basin for the mining water. A sediment core along with lake bottom surface samples were retrieved and analysed for heavy metals associated with mining. Water samples were collected and analysed for TOC. The sedimentary records show distinctively the change with the high inflow of water. The analysis of heavy metal content does not suggest a high impact on the environment, possibly because of a buffering effect by the limestone bedrock. The contents of heavy metals are somewhat elevated compared to background contents in Swedish lake sediments, but only cadmium and nickel levels are in the range that can be hazardous for the survival of organisms. Keywords: Mine waste, Heavy metals, Oil shale, Lake sediments, Lake Nõmmejärv, Human impact, Kurtna kame field, Estonia. Cover: Lake Nõmmejärv the day of the sampling in October 1994. Photo by Åsa Ekelund Contents 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1 2 Background and study area ........................................................................................ 2 2.1 Study area ............................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Oil shales ................................................................................................................ 6 2.3 Historical background .............................................................................................. 7 2.4 Geochemical background ........................................................................................ 8 2.5 Heavy metals .......................................................................................................... 9 3 Methods .......................................................................................................................10 3.1 Sampling ................................................................................................................11 3.1.1 Water sampling ...............................................................................................11 3.1.2 Sediment sampling ..........................................................................................11 3.2 Analyses ................................................................................................................14 3.2.1 Water analysis.................................................................................................14 3.2.2 Sediment analyses ..........................................................................................14 pH .................................................................................................................................14 Water content (WC), loss on ignition (LOI) & organic carbon content (OC) ...................14 Metal analysis ...............................................................................................................15 Statistical analysis ........................................................................................................16 Presentation of analytical data ......................................................................................16 4 Results and Interpretation .........................................................................................17 4.1 Water samples .......................................................................................................17 4.2 Sediment samples ..................................................................................................18 4.2.1 Composition: WC, LOI550 & OC .......................................................................18 4.2.2 Stratigraphy and pH ........................................................................................18 4.2.3 Metal concentrations in the sediment ..............................................................21 Pb, Cd & Mo .................................................................................................................22 Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, V ...........................................................................................................22 Fe & Mn ........................................................................................................................23 5 Discussion ..................................................................................................................23 6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................26 7 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................27 8 References ..................................................................................................................28 Appendix .............................................................................................................................33 Description of analysed metals .........................................................................................33 Table A1, Data, sediment analyses ..................................................................................36 Element compositions and concentrations in the sediment core from Lake Nõmmejärv, also shown in figure 10, here displayed in Excel diagrams: ..............................................37 Appendix References .......................................................................................................43 1 Introduction Oil shale mining has had a large impact on the environment in Estonia (Vallner & Sepp 1993). Power plants using the oil shale have emitted vast amounts of alkaline ash that has affected the soil and water. The pollutants contain sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals and organic compounds such as phenols, the latter being a specific pollutant of oil shale processing (Liblik & Rätsep 1994), quite toxic for water organisms. Unused residue is gathered in waste heaps that may self-ignite and cause underground fires that contaminate the water supply with oil and phenols. Apart from the solid