Small and Random Peptides: an Unexplored Reservoir of Potentially Functional Primitive Organocatalysts
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Phytochemistry and Pharmacogenomics of Natural Products Derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Materia Medica with Activity Against Tumor Cells
152 Phytochemistry and pharmacogenomics of natural products derived from traditional chinese medicine and chinese materia medica with activity against tumor cells Thomas Efferth,1 Stefan Kahl,2,3,6 Kerstin Paulus,4 Introduction 2 5 3 Michael Adams, Rolf Rauh, Herbert Boechzelt, Cancer is responsible for 12% of the world’s mortality and Xiaojiang Hao,6 Bernd Kaina,5 and Rudolf Bauer2 the second-leading cause of death in the Western world. 1 Limited chances for cure by chemotherapy are a major German Cancer Research Centre, Pharmaceutical Biology, contributing factor to this situation. Despite much progress Heidelberg, Germany; 2Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz; 3Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria; 4Institute in recent years,a key problem in tumor therapy with of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Du¨sseldorf, Du¨sseldorf, established cytostatic compounds is the development of Germany; 5Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Mainz, 6 drug resistance and threatening side effects. Most estab- Germany; and State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant lished drugs suffer from insufficient specificity toward Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China tumor cells. Hence,the identification of improved anti- tumor drugs is urgently needed. Several approaches have been delineated to search for Abstract novel antitumor compounds. Combinatorial chemistry,a The cure from cancer is still not a reality for all patients, technology conceived about 20 years ago,was envisaged as which is mainly due to the limitations of chemotherapy a promising strategy to this demand. The expected surge in (e.g., drug resistance and toxicity). Apart from the high- productivity,however,has hardly materialized (1). -
Virtual Screening for the Discovery of Bioactive Natural Products by Judith M
Progress in Drug Research, Vol. 65 (Frank Petersen and René Amstutz, Eds.) © 2008 Birkhäuser Ver lag, Basel (Swit zer land) Virtual screening for the discovery of bioactive natural products By Judith M. Rollinger1, Hermann Stuppner1,2 and Thierry Langer2,3 1Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacog- nosy, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria 2Inte:Ligand GmbH, Software Engineering and Consulting, Clemens Maria Hofbauergasse 6, 2344 Maria Enzersdorf, Austria 3Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceu- tical Chemistry/Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, Leopold- Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria <[email protected]> Virtual screening for the discovery of bioactive natural products Abstract In this survey the impact of the virtual screening concept is discussed in the field of drug discovery from nature. Confronted by a steadily increasing number of secondary metabolites and a growing number of molecular targets relevant in the therapy of human disorders, the huge amount of information needs to be handled. Virtual screening filtering experiments already showed great promise for dealing with large libraries of potential bioactive molecules. It can be utilized for browsing databases for molecules fitting either an established pharma- cophore model or a three dimensional (3D) structure of a macromolecular target. However, for the discovery of natural lead candidates the application of this in silico tool has so far almost been neglected. There are several reasons for that. One concerns the scarce availability of natural product (NP) 3D databases in contrast to synthetic libraries; another reason is the problematic compatibility of NPs with modern robotized high throughput screening (HTS) technologies. -
Hans Renata – Strategic Redox Relay Enables a Scalable Synthesis Of
Strategic Redox Relay Enables A Scalable Synthesis of Ouabagenin, A Bioactive Cardenolide A thesis presented by Hans Renata to The Scripps Research Institute Graduate Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Chemistry for The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, California February 2013 UMI Number: 3569793 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3569793 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 © 2013 by Hans Renata All rights reserved ! ii! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Phil, thank you for taking me under your wing, the past five years have been a wonderful learning experience. You truly are a fantastic teacher, both in and out of the fumehood and your unbridled enthusiasm, fearlessness and passion for chemistry are second to none. In the words of Kurt Cobain, I am “forever indebted to your priceless advice.” To the members of the Baran lab, in the words of Kurt Cobain, “Our little (?) group has always been and always will until the end.” See what I did there? Oh well, whatever, nevermind. -
Peptide Chemistry up to Its Present State
