DOCSLIB.ORG

Phytochemistry and Pharmacogenomics of Natural Products Derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Materia Medica with Activity Against Tumor Cells

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phytochemistry and Pharmacogenomics of Natural Products Derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Materia Medica with Activity Against Tumor Cells 152 Phytochemistry and pharmacogenomics of natural products derived from traditional chinese medicine and chinese materia medica with activity against tumor cells Thomas Efferth,1 Stefan Kahl,2,3,6 Kerstin Paulus,4 Introduction 2 5 3 Michael Adams, Rolf Rauh, Herbert Boechzelt, Cancer is responsible for 12% of the world’s mortality and Xiaojiang Hao,6 Bernd Kaina,5 and Rudolf Bauer2 the second-leading cause of death in the Western world. 1 Limited chances for cure by chemotherapy are a major German Cancer Research Centre, Pharmaceutical Biology, contributing factor to this situation. Despite much progress Heidelberg, Germany; 2Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz; 3Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria; 4Institute in recent years,a key problem in tumor therapy with of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Du¨sseldorf, Du¨sseldorf, established cytostatic compounds is the development of Germany; 5Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Mainz, 6 drug resistance and threatening side effects. Most estab- Germany; and State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant lished drugs suffer from insufficient specificity toward Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China tumor cells. Hence,the identification of improved anti- tumor drugs is urgently needed. Several approaches have been delineated to search for Abstract novel antitumor compounds. Combinatorial chemistry,a The cure from cancer is still not a reality for all patients, technology conceived about 20 years ago,was envisaged as which is mainly due to the limitations of chemotherapy a promising strategy to this demand. The expected surge in (e.g., drug resistance and toxicity). Apart from the high- productivity,however,has hardly materialized (1). throughput screening of synthetic chemical libraries, Other sources are natural products. Marine and terres- natural products represent attractive alternatives for drug trial plants and animals are a fertile ground to find novel development. We have done a systematic bioactivity- drugs. Prominent examples for the success of natural based screening of natural products derived from medic- products originally obtained from plants are the Vinca inal plants used in traditional Chinese medicine. Plant alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus G. Don. (Apocynaceae), extracts with growth-inhibitory activity against tumor cells the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin from have been fractionated by chromatographic techniques. Camptotheca acuminata Decne. (Nyssaceae),the terpene We have isolated the bioactive compounds and elucidated paclitaxel from Taxus brevifolia Nutt. (Taxaceae),or the the chemical structures by nuclear magnetic resonance lignan podophyllotoxin isolated from Podophyllum peltatum and mass spectrometry. By this strategy, we identified L. (Berberidaceae; ref. 2). 25-O-acetyl-23,24-dihydro-cucurbitacin F as a cytotoxic Evidently,69% of anticancer drugs approved between constituent of Quisqualis indica. Another promising com- the 1980s and 2002 are either natural products or developed pound identified by this approach was miltirone from Salvia based on knowledge gained from natural products (1). miltiorrhiza. The IC50 values for miltirone of 60 National Arguably,about three quarters of plant-derived drugs in Cancer Institute cell lines were associated with the micro- clinical use today came to the attention of pharmaceutical array-based expression of 9,706 genes. By COMPARE companies because of their use in traditional medicines (3). and hierarchical cluster analyses, candidate genes were The long-lasting experience of traditional folk medicines identified, which significantly predicted sensitivity or resis- may facilitate the identification of novel agents. Although tance of cell lines to miltirone. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008; in industrialized countries medicinal herbs gradually lost 7(1):152–61] importance in the course of chemistry’s progress during the 20th century,bioactive plant constituents are recently experiencing an impressive revival (4). Most of these potentially useful plant products are products of secondary Received 1/31/07; revised 9/21/07; accepted 12/4/07. metabolic pathways and serve their producers either as Grant support: Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria (S. Kahl). protective agents against herbivores and various pathogens The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the or as growth regulators. Due to these physiologic functions, payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to secondary metabolites could be potential anticancer drugs. indicate this fact. It is estimated that only 25,000 