waste rock and ash from the production of electricity, there is a hazardous waste called semi-coke that emanates from the production of shale oil. Also, semi-coke contains high concentrations of heavy metals, sulphides and phenols (Gavrilova et al. 2005). During the last 50 years, the most important source of primary energy in Estonia has been oil shale. Between 1970 and 1990, more than 90% of the primary energy came from oil shale (Gavrilova et al. 2005). The extraction of oil shale began in a mercantile perspective in 1918 and peaked in the 1980s when the demand decreased due to the construction of a nuclear power plant in Sosnovyj Bor, Russia. However, still in 2003 more than 80% of the primary energy in Estonia was provided by oil shale (Gavrilova et al. 2005) and the Estonian oil shale industry remains of vital importance to the country. Mines need to be dewatered and when the water is pumped out it contains a large amount of sulphates that lead to acid mine drainage (AMD). Owing to the acidity, heavy metals are released into the surrounding environment and downstream water system (Salomons 1995; Naturvårdsverket & SGU 2017). Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have varying definitions such as relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers. A common definition is that heavy metals are those metals that have a density of at least 5 times greater than that of water (Tchounwou et al. 2012; Alloway 2013). According to Duffus (2002, p. 794) “there is no authoritative definition to be found in the relevant literature” and some experts find the name meaningless. Still the term “heavy metals” is widely used and recognized and will be used in this paper. Metals are base elements and thus non-degradable. This means that they accumulate in the food chain and can build up to give toxic effects (Brandt & Gröndahl 2000). Still, most metals are essential micronutrients
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Virumaa Hiied
    https://doi.org/10.7592/MT2017.66.kaasik Virumaa hiied Ahto Kaasik Teesid: Hiis on ajalooline looduslik pühapaik, millega seostub ohverdamisele, pühakspidamisele, ravimisele, palvetamisele või muule usulisele või taialisele tegevusele viitavaid pärimuslikke andmeid. Üldjuhul on hiis küla pühapaik, rahvapärimuse järgi olevat varem olnud igal külal oma hiis. Samas on mõnda hiiepaika kasutanud terve kihelkond. Artiklis on vaatluse all Virumaa pühapaigad ning ära on toodud Virumaal praeguseks teada olevate hiite nimekiri. Märksõnad: hiis, looduslik pühapaik, Virumaa Eestis on ajalooliste andmete põhjal teada ligikaudu 800 hiit, neist ligi kuuendik Virumaal. Arvestades, et andmed hiitest on jõudnud meieni läbi aastasadade täis sõdu, taude, otsest hävitamist ja ärakeelamist ning usundilise maailmapildi muutumist, on see aukartustäratav hulk. Hiis ühendab kogukonda ja laiemalt rahvast. Hiis täidab õige erinevaid ülesandeid ning on midagi enamat kui looduskaitseala, kooskäimis- või tantsu- koht, vallamaja, haigla, kalmistu, kirik, kohtumaja, kindlus või ohvrikoht. Hiie suhtes puudub tänapäeval kohane võrdlus. Hiis on hiis. Ajalooliste looduslike pühapaikade hulgas moodustavad hiied eraldi rühma. Samma küla Tamme- aluse hiide on rahvast mäletamistmööda kogunenud kogu Mahu (Viru-Nigula) kihelkonnast (Kaasik 2001; Maran 2013). Hiienimelised paigad on ajalooliselt levinud peamiselt põhja pool Tartu – Viljandi – Pärnu joont (Valk 2009: 50). Lõuna pool võidakse sarnaseid pühapai- kasid nimetada kergo-, kumarus-, pühä-, ahi- vm paigaks. Kuid ka Virumaal ei nimetata hiiesarnaseid paiku alati hiieks. Selline on näiteks Lavi pühapaik. Hiietaolisi pühapaikasid leidub meie lähematel ja kaugematel hõimurah- vastel. Sarnased on ka pühapaikadega seotud tõekspidamised ja tavad. Nõnda annavad hiied olulise tähendusliku lisamõõtme meie kuulumisele soome-ugri http://www.folklore.ee/tagused/nr66/kaasik.pdf Ahto Kaasik rahvaste perre. Ja see pole veel kõik.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Climate, Catchment Vegetation and Hydrogeology As the Causes of Dramatic Lake-Level Fluctuations in the Kurtna Lake District, NE Estonia
    Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2014, 63, 1, 45–61 doi: 10.3176/earth.2014.04 Changes in climate, catchment vegetation and hydrogeology as the causes of dramatic lake-level fluctuations in the Kurtna Lake District, NE Estonia Marko Vainu and Jaanus Terasmaa Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University, Uus-Sadama 5, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia; [email protected], [email protected] Received 25 March 2013, accepted 2 October 2013 Abstract. Numerous lakes in the world serve as sensitive indicators of climate change. Water levels for lakes Ahnejärv and Martiska, two vulnerable oligotrophic closed-basin lakes on sandy plains in northeastern Estonia, fell more than 3 m in 1946– 1987 and rose up to 2 m by 2009. Earlier studies indicated that changes in rates of groundwater abstraction were primarily responsible for the changes, but scientifically sound explanations for water-level fluctuations were still lacking. Despite the inconsistent water-level dataset, we were able to assess the importance of changing climate, catchment vegetation and hydrogeology in water-level fluctuations in these lakes. Our results from water-balance simulations indicate that before the initiation of groundwater abstraction in 1972 a change in the vegetation composition on the catchments triggered the lake-level decrease. The water-level rise in 1990–2009 was caused, in addition to the reduction of groundwater abstraction rates, by increased precipitation and decreased evaporation. The results stress that climate, catchment vegetation and hydrogeology must all be considered while evaluating the causes of modern water-level changes in lakes. Key words: lake-level fluctuations, groundwater abstraction, climate change, catchment, water balance.