Appendix In this Appendix biographical sketches are compiled of many scientists who have made notable contributions to the development of peptide chemistry up to its present state. We have tried to consider names mainly connected with important events during the earlier periods of peptide history, but could not include all authors mentioned in the text of this book. This is particularly true for the more recent decades when the number of peptide chemists and biologists increased to such an extent that their enumeration would have gone beyond the scope of this Appendix. 250 Appendix Plate 8. Emil Abderhalden (1877-1950), Photo Plate 9. S. Akabori Leopoldina, Halle J Plate 10. Ernst Bayer Plate 11. Karel Blaha (1926-1988) Appendix 251 Plate 12. Max Brenner Plate 13. Hans Brockmann (1903-1988) Plate 14. Victor Bruckner (1900- 1980) Plate 15. Pehr V. Edman (1916- 1977) 252 Appendix Plate 16. Lyman C. Craig (1906-1974) Plate 17. Vittorio Erspamer Plate 18. Joseph S. Fruton, Biochemist and Historian Appendix 253 Plate 19. Rolf Geiger (1923-1988) Plate 20. Wolfgang Konig Plate 21. Dorothy Hodgkins Plate. 22. Franz Hofmeister (1850-1922), (Fischer, biograph. Lexikon) 254 Appendix Plate 23. The picture shows the late Professor 1.E. Jorpes (r.j and Professor V. Mutt during their favorite pastime in the archipelago on the Baltic near Stockholm Plate 24. Ephraim Katchalski (Katzir) Plate 25. Abraham Patchornik Appendix 255 Plate 26. P.G. Katsoyannis Plate 27. George W. Kenner (1922-1978) Plate 28. Edger Lederer (1908- 1988) Plate 29. Hennann Leuchs (1879-1945) 256 Appendix Plate 30. Choh Hao Li (1913-1987) Plate 31. -
Identification of a Thioesterase Bottleneck in the Pikromycin Pathway Through Full-Module Processing of Unnatural Pentaketides
Article pubs.acs.org/JACS Identification of a Thioesterase Bottleneck in the Pikromycin Pathway through Full-Module Processing of Unnatural Pentaketides † ‡ † § † ‡ ⊥ ∥ Douglas A. Hansen, , Aaron A. Koch, , and David H. Sherman*, , , , † ‡ § ⊥ Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Department of Chemistry, and ∥ Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Polyketide biosynthetic pathways have been engineered to generate natural product analogs for over two decades. However, manipulation of modular type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) to make unnatural metabolites commonly results in attenuated yields or entirely inactive pathways, and the mechanistic basis for compromised production is rarely elucidated since rate-limiting or inactive domain(s) remain unidentified. Accordingly, we synthesized and assayed a series of modified pikromycin (Pik) pentaketides that mimic early pathway engineering to probe the substrate tolerance of the PikAIII-TE module in vitro. Truncated pentaketides were processed with varying efficiencies to corresponding macrolactones, while pentaketides with epimerized chiral centers were poorly processed by PikAIII-TE and failed to generate 12-membered ring products. Isolation and identification of extended but prematurely offloaded shunt products suggested that the Pik thioesterase (TE) domain has limited substrate flexibility and functions as a gatekeeper in the processing of -
Combinatorial and High-Throughput Screening of Materials Libraries: Review of State of the Art Radislav Potyrailo*
REVIEW pubs.acs.org/acscombsci Combinatorial and High-Throughput Screening of Materials Libraries: Review of State of the Art Radislav Potyrailo* Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States Krishna Rajan Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Combinatorial Discovery, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States Klaus Stoewe Universit€at des Saarlandes, Technische Chemie, Campus C4.2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany Ichiro Takeuchi Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States Bret Chisholm Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States Hubert Lam Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States ABSTRACT: Rational materials design based on prior knowledge is attractive because it promises to avoid time-consuming synthesis and testing of numerous materials candidates. However with the increase of complexity of materials, the scientific ability for the rational materials design becomes progressively limited. As a result of this complexity, combinatorial and high-throughput (CHT) experimentation in materials science has been recognized as a new scientific approach to generate new knowledge. This review demonstrates the broad applicability of CHT experimentation technologies in discovery and optimiza- tion of new materials. We discuss general principles of CHT materials screening, followed by the detailed discussion of high-throughput materials characteriza- tion approaches, advances in data analysis/mining, and new materials develop- ments facilitated by CHT experimentation. We critically analyze results of materials development in the areas most impacted by the CHT approaches, such as catalysis, electronic and functional materials, polymer-based industrial coatings, sensing materials, and biomaterials. -
Enantioselective, Convergent Synthesis of the Ineleganolide Core by a Tandem Annulation Cite This: Chem
