S41438-021-00630-Y.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

S41438-021-00630-Y.Pdf Liu et al. Horticulture Research (2021) 8:195 Horticulture Research https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00630-y www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Open Access The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TabHLH1 increases chlorogenic acid and luteolin biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense Kitag ✉ ✉ Qun Liu1,2,3,LiLi2,HaitaoCheng4, Lixiang Yao5,JieWu6,HuiHuang1,WeiNing2 and Guoyin Kai 1 Abstract Polyphenols are the main active components of the anti-inflammatory compounds in dandelion, and chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the primary polyphenols. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the transcriptional regulation of CGA biosynthesis remains unclear. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT2) is the last rate-limiting enzyme in chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense. Therefore, using the TaHQT2 gene promoter as a probe, a yeast one-hybrid library was performed, and a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, TabHLH1, was identified that shared substantial homology with Gynura bicolor DC bHLH1. The TabHLH1 transcript was highly induced by salt stress, and the TabHLH1 protein was localized in the nucleus. CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-overexpression transgenic lines were significantly higher than those in the wild type, while CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines were significantly lower. Quantitative real- time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that overexpression and RNAi of TabHLH1 in T. antungense significantly affected CGA and luteolin concentrations by upregulating or downregulating CGA and luteolin biosynthesis pathway genes, especially TaHQT2, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (Ta4CL), chalcone isomerase (TaCHI), and flavonoid-3′-hydroxylase (TaF3′H). Dual-luciferase, yeast one-hybrid, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that TabHLH1 directly 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; bound to the bHLH-binding motifs of proTaHQT2 and proTa4CL. This study suggests that TabHLH1 participates in the regulatory network of CGA and luteolin biosynthesis in T. antungense and might be useful for metabolic engineering to promote plant polyphenol biosynthesis. – Introduction ranged from 37.12 to 68.89 mg GAE/g4 7. However, these Dandelions (Taraxacum spp.) have been used as medicinal levels in Taraxacum antungense have not been tested in herbs and functional foods for several centuries1,2.The previous studies. Polyphenolic compounds, including phe- increasing demand for dandelion products, such as tea, wine, nolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, have many biolo- – syrup, and coffee, has promoted the industrialization of gical activities8 10.InTaraxacum antungense Kitag, dandelion production3. The total phenolic compound con- chlorogenic acid (CGA) and caffeic acid (CA) have anti- centrations in different tissues of Taraxacum mongolicum oxidative benefits, being hepatoprotective and having diuretic – activities11 13; rutin and luteolin are used to treat several diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, severe acute respiratory – Correspondence: Wei Ning ([email protected])or syndrome, hepatitis, and cancer14 16.However,thecon- Guoyin Kai ([email protected]) centration of these functional active constituents in T. 1Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The antungense is lower than that in other medicinal plants, such Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, as Lonicera japonica and Eucommia ulmoides,which Zhejiang 310053, PR China restricts dandelion industrialization14. Bioengineering strate- 2College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article gies could potentially increase the polyphenolic compounds These authors contributed equally: Qun Liu, Li Li © The Author(s) 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a linktotheCreativeCommons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Liu et al. Horticulture Research (2021) 8:195 Page 2 of 14 Fig. 1 Biosynthetic pathway of the main polyphenols (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and luteolin) in Taraxacum antungense. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL); cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H); 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL); Coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H); 5-O-(4- coumaroyl)-D-quinate 3′-monooxygenase (C3′H); hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme (Co)A shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT); hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT); caffeoylshikimate esterase (CSE); UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT84); Chalcone synthase (CHS); flavonoid synthase (FNS); Chalcone isomerase (CHI); and hydroxycinnamoyl D-glucose quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCGQT). Three arrows indicate multi-steps & routes. Blue indicates what has been reported in this article, and gray indicates information from other plants in Taraxacum; however, a better understanding of the plants to synthesize luteolin8,22. Naringenin is also cata- polyphenolic compound biosynthesis pathway is required. lyzed by