    [Show full text]
  • Rahvastiku Ühtlusarvutatud Sündmus- Ja Loendusstatistika
    EESTI RAHVASTIKUSTATISTIKA POPULATION STATISTICS OF ESTONIA __________________________________________ RAHVASTIKU ÜHTLUSARVUTATUD SÜNDMUS- JA LOENDUSSTATISTIKA REVIEWED POPULATION VITAL AND CENSUS STATISTICS Ida-Virumaa 1965-1990 Kalev Katus Allan Puur Asta Põldma Aseri Kohtla Lüganuse Toila JÕHVI Sonda Jõhvi Sinimäe Maidla Mäetaguse Illuka Tudulinna Iisaku Alajõe Avinurme Lohusuu Tallinn 2002 EESTI KÕRGKOOLIDEVAHELINE DEMOUURINGUTE KESKUS ESTONIAN INTERUNIVERSITY POPULATION RESEARCH CENTRE RAHVASTIKU ÜHTLUSARVUTATUD SÜNDMUS- JA LOENDUSSTATISTIKA REVIEWED POPULATION VITAL AND CENSUS STATISTICS Ida-Virumaa 1965-1990 Kalev Katus Allan Puur Asta Põldma RU Seeria C No 19 Tallinn 2002 © Eesti Kõrgkoolidevaheline Demouuringute Keskus Estonian Interuniversity Population Research Centre Kogumikuga on kaasas diskett Ida-Virumaa rahvastikuarengut kajastavate joonisfailidega, © Eesti Kõrgkoolidevaheline Demouuringute Keskus. The issue is accompanied by the diskette with charts on demographic development of Ida-Virumaa population, © Estonian Interuniversity Population Research Centre. ISBN 9985-820-66-5 EESTI KÕRGKOOLIDEVAHELINE DEMOUURINGUTE KESKUS ESTONIAN INTERUNIVERSITY POPULATION RESEARCH CENTRE Postkast 3012, Tallinn 10504, Eesti Kogumikus esitatud arvandmeid on võimalik tellida ka elektroonilisel kujul Lotus- või ASCII- formaadis. Soovijail palun pöörduda Eesti Kõrgkoolidevahelise Demouuringute Keskuse poole. Tables presented in the issue on diskettes in Lotus or ASCII format could be requested from Estonian Interuniversity Population Research
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Information
    Supplementary Information The Genetic History of Northern Europe Alissa Mittnik1,2, Chuan-Chao Wang1, Saskia Pfrengle2, Mantas Daubaras3, Gunita Zarina4, Fredrik Hallgren5, Raili Allmäe6, Valery Khartanovich7, Vyacheslav Moiseyev7, Anja Furtwängler2, Aida Andrades Valtueña1, Michal Feldman1, Christos Economou8, Markku Oinonen9, Andrejs Vasks4, Mari Tõrv10, Oleg Balanovsky11,12, David Reich13,14,15, Rimantas Jankauskas16, Wolfgang Haak1,17, Stephan Schiffels1 and Johannes Krause1,2 1Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany 2Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 3Department of Archaeology, Lithuanian Institute of History, Vilnius 4Institute of Latvian History, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia 5The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Västerås, Sweden 6|Archaeological Research Collection, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia 7Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia 8Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 9Finnish Museum of Natural History - LUOMUS, University of Helsinki, Finland 10Independent researcher, Estonia 11Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia 12Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow, Russia 13Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA 14Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA 15Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Postsocialism: Work, Class and Ethnicity in an Estonian Mine
    Mining postsocialism: work, class and ethnicity in an Estonian mine Eeva Kesküla Department of Anthropology Goldsmiths, University of London Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in September 2012 I confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract My thesis is a study of what happens to the working class in the context of postsocialism, neoliberalisation and deindustrialisation. I explore the changing work and lives of Russian-speaking miners in Estonia, showing what it means to be a miner in a situation in which the working class has been stripped of its glorified status and stable and affluent lifestyle, and has been stigmatised and orientalised as Other. I argue that a consequence of neoliberal economy, entrepreneurialism and individualism is that ethnicity and class become overlapping categories and being Russian comes to mean being a worker. This has produced a particular set of practices, moralities and politics characterising the working class in contemporary Estonia, which is not only a result of its Soviet past and nostalgia, but also deeply embedded in the global economy following the 2008 economic crisis, and EU and national economic, security and ethnic policies. Miners try to maintain their autonomy and dignity. Despite stricter control of miners’ time and speeding up of the labour process, workers exercise control over the rhythm of work. The ideas of what it means to be a miner and ideals of a good society create a particular moral economy, demanding money and respect in return for sacrificing health and doing hard work.