Chemical Science View Article Online EDGE ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue Enantioselective, convergent synthesis of the ineleganolide core by a tandem annulation Cite this: Chem. Sci.,2017,8,507 cascade† Robert A. Craig, II, Jennifer L. Roizen, Russell C. Smith, Amanda C. Jones, Scott C. Virgil and Brian M. Stoltz* An enantioselective and diastereoselective approach toward the synthesis of the polycyclic norditerpenoid ineleganolide is disclosed. A palladium-catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylation is employed to stereoselectively construct the requisite chiral tertiary ether and facilitate the synthesis of a 1,3-cis- cyclopentenediol building block. Careful substrate design enabled the convergent assembly of the ineleganolide [6,7,5,5]-tetracyclic scaffold by a diastereoselective cyclopropanation–Cope rearrangement cascade under unusually mild conditions. Computational evaluation of ground state energies of late-stage synthetic intermediates was used to guide synthetic development and aid in the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. investigation of the conformational rigidity of these highly constrained and compact polycyclic structures. This work represents the first successful synthesis of the core structure of any member of the furanobutenolide-derived polycyclic norcembranoid diterpene family of natural products. Advanced Received 28th July 2016 synthetic manipulations generated a series of natural product-like compounds that were shown to Accepted 15th August 2016 possess selective secretory antagonism of either interleukin-5 or interleukin-17. This bioactivity stands in DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03347d contrast to the known antileukemic activity of ineleganolide and suggests the norcembranoid natural www.rsc.org/chemicalscience product core may serve as a useful scaffold for the development of diverse therapeutics. This article is licensed under a Introduction this rigid polycyclic scaffold is decorated with a network of nine stereogenic centers, eight of which are contiguous. -
Combinatorial Chemistry: a Guide for Librarians
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Publications and Research City College of New York 2002 Combinatorial Chemistry: A Guide for Librarians Philip Barnett CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_pubs/266 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship Winter 2002 DOI:10.5062/F4DZ0690 URLs in this document have been updated. Links enclosed in{curly brackets} have been changed. If a replacement link was located, the new URL was added and the link is active; if a new site could not be identified, the broken link was removed. Combinatorial Chemistry: A Guide for Librarians Philip Barnett Associate Professor and Science Reference Librarian Science/Engineering Library City College of New York (CUNY) [email protected] Abstract In the 1980s a need to synthesize many chemical compounds rapidly and inexpensively spawned a new branch of chemistry known as combinatorial chemistry. While the techniques of this rapidly growing field are used primarily to find new candidate drugs, combinatorial chemistry is also finding other applications in various fields such as semiconductors, catalysts, and polymers. This guide for librarians explains the basics of combinatorial chemistry and elucidates the key information sources needed by combinatorial chemists. Introduction Most librarians who serve chemists or chemistry students are familiar with the six main disciplines of chemistry. These are: Physical chemistry applies the fundamental laws of physics, such as thermodynamics, electricity, and quantum mechanics, to explain chemical behavior. -
Subtiligase: a Tool for Semisynthesis of Proteins THOMAS K
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91, pp. 12544-12548, December 1994 Biochemistry Subtiligase: A tool for semisynthesis of proteins THOMAS K. CHANG*t, DAVID Y. JACKSON*, JOHN P. BURNIERt, AND JAMES A. WELLS*§ Departments of *Protein Engineering and tBioOrganic Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 460 Point San Bruno Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080 Communicated by Harry B. Gray, August 1, 1994 ABSTRACT A variant of subtilisin BPN', which we call phenylalanylamide (glc-F-amide) were synthesized as de- subtiligase, has been used to ligate esterified peptides site- scribed (15). For ligations onto immobilized supports, pep- specifically onto the N termini of proteins or peptides in tides were synthesized on 96-well (---0.17 nmol per well) aqueous solution and in high yield. We have produced biotin- CovaLink ELISA plates (Nunc) by using N-(9-fluorenyl- ylated or heavy-atom derivatives ofmethionyl-extended human methoxycarbonyl) (Fmoc)-protected amino acids and dicyc- growth hormone (Met-hGH) by ligating it onto synthetic pep- lohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) activation in dimethyl sulfoxide tides containing biotin or mercury. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)- (DMSO). The plates were washed with 5% piperidine in modified atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was produced by methanol to neutralize the amino linkers and incubated with ligating ANP onto peptides containing sites for PEG modifi'ca- 100 /,u of DMSO containing 1 mM Fmoc-Ala and 0.5 mM tion. We have established the N-terminal sequence require- DCC for 10 min at 25°C. The plates were washed with DMSO, ments for efficient ligation onto proteins, using either synthetic and the Fmoc protecting groups were removed with 5% substrates or pools of ifiamentous phage containing Met-hGH piperidine in methanol. -