plant species have been Requests for reprints: Thomas Efferth, German Cancer Research Centre, studied exhaustively for possible medical applications. This Pharmaceutical Biology (C015), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Phone: 49-6221-423426; Fax: 49-6221-423433. is a minor fraction of the approximate total of 250,000 E-mail: [email protected] to 300,000 higher plant species in the world (3). Copyright C 2008 American Association for Cancer Research. These facts lead us to pursue the search for new bioac- doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-0073 tive lead structures with antitumor activity by a strategy of MolCancerTher2008;7(1).January2008 Downloaded from mct.aacrjournals.org on September 29, 2021. © 2008 American Association for Cancer Research. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 153 bioactivity-guided isolation from plants used in traditional Biosciences) was used to fill glass columns. The fractions folk medicines. Medicinal plants used in many tribes all obtained were evaporated using a rotavapor system worldwide are studied in ethnobotany and ethnopharma- (RE-111; Bu¨ chi). cology (5). It can be expected that the search for bioactive For medium-pressure liquid chromatography,we used plant compounds is more successful in medicinal plants 56-cm columns (ø 1.9 cm; Bu¨ chi),separation material RP-18 than a search across all plant species. Traditional Chinese (14-63 Am; Merck),and a rotavapor (RE-111). medicine commands a unique position among traditional High-pressure liquid chromatography was done using medicines because its enormous variety of drugs of plant an Agilent 1100 Series with autosampler G1313A (Agilent origin is founded on more than 5,000 years of tradition. An Technologies) and photodiode array detector (Agilent Tech- elaborated system has been developed and many written nologies) run with HP Chemstation (Hewlett-Packard). The documents and textbooks have been handed down over the columnsusedwereXTerraPrep7.8Â 150 mm and millennia. This might imply that inactive plants and recipes 19 Â 150 mm (Waters). RP-10 (10 Am) served as separation have vanished over the centuries and that the materia material. The flow rates were 1 mL/min for analytic high- medica of modern traditional Chinese medicine is enriched pressure liquid chromatography and 10 mL/min for semi- with bioactive plants. This may improve prospects for preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography. Detection identifying novel active constituents from traditional was done at wavelength of 210,230,254,280,and Chinese medicine significantly (6). Based on this rationale, 312 nm. The column temperature was 30jC. we started the systematic isolation of chemical compounds Spectrometric Methods from medicinal plants used in traditional Chinese medicine Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (1H, 13C,COSY, and their biological and pharmacologic characterization. HMQC,HSQC,HMBC,and DEPT) were recorded at 295K with tetramethylsilane as internal standard by means of an AM-400 MHz spectrometer (Bruker Analytical GmbH) Materials and Methods for 1H and 13C spectra and by means of an DRX-500 MHz Collection of Medicinal Plants in the Yunnan Province spectrometer (Bruker Analytical GmbH) for two- Seventy-six medicinal plants were collected in China. dimensional spectra. Solvents were obtained from Cam- Some samples were from Menglun county,prefecture bridge Isotope Laboratories. A Finnigan-4510 mass spec- Xishuangbanna,in Yunnan province located at 600 to trometer was used for the measurement of electron ionizing 700 m above sea level. The botanical identification was and fast atom bombardment mass spectra and an API done by Prof. Chen Yu,Prof. Tao Guo Da,Prof. Tao De QSTAR Pulsar I mass spectrometer for determination of Ding,and Chen Jia Hui. Voucher specimens are deposited time-of-flight mass spectra. Glycerine served as a matrix. at the herbarium of the Institute of Plant Sciences, Crystal Structure Analysis University of Graz,Graz,Austria (Herbar GZU). Other The analysis of crystal structures was done at the Institute samples were purchased at the medicinal plant market in of Chemistry (University of Graz; head: Prof. Ferdinand Kunming,Yunnan province. Belaj). All measurements were done with graphite-mono- The finely ground plant material was successively chromatized MoKa radiation. A total of 3,970 reflexions Q j extracted with solvents of increasing polarity [petroleum were measured ( max =26.0),of which 3,132 were ether (or n-hexane),ethyl acetate,and methanol]. Organic symmetry independent (Rint = 0.0182) with 2,937, which solvent extracts were made in a Soxhlet apparatus,whereas showed I > 2j(I). Structures were elucidated with direct water extracts were made as decoctions according to the methods (SHELXS-97) and refined with full matrix least traditional medicinal preparation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Double Back Beauty Balm