    [Show full text]
  • Lüganuse Valla Teehoiukava Aastateks 2019-2022
    LISA Lüganuse Vallavolikogu 30.04.2019 määrusele nr 78 Lüganuse valla teehoiukava aastateks 2019-2022 1. Investeeringud TEEDE RENOVEERIMINE Märkused, Summa planeeritav JRK Tee nimetus Tee nr. Tööde kirjeldus km-ga teehoitööde aeg Tee profileerimine, Liimala külatee 1 4370001 Kahekordne pindamine aastal 2019 (Liimala) tardkivikillustikuga Tee mulde rekonstrueerimine, Sigwari tee teeprofileerimine, 2 4490048 aastal 2020 (Maidla) kraavitamine, kahekordne pindamine tardkivikillustikuga Soonurme-Kiviõli 300 m lõigu osas kraavide ja teemaa-ala puhastamine, olemasoleva kruusakate profileerimine, Soonurme-Kiviõli 3 4 490 009 pindamine aasta 2019 tee tardkivikillustikuga. Teise osa: Purunenud teekate remont+ühekordne pindamine . Metsa tänav 7 510 028 Tee profileerimine, (Sonda) Kahekordne/ühekordne 4 aastal 2020 pindamine tardkivikillustikuga Vahe tänav 7 510 031 (Sonda) Tee profileerimine, 5 Kahekordne pindamine aastal 2020 tardkivikillustikuga Sepa põik tänav 7 510 081 (Sonda) 6 Tee profileerimine aastal 2020 Depoo tänav 7 510 029 Tee profileerimine, 7 (Sonda) Ühekordne pindamine aasta 2021 tardkivikillustikuga Allika tänav (Sonda) 7 510 036 Ühekordne pindamine, 8 aastal 2020 Tee profileerimine Uueküla-Sadama Tee profileerimine, 9 tee (mäest alla- 4 370 003 Kahekordne pindamine aastal 2020 Tulivee ristini) tardkivikillustikuga Kippari teeotsani pinnatud, sealt Purtse-Sillaoru tee Ühekordne pindamine 10 4370059 4 867 edasi Sigwarini (Kippar) tardkivikillustikuga tegemata. Aasta 2021 11 Metsa tn (Püssi ) Freesimine,asfalteerimine Aasta 2020/2021
    [Show full text]
  • Protected Natural Objects in IDA-VIRUMAA Protected Natural Objects in IDA-VIRUMAA 2 3
    Protected Natural Objects in IDA-VIRUMAA Protected Natural Objects in IDA-VIRUMAA 2 3 CONTENTS Protected areas related to klint ...... 7 Protected areas related to rivers .... 13 Unique topography .............. 15 Lakes ........................ 18 Wetlands ..................... 21 Oak forests and wooded meadows ... 30 Natural forests ................. 33 Dunes ....................... 33 Parks ........................ 36 Protected individual objects ....... 38 References .................... 41 ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY OF PROTECTED NATURAL OBJECTS Environmental Board Viru Region 15 Pargi Str., 41537 Jõhvi Phone +372 332 4401 [email protected] www.keskkonnaamet.ee ARRANGEMENT OF VISITS TO PROTECTED NATURAL OBJECTS North-Estonian District Nature Management Department State Forest Management Centre (RMK) Phone +372 339 3833 [email protected] www.rmk.ee Compiled by: Anne-Ly Feršel Special thanks to the workers of the Viru Region of the Environmental Board. Front page photo: Ontika Cliff, L. Michelson Publication supported by Back page photo: Environmental Investment Centre Selisoo Mire, L. Michelson Layout by: Akriibia Ltd. Translated by: K. Nurm Editor of map: Areal Disain Printed by: AS Printon Trükikoda ©Environmental Board 2012 Foto: Lynx, C. M. Feršel 4 5 Photo: Semicoke hills near Kohtla-Järve, L. Michelson The landscape of Ida-Viru County (Ida-Virumaa) is diversified. Its northern part lies on the Photo: Northern coast of Lake Peipsi, L. Michelson Viru Plateau and on the klint running along the Gulf of Finland. In the south, however, there is the Alutaguse Lowland and the more than 50-kilometre-long shore of Lake Peipsi. The eastern border runs along the Narva River and Reservoir for 77 kilometres. In the south-west and west, there are large areas of forests and wetlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Ida-Virumaa Functional Review