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript J Am Chem Soc
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript J Am Chem Soc. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 October 10. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: J Am Chem Soc. 2012 October 10; 134(40): 16781–16790. doi:10.1021/ja307220z. Identification and Characterization of the Echinocandin B Biosynthetic Gene Cluster from Emericella rugulosa NRRL 11440 Ralph A. Cacho1, Wei Jiang3, Yit-Heng Chooi1, Christopher T. Walsh3,*, and Yi Tang1,2,* 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 3Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 Abstract Echinocandins are a family of fungal lipidated cyclic hexapeptide natural products. Due to their effectiveness as antifungal agents, three semisynthetic derivatives have been developed and approved for treatment of human invasive candidiasis. All six of the amino acid residues are hydroxylated, including 4R,5R-dihydroxy-L-ornithine, 4R-hydroxyl-L-proline, 3S,4S-dihydroxy- L-homotyrosine, and 3S-hydroxyl,4S-methyl-L-proline. We report here the biosynthetic gene cluster of echinocandin B 1 from Emericella rugulosa NRRL 11440 containing genes encoding for a six-module nonribosomal peptide synthetase EcdA, an acyl-AMP ligase EcdI and oxygenases EcdG, EcdH and EcdK. We showed EcdI activates linoleate as linoleyl-AMP and installs it on the first thiolation domain of EcdA. We have also established through ATP:PPi exchange assay that EcdA loads L-ornithine in the first module. -
AP Biology: Chemistry B Mcgraw Hill AP Biology 2014-15 Contents
AP Biology: Chemistry B McGraw Hill AP Biology 2014-15 Contents 1 Carbohydrate 1 1.1 Structure .................................................. 1 1.2 Monosaccharides ............................................. 2 1.2.1 Classification of monosaccharides ................................ 2 1.2.2 Ring-straight chain isomerism .................................. 3 1.2.3 Use in living organisms ...................................... 3 1.3 Disaccharides ............................................... 3 1.4 Nutrition .................................................. 4 1.4.1 Classification ........................................... 5 1.5 Metabolism ................................................ 5 1.5.1 Catabolism ............................................ 5 1.6 Carbohydrate chemistry .......................................... 5 1.7 See also .................................................. 6 1.8 References ................................................. 6 1.9 External links ............................................... 7 2 Lipid 8 2.1 Categories of lipids ............................................ 8 2.1.1 Fatty acids ............................................. 8 2.1.2 Glycerolipids ........................................... 9 2.1.3 Glycerophospholipids ....................................... 9 2.1.4 Sphingolipids ........................................... 9 2.1.5 Sterol lipids ............................................ 10 2.1.6 Prenol lipids ............................................ 10 2.1.7 Saccharolipids .......................................... -
Methyltransferases of Gentamicin Biosynthesis
Methyltransferases of gentamicin biosynthesis Sicong Lia,1, Junhong Guoa,1, Anna Revab, Fanglu Huangb, Binbin Xionga, Yuanzhen Liua, Zixin Denga,c, Peter F. Leadlayb,2, and Yuhui Suna,2 aKey Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China; bDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; and cState Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China Edited by Caroline S. Harwood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, and approved December 26, 2017 (received for review June 30, 2017) Gentamicin C complex from Micromonospora echinospora re- G418 (5) to gentamicin components C2a, C2, and C1. The mains a globally important antibiotic, and there is revived in- full mechanistic details of the subsequent transamination and terest in the semisynthesis of analogs that might show improved dehydroxylation steps remain to be clarified, although the de- therapeutic properties. The complex consists of five compo- hydrogenase GenQ (20), phosphotransferase GenP, and the nents differing in their methylation pattern at one or more sites pyridoxal-dependent enzymes GenB1, GenB2, GenB3, and in the molecule. We show here, using specific gene deletion and GenB4 have all been implicated in this enigmatic process (20, 25, chemical complementation, that the gentamicin pathway up to 26). Finally, the terminal step in both branches of the pathway the branch point is defined by the selectivity of the methyl- involves the (partial) conversion of C1a into C2b and of C2 transferases GenN, GenD1, and GenK.