    T.I.P.P. Sheet Name: Double Back Age Defying Beauty Balm Item Code: BBDB1 Package: Airless pump 1 oz. Selling Phrases: • This multi-tasking, lightweight cream primes, hydrates, lightens, firms, and visibly improves the look and feel of the skin. • This cream helps to diminish the appearance of pores, fine lines and uneven skin tone. • Inspired by cutting-edge Asian beauty rituals Double Back Age Defying Beauty Balm is a five-in-one secret for achieving flawless skin. • This formulation will help to repair the skins texture and minimize the appearance of imperfections. • Aids in combating dark spots and skin discolorations. • Contains SPF Reference • Formulated with triple peptides of Dermaxyl, Argireline Phrases: and Matrixyl 3000 to help increase circulation, boost cell regeneration and minimize the appearance of lines and wrinkles. • Contains Vitamins A, C and E along with Acai, Goji Berry, Green Tea, Cucumber and Chamomile which help to protect the skin from free radicals that accelerate aging as well as to calm and soothe the skin. • Shea Butter and Olive Squalene to moisturize protect and provide vitamins. • Licorice Root and Bearberry Extracts help to brighten and diminish brown spots and uneven skin tone. • Prickly Pear Extract helps to protect the skin from environmental stress. Usage: • Can be used alone or under your foundation/powder. Ingredient Function Water Carrier, solvent Octyl Methoxycinnamate SPF Dimethicone Moisture, slip Jojoba Esters Moisture Steareth-2 Emulsifier Steareth-20 Emulsifier Glyceryl Stearate Emulsifier
    [Show full text]
  • Virtual Screening for the Discovery of Bioactive Natural Products by Judith M
    Progress in Drug Research, Vol. 65 (Frank Petersen and René Amstutz, Eds.) © 2008 Birkhäuser Ver lag, Basel (Swit zer land) Virtual screening for the discovery of bioactive natural products By Judith M. Rollinger1, Hermann Stuppner1,2 and Thierry Langer2,3 1Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacog- nosy, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria 2Inte:Ligand GmbH, Software Engineering and Consulting, Clemens Maria Hofbauergasse 6, 2344 Maria Enzersdorf, Austria 3Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceu- tical Chemistry/Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, Leopold- Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria <[email protected]> Virtual screening for the discovery of bioactive natural products Abstract In this survey the impact of the virtual screening concept is discussed in the field of drug discovery from nature. Confronted by a steadily increasing number of secondary metabolites and a growing number of molecular targets relevant in the therapy of human disorders, the huge amount of information needs to be handled. Virtual screening filtering experiments already showed great promise for dealing with large libraries of potential bioactive molecules. It can be utilized for browsing databases for molecules fitting either an established pharma- cophore model or a three dimensional (3D) structure of a macromolecular target. However, for the discovery of natural lead candidates the application of this in silico tool has so far almost been neglected. There are several reasons for that. One concerns the scarce availability of natural product (NP) 3D databases in contrast to synthetic libraries; another reason is the problematic compatibility of NPs with modern robotized high throughput screening (HTS) technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Honeysuckle Wildland (Lonicera Japonica Thunb.) Gary N
    Japanese Honeysuckle Wildland (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) Gary N. Ervin, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Mississippi State University John D. Madsen, Ph.D., Extension/Research Professor, Mississippi State University Ryan M. Wersal, Research Associate, Mississippi State University Fig. 1. Japanese honeysuckle vine climbing up a tree. Fig. 2. Flowers of Japanese honeysuckle. Introduction Problems Created Japanese honeysuckle was introduced from Japan in the early 1800s and now is one of the most commonly encoun- tered exotic weeds in the Mid-South. This species frequently overtops and displaces native plants and forestry species in any habitat, but particularly where natural or human activities creates edges. Japanese honeysuckle also is somewhat shade tolerant and can be found in relatively densely canopied forest. This species perenniates with the aid of well de- veloped root and rhizome systems, by which it also is capable of spreading vegetatively, in addition to rooting at nodes along aboveground stems. Both features contribute substantially to its rapid dominance over native vegetation. Regulations Japanese honeysuckle is listed as a noxious weed in CT, MA, NH, and VT. In the southeast, Japanese honeysuckle is considered a severe invasion threat in KY, SC, and TN. It is considered one of the top ten invasive plants in GA, and is listed as a category one invasive in Florida. It is not presently listed in any noxious weed legislation in southern states. Description Vegetative Growth Japanese honeysuckle exhibits a semi-evergreen to evergreen life cycle and is readily identified during winter by its per- sistent green foliage. Its vines may climb and/or spread along the ground to lengths of 80’.