    IDA-VIRUMAA FUNCTIONAL REVIEW IDA-VIRU COUNTY GOVERNMENT, TARTU-JÕHVI-NARVA, 2018 1 Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Analysis of the regional context and the innovation potential ....................................................... 6 2.1. Ida-Virumaa economic structure and the importance of blue economics ................................ 9 2.2. Ida-Virumaa SWOT – general economic development ........................................................... 13 2.3. Ida-Virumaa Blue Growth SWOT ............................................................................................. 14 2.4. Ida-Virumaa R&D capacity ....................................................................................................... 14 2.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 14 3. The RIS3 process ............................................................................................................................. 16 4. Potential stakeholders overview – understanding the target group ............................................ 22 5. A vision – Ida-Virumaa in the Baltic Sea Region ............................................................................ 25 VISION ................................................................................................................................................. 25
    [Show full text]
  • Eesti Kirjandus
    EESTI KIRJANDUS EESTI KIRJANDUSE SELTSI VÄLJAANNE TOIMKOND: J. AAVIK, A. R. CEDERBERG, M. J. EISEN, V. GRÜNTHAL, J. JÕGEVER f, A. JÜRGENSTEIN, L. KET- TUNEN, J. KÕPP, J. LUIGA, A. SAARESTE- --— >»» >»«»>,»,,»»» >,»lw«»>>,l» ni TEGEV TOIMETAJA J. V. VESiu5fer£Ö"£. KAHEKSATEISTKÜMNES AASTAKÄIK 10Ö4 HARJUMAA C3C:M..A^ATÜK0GU Jlif j^jpT' & % * L.A/v*- • -'-1 ^^^W^WZ XCs? / EESTI KIRJANDUSE SELTSI KIRJASTUS -^ <f^f»~jTT* EESTI KIRJANDUS EESTI KIRJANDUSE SELTSI KUUKIRI 1924 XVIII AASTAKÄIK & 8 Mõnda Anton Thor Helle elust ja tegevusest. Jüri kirikukroonikas on Anton Thor Hellele võrreldes teistega kõige rohkem ruumi pühendatud. See on ka aru­ saadav, sest et ta üks neist õpetajaist on olnud, keda jürila- sed veel praegu mäletavad ja kelle teened Piibli tõlkimise alal on, nagu teada, kogu Eestile tuntud. Peale muu kir­ jutatakse selles kroonikas Anton Thor Hellest järgmist: Anton Thor Helle sünni-kuupäev on teadmata. Ristitud on ta Tallinnas P. Nikolai kirikus 28. oktoobril 1683. aastal. Tema isa on kaupmees Anton Thor Helle, ema Wendela Oom. Ta kuulus Tallinnas elavasse pere­ konda, kes oma nime vaheldamisi kirjutas Ghor, Thor, zur Helle ja kelle nimi juba aastal 1460 Tallinnas ette tuleb. Pärast gümnaasiumi lõpetamist astus ta septembri­ kuul 1705 Kiili ülikooli usuteadust õppima. Nimetatud ülikoolis oli ta arvatavasti Tallinna linna stipendiaadina. Abi- "* ellu astus Anton Thor Helle esimest kord 19. juulil 1713. a. Katharina Helene Kniperiga. Viimane oli pastor Toomas Kniperi tütar. Sellest abielust sündis tütar Kristina, kes kirikuõpetaja Gustav Ernst Hasselblatfile mehele läks. Hiljemini leseks jäänud, astus ta uuesti abiellu. Teist kord astus Anton Thor Helle abiellu 20. septembril 1725. a. Maria Elisabeth 01decop'iga, bürgermeister Johan 01decop'i tütrega.