flavonol-3-dehydrogenase (F3H), flavonol syn- Since the 1990s, the polyphenol biosynthesis pathway thetase (FLS), and UDP-glucoronosyl/UDP-glucosyl – has been reported in several medicinal model plants, such transferase (UFGT) to synthesize rutin23 25. PAL, CHS, as Salvia miltiorrhiza, L. japonica, and Dendranthema CHI, and F3′H increase CGA and luteolin concentrations morifolium17,18. In the first three steps of polyphenol in L. japonica, whereas in Fagopyrum tataricum, the rutin biosynthesis, the key enzymes are phenylalanine concentration is increased by upregulation of FLS and ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), UFGT gene expression25,26. Identification of these poly- and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), which catalyze the phenol biosynthesis pathway genes will lay the foundation synthesis of p-coumaroyl-CoA from phenylalanine19.CA for further genetic engineering research in T. antungense is directly catalytically synthesized by coumarate (Fig. 1). 3-hydroxylase from p-coumaroyl-CoA, whereas CGA is Plant polyphenolic compounds are important compo- catalytically synthesized by hydroxycinnamoyl CoA qui- nents acting against biotic and abiotic stresses21,25. Plant nate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT) and transcription factor (TF) family members, such as hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shiki-mate/quinate hydro- MYB11/12/111 and WRKY18/40/60, respond to biotic xycinnamoyl transferase (HCT)20. However, in T. antun- and abiotic stress to regulate the expression of down- gense, only HQTs (TaHQT1/2) have been isolated, stream structural genes and ultimately promote the bio- identified, and assessed, and TaHQT2 is the last rate- synthesis of polyphenols18,19,27. Coexpression analysis of limiting enzyme in chlorogenic acid biosynthesis21. For TFs and biosynthesis pathway gene expression levels often flavonoids, p-coumaroyl-CoA is a branch and precursor showed a highly linear relationship27,28. Thus, TFs may be compound. The first two steps in the catalytic synthesis of used as a tool not only to improve a plant’s ability to adapt naringenin from p-coumaroyl-CoA are via chalcone syn- to the environment but also to increase polyphenolic thase and chalcone isomerase (CHS and CHI, respec- compound production in plants21. tively)8. Naringenin is catalyzed by flavonoid synthase and Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) TFs are one of the largest flavonoid-3′-hydroxylase (FNS and F3′H, respectively) in families that regulate the expression of key enzyme genes Liu et al. Horticulture Research (2021) 8:195 Page 3 of 14 in plants28. Among these TFs, myelocytomatosis onco- TGA-box, and light-responsive elements (Fig. S1 and gene (MYC) TFs (representative bHLH TFs) often parti- Table S2). A Y1H cDNA library of T. antungense was cipate in secondary metabolite accumulation: AaMYC2 created with a titer of approximately 5 × 107 colony- (Artemisia annua L) regulates artemisinin biosynthesis, forming units/mL. PCR results showed that the length of NtMYC2 (Nicotiana tabacum) regulates nicotine bio- T. antungense cDNA ranged from 200–2000 bp (Fig. S2). synthesis, and CrMYC2 (Catharanthus roseus) regulates A 200 bp DNA fragment containing four E-boxes (pro- the expression of alkaloid biosynthesis genes that respond TaHQT2-E-box-1, -2, -3, and -4) that were identified in to methyl jasmonate (MeJA)29,30. In the medicinal model proTaHQT2 (from –685 to –810) within 860 bp of the plant S. miltiorrhiza, SmMYC2a/2b regulates key enzyme ATG start codon was cloned. The isolated gene coding genes for phenolic acid biosynthesis31. Upregulation of protein was able to bind to the proTaHQT2 CATGTG SmPAL by SmbHLH37 leads to increased phenolic motif (Fig. 2). The results also
Recommended publications
  • Double Back Beauty Balm
    T.I.P.P. Sheet Name: Double Back Age Defying Beauty Balm Item Code: BBDB1 Package: Airless pump 1 oz. Selling Phrases: • This multi-tasking, lightweight cream primes, hydrates, lightens, firms, and visibly improves the look and feel of the skin. • This cream helps to diminish the appearance of pores, fine lines and uneven skin tone. • Inspired by cutting-edge Asian beauty rituals Double Back Age Defying Beauty Balm is a five-in-one secret for achieving flawless skin. • This formulation will help to repair the skins texture and minimize the appearance of imperfections. • Aids in combating dark spots and skin discolorations. • Contains SPF Reference • Formulated with triple peptides of Dermaxyl, Argireline Phrases: and Matrixyl 3000 to help increase circulation, boost cell regeneration and minimize the appearance of lines and wrinkles. • Contains Vitamins A, C and E along with Acai, Goji Berry, Green Tea, Cucumber and Chamomile which help to protect the skin from free radicals that accelerate aging as well as to calm and soothe the skin. • Shea Butter and Olive Squalene to moisturize protect and provide vitamins. • Licorice Root and Bearberry Extracts help to brighten and diminish brown spots and uneven skin tone. • Prickly Pear Extract helps to protect the skin from environmental stress. Usage: • Can be used alone or under your foundation/powder. Ingredient Function Water Carrier, solvent Octyl Methoxycinnamate SPF Dimethicone Moisture, slip Jojoba Esters Moisture Steareth-2 Emulsifier Steareth-20 Emulsifier Glyceryl Stearate Emulsifier