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmeceutical Importance of Fermented Plant Extracts: a Short Review
    International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ISSN- 0975-7058 Vol 10, Issue 4, 2018 Review Article COSMECEUTICAL IMPORTANCE OF FERMENTED PLANT EXTRACTS: A SHORT REVIEW BHAGAVATHI SUNDARAM SIVAMARUTHI, CHAIYAVAT CHAIYASUT, PERIYANAINA KESIKA * Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand Email: [email protected] Received: 30 Mar 2018, Revised and Accepted: 24 May 2018 ABSTRACT Personal care products, especially cosmetics, are regularly used all over the world. The used cosmetics are discharged continuously into the environment that affects the ecosystem and human well-being. The chemical and synthetic active compounds in the cosmetics cause some severe allergies and unwanted side effects to the customers. Currently, many customers are aware of the product composition, and they are stringent in product selection. So, cosmetic producers are keen to search for an alternative, and natural active principles for the development and improvisation of the cosmetic products to attain many customers. Phytochemicals are known for several pharmacological and cosmeceutical applications. Fermentation process improved the quality of the active phytochemicals and also facilitates the easy absorption of them by human system. Recently, several research groups are working on the cosmeceutical importance of fermented plant extracts (FPE), particularly on anti-ageing, anti-wrinkle, and whitening property of FPE. The current manuscript is presenting a brief
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Spectrometry Based Investigation of Chlorogenic Acid Reactivity and Profile in Model Systems and Coffee Processing
    Mass Spectrometry Based Investigation of Chlorogenic Acid Reactivity and Profile in Model Systems and Coffee Processing by Sagar Deshpande A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry Approved Dissertation Committee Prof. Dr. Nikolai Kuhnert (Chair) Prof. Dr. Gerd-Volker Röschenthaler (Reviewer) Prof. Dr. Michael N. Clifford (External Reviewer) Date of Defense: 24th January 2014 School of Engineering and Science Abstract Beneficial health and biological effects of coffee as well as its sensory properties are largely associated with chlorogenic acids (CGAs) since; coffee is the richest dietary source of CGAs and their derivatives. From green coffee beans to the beverage, chemical components of the green coffee undergo enormous transformations, which have been studied in great details in the past. Roasted coffee melanoidines are extensively contributed by the products formed by the most relevant secondary metabolite- chlorogenic acids. For every 1% of the dry matter of the total CGA content in the green coffee beans, 8-10% of the original CGAs are transformed or decomposed into respective derivatives of cinnamic acid and quinic acid. The non-volatile fraction of the roasted coffee remains relatively unravelled in the aspects of its chemistry and structural information. Coffee roasting, along with the other processes brings about considerable changes in the chlorogenic acid profile of green coffee through number of chemical processes. In roasting, chlorogenic acids evidently undergo various processes such as, acyl group migration, transesterification, thermal trans-cis isomerization, dehydration and epimerization. To understand the chemistry behind roasted coffee melanoidines, it is of utmost importance to study the changes occurring in CGAs and their derivatives through food processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Ectopic Expression of a R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor Gene Ljamyb12 from Lonicera Japonica Increases Flavonoid Accumulation in Arabidopsis Thaliana
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Ectopic Expression of a R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor Gene LjaMYB12 from Lonicera japonica Increases Flavonoid Accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana Xiwu Qi 1 , Hailing Fang 1, Zequn Chen 1, Zhiqi Liu 2, Xu Yu 1,3 and Chengyuan Liang 1,4,* 1 Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; [email protected] (X.Q.); [email protected] (H.F.); [email protected] (Z.C.); [email protected] (X.Y.) 2 Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing 210008, China; [email protected] 3 Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7145, USA 4 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-025-8434-7133 Received: 8 August 2019; Accepted: 9 September 2019; Published: 11 September 2019 Abstract: Lonicera japonica Thunb. is a widely used medicinal plant and is rich in a variety of active ingredients. Flavonoids are one of the important components in L. japonica and their content is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of this herb. To study the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in L. japonica, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene LjaMYB12 was isolated and characterized. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that LjaMYB12 belonged to the subgroup 7, with a typical R2R3 DNA-binding domain and conserved subgroup 7 motifs. The transcriptional level of LjaMYB12 was proportional to the total flavonoid content during the development of L. japonica flowers. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that LjaMYB12 localized to the nucleus.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Honeysuckle)
    No. 09 March 2010 Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle) Initial Introduction and Expansion in Range Introduced to the United States in the early to mid-1800s as an ornamental plant, Lonicera japonica is native to East Asia, including Japan and Korea. It is still promoted by some landscapes architects for its rapid growth and fragrant flowers that linger on the vine throughout most of the summer. Wildlife managers have promoted the plant as winter forage, particularly for deer. Still others are nostalgic about this plant, remembering the sweet nectar they enjoyed as children. Lonicera japonica is now found across the southern United States from California to New England and the Great Lakes Region. Lonicera japonica spreads locally by long aboveground runners and underground rhizomes. The runners develop roots at the nodes (stem and leaf junctions) so this plant often forms dense mats. Under high light conditions, the plants are able to flower and produce fruits that can be dispersed long distances primarily by birds. Description and Biology • Perennial trailing or twining vine. In North Carolina, it is considered semi-evergreen to evergreen. • Young stems are slender, while older stems are hollow and up to 2 inches in diameter with brownish bark that peels in long strips. • Oblong to oval shaped leaves are 1 to 2 and a half inches long arranged in opposite pairs along the stem. Mature leaves have smooth edges and young leaves are often lobed. • White and pale yellow, trumpet-shaped flowers occur in pairs from between the leaves and bloom from late April to August. • Small, nearly spherical, black fruits mature in autumn.
    [Show full text]
  • Combinatorial and High-Throughput Screening of Materials Libraries: Review of State of the Art Radislav Potyrailo*
    REVIEW pubs.acs.org/acscombsci Combinatorial and High-Throughput Screening of Materials Libraries: Review of State of the Art Radislav Potyrailo* Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States Krishna Rajan Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Combinatorial Discovery, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States Klaus Stoewe Universit€at des Saarlandes, Technische Chemie, Campus C4.2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany Ichiro Takeuchi Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States Bret Chisholm Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States Hubert Lam Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States ABSTRACT: Rational materials design based on prior knowledge is attractive because it promises to avoid time-consuming synthesis and testing of numerous materials candidates. However with the increase of complexity of materials, the scientific ability for the rational materials design becomes progressively limited. As a result of this complexity, combinatorial and high-throughput (CHT) experimentation in materials science has been recognized as a new scientific approach to generate new knowledge. This review demonstrates the broad applicability of CHT experimentation technologies in discovery and optimiza- tion of new materials. We discuss general principles of CHT materials screening, followed by the detailed discussion of high-throughput materials characteriza- tion approaches, advances in data analysis/mining, and new materials develop- ments facilitated by CHT experimentation. We critically analyze results of materials development in the areas most impacted by the CHT approaches, such as catalysis, electronic and functional materials, polymer-based industrial coatings, sensing materials, and biomaterials.