    [Show full text]
  • Life Cycle Analysis of the Estonian Oil Shale Industry
    Eestimaa Looduse Fond Tallinna Tehnikaülikool Estonian Fund for Nature Tallinn University of Technology Life Cycle Analysis of the Estonian Oil Shale Industry Olga Gavrilova1, Tiina Randla1, Leo Vallner2, Marek Strandberg3, Raivo Vilu1 1 Institute of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 2 Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology 3Estonian Fund for Nature Tallinn 2005 CONTENT Introduction....................................................................................................................... 9 1. General characteristics of the energy sector in Estonia......................................10 1.1. Energy sector of Estonia and its comparison with the other European countries .................................................................................................. 10 1.2. Location of oil shale mining and oil shale consuming enterprises............. 13 1.3. Social indicators of Ida-Viru county......................................................... 16 1.4. Brief history of oil shale mining and consumption in Estonia................... 16 2. Oil shale – a resource for energy generation........................................................18 2.1. Oil shale deposits in the world.................................................................. 18 2.2. Chemical composition of oil shale............................................................ 18 2.3. Oil shale deposits in Estonia..................................................................... 19 2.4. Structure of oil shale beds .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Purtse Jõe Saastetaseme Seosed Vooluhulga Ja Ilmastikunäitajatega
    Tartu Ülikool Loodus- ja tehnoloogiateaduskond Ökoloogia ja Maateaduste instituut Geograafia osakond Magistritöö keskkonnatehnoloogias Purtse jõe saastetaseme seosed vooluhulga ja ilmastikunäitajatega Liina Roosimägi Juhendaja: PhD Mait Sepp Kaitsmisele lubatud: Juhendaja: Osakonna juhataja: Tartu 2014 Sisukord SISSEJUHATUS........................................................................................................................3 1. Põlevkivi õlitööstus reostusallikana .......................................................................................4 2. Ülevaade Purtse jõe reostuse ajaloost.....................................................................................6 3. Seadusandlus ........................................................................................................................10 4. Andmete kogumine ..............................................................................................................11 5. Andmete analüüs ..................................................................................................................14 5.1. Perioodid........................................................................................................................14 5.2. Ilmastikunäitajad ja äravool...........................................................................................15 5.3. Analüüs..........................................................................................................................16 6. Tulemused ja arutelu ............................................................................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • Estonian Oil Shale Industry Yearbook 2018
    ESTONIAN OIL SHALE INDUSTRY YEARBOOK 2018 I Texts: Eesti Energia (EE), Viru Keemia Grupp (VKG), Kiviõli Keemiatööstus (KKT), and the Oil Shale Competence Centre at the TalTech Virumaa College (OSCC) Editor: Mariliis Beger, KPMS (www.kpms.ee) Design: Kristjan Jung Photos: The yearbook of the Estonian oil shale industry was issued by: Cover Per William Petersen “Kiviõli”, 2014 (OSCC) EESTI ENERGIA p. 6 Lelle 22, 11318 Tallinn Auvere Power Plant (EE) Phone: +372 715 2222 www.energia.ee p. 14 A wheel loader at Põhja-Kiviõli II oil shale open- VIRU KEEMIA GRUPP cast (Kaidi Sulp) Järveküla tee 14, 30328 Kohtla-Järve, Ida-Virumaa Phone: +372 334 2701 p. 26 www.vkg.ee Pine seedling (EE) KIVIÕLI KEEMIATÖÖSTUS p. 36 Turu 3, 43125 Kiviõli, Ida-Virumaa Narva Energiajooks 2018 (EE) Phone: +372 685 0534 www.keemiatoostus.ee This book is published with the support of: THE OIL SHALE COMPETENCE CENTRE AT THE TALTECH’S VIRUMAA COLLEGE Järveküla tee 75, 30322 Kohtla-Järve, Ida-Virumaa Phone: +372 332 5479 European Union Investing European Structural in your future www.pkk.ee and Investment Funds ESTONIAN OIL SHALE INDUSTRY YEARBOOK 2018 Statements from heads of companies and organizations in the oil shale industry . 4 ROLE OF THE OIL SHALE INDUSTRY IN THE ECONOMY 7 State revenue from the oil shale industry . 8 The competitiveness of the oil shale industry . 10. Operating framework . 11 . OIL SHALE VALUE CHAIN: FROM MINING TO END PRODUCTS 15 Mining permits and volumes . 16 Power . 19 . Liquid fuels . .21 . Heat . 24 . Chemicals from oil shale . 25. OIL SHALE INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 27 Investments into the environment .
    [Show full text]