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemistry and Pharmacogenomics of Natural Products Derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Materia Medica with Activity Against Tumor Cells
    152 Phytochemistry and pharmacogenomics of natural products derived from traditional chinese medicine and chinese materia medica with activity against tumor cells Thomas Efferth,1 Stefan Kahl,2,3,6 Kerstin Paulus,4 Introduction 2 5 3 Michael Adams, Rolf Rauh, Herbert Boechzelt, Cancer is responsible for 12% of the world’s mortality and Xiaojiang Hao,6 Bernd Kaina,5 and Rudolf Bauer2 the second-leading cause of death in the Western world. 1 Limited chances for cure by chemotherapy are a major German Cancer Research Centre, Pharmaceutical Biology, contributing factor to this situation. Despite much progress Heidelberg, Germany; 2Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz; 3Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria; 4Institute in recent years,a key problem in tumor therapy with of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Du¨sseldorf, Du¨sseldorf, established cytostatic compounds is the development of Germany; 5Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Mainz, 6 drug resistance and threatening side effects. Most estab- Germany; and State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant lished drugs suffer from insufficient specificity toward Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China tumor cells. Hence,the identification of improved anti- tumor drugs is urgently needed. Several approaches have been delineated to search for Abstract novel antitumor compounds. Combinatorial chemistry,a The cure from cancer is still not a reality for all patients, technology conceived about 20 years ago,was envisaged as which is mainly due to the limitations of chemotherapy a promising strategy to this demand. The expected surge in (e.g., drug resistance and toxicity). Apart from the high- productivity,however,has hardly materialized (1).
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Honeysuckle Wildland (Lonicera Japonica Thunb.) Gary N
    Japanese Honeysuckle Wildland (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) Gary N. Ervin, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Mississippi State University John D. Madsen, Ph.D., Extension/Research Professor, Mississippi State University Ryan M. Wersal, Research Associate, Mississippi State University Fig. 1. Japanese honeysuckle vine climbing up a tree. Fig. 2. Flowers of Japanese honeysuckle. Introduction Problems Created Japanese honeysuckle was introduced from Japan in the early 1800s and now is one of the most commonly encoun- tered exotic weeds in the Mid-South. This species frequently overtops and displaces native plants and forestry species in any habitat, but particularly where natural or human activities creates edges. Japanese honeysuckle also is somewhat shade tolerant and can be found in relatively densely canopied forest. This species perenniates with the aid of well de- veloped root and rhizome systems, by which it also is capable of spreading vegetatively, in addition to rooting at nodes along aboveground stems. Both features contribute substantially to its rapid dominance over native vegetation. Regulations Japanese honeysuckle is listed as a noxious weed in CT, MA, NH, and VT. In the southeast, Japanese honeysuckle is considered a severe invasion threat in KY, SC, and TN. It is considered one of the top ten invasive plants in GA, and is listed as a category one invasive in Florida. It is not presently listed in any noxious weed legislation in southern states. Description Vegetative Growth Japanese honeysuckle exhibits a semi-evergreen to evergreen life cycle and is readily identified during winter by its per- sistent green foliage. Its vines may climb and/or spread along the ground to lengths of 80’.
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmeceutical Importance of Fermented Plant Extracts: a Short Review
    International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ISSN- 0975-7058 Vol 10, Issue 4, 2018 Review Article COSMECEUTICAL IMPORTANCE OF FERMENTED PLANT EXTRACTS: A SHORT REVIEW BHAGAVATHI SUNDARAM SIVAMARUTHI, CHAIYAVAT CHAIYASUT, PERIYANAINA KESIKA * Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand Email: [email protected] Received: 30 Mar 2018, Revised and Accepted: 24 May 2018 ABSTRACT Personal care products, especially cosmetics, are regularly used all over the world. The used cosmetics are discharged continuously into the environment that affects the ecosystem and human well-being. The chemical and synthetic active compounds in the cosmetics cause some severe allergies and unwanted side effects to the customers. Currently, many customers are aware of the product composition, and they are stringent in product selection. So, cosmetic producers are keen to search for an alternative, and natural active principles for the development and improvisation of the cosmetic products to attain many customers. Phytochemicals are known for several pharmacological and cosmeceutical applications. Fermentation process improved the quality of the active phytochemicals and also facilitates the easy absorption of them by human system. Recently, several research groups are working on the cosmeceutical importance of fermented plant extracts (FPE), particularly on anti-ageing, anti-wrinkle, and whitening property of FPE. The current manuscript is presenting a brief