    [Show full text]
  • S41438-021-00630-Y.Pdf
    Liu et al. Horticulture Research (2021) 8:195 Horticulture Research https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00630-y www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Open Access The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TabHLH1 increases chlorogenic acid and luteolin biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense Kitag ✉ ✉ Qun Liu1,2,3,LiLi2,HaitaoCheng4, Lixiang Yao5,JieWu6,HuiHuang1,WeiNing2 and Guoyin Kai 1 Abstract Polyphenols are the main active components of the anti-inflammatory compounds in dandelion, and chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the primary polyphenols. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the transcriptional regulation of CGA biosynthesis remains unclear. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT2) is the last rate-limiting enzyme in chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense. Therefore, using the TaHQT2 gene promoter as a probe, a yeast one-hybrid library was performed, and a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, TabHLH1, was identified that shared substantial homology with Gynura bicolor DC bHLH1. The TabHLH1 transcript was highly induced by salt stress, and the TabHLH1 protein was localized in the nucleus. CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-overexpression transgenic lines were significantly higher than those in the wild type, while CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines were significantly lower. Quantitative real- time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that overexpression and RNAi of TabHLH1 in T. antungense significantly affected CGA and luteolin concentrations by upregulating or downregulating CGA and luteolin biosynthesis pathway genes, especially TaHQT2, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (Ta4CL), chalcone isomerase (TaCHI), and flavonoid-3′-hydroxylase (TaF3′H). Dual-luciferase, yeast one-hybrid, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that TabHLH1 directly 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; bound to the bHLH-binding motifs of proTaHQT2 and proTa4CL.
    [Show full text]
  • Combinatorial Chemistry: a Guide for Librarians
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Publications and Research City College of New York 2002 Combinatorial Chemistry: A Guide for Librarians Philip Barnett CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_pubs/266 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship Winter 2002 DOI:10.5062/F4DZ0690 URLs in this document have been updated. Links enclosed in{curly brackets} have been changed. If a replacement link was located, the new URL was added and the link is active; if a new site could not be identified, the broken link was removed. Combinatorial Chemistry: A Guide for Librarians Philip Barnett Associate Professor and Science Reference Librarian Science/Engineering Library City College of New York (CUNY) [email protected] Abstract In the 1980s a need to synthesize many chemical compounds rapidly and inexpensively spawned a new branch of chemistry known as combinatorial chemistry. While the techniques of this rapidly growing field are used primarily to find new candidate drugs, combinatorial chemistry is also finding other applications in various fields such as semiconductors, catalysts, and polymers. This guide for librarians explains the basics of combinatorial chemistry and elucidates the key information sources needed by combinatorial chemists. Introduction Most librarians who serve chemists or chemistry students are familiar with the six main disciplines of chemistry. These are: Physical chemistry applies the fundamental laws of physics, such as thermodynamics, electricity, and quantum mechanics, to explain chemical behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Mistaken Identity? Invasive Plants and Their Native Look-Alikes: an Identification Guide for the Mid-Atlantic
    Mistaken Identity ? Invasive Plants and their Native Look-alikes an Identification Guide for the Mid-Atlantic Matthew Sarver Amanda Treher Lenny Wilson Robert Naczi Faith B. Kuehn www.nrcs.usda.gov http://dda.delaware.gov www.dsu.edu www.dehort.org www.delawareinvasives.net Published by: Delaware Department Agriculture • November 2008 In collaboration with: Claude E. Phillips Herbarium at Delaware State University • Delaware Center for Horticulture Funded by: U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Cover Photos: Front: Aralia elata leaf (Inset, l-r: Aralia elata habit; Aralia spinosa infloresence, Aralia elata stem) Back: Aralia spinosa habit TABLE OF CONTENTS About this Guide ............................1 Introduction What Exactly is an Invasive Plant? ..................................................................................................................2 What Impacts do Invasives Have? ..................................................................................................................2 The Mid-Atlantic Invasive Flora......................................................................................................................3 Identification of Invasives ..............................................................................................................................4 You Can Make a Difference..............................................................................................................................5 Plant Profiles Trees Norway Maple vs. Sugar
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Life-History of Lonicera Japonica Thunb
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-1955 Ecological Life-history of Lonicera japonica Thunb. Anna D. Leatherman University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Leatherman, Anna D., "Ecological Life-history of Lonicera japonica Thunb.. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1955. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1626 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Anna D. Leatherman entitled "Ecological Life- history of Lonicera japonica Thunb.." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Botany. Royal E. Shanks, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: A. J. Sharp, James T. Tanner, Fred H. Norris, L. F. Seatz Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) August 11, 1955 To the Graduate Council: I am submitting here;,rith a tnesis written by Anna D. Leatherman entitled "Ecological Life-history of Lonicera japonica Thunb.11 I recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the require­ ments for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Bota:w.
    [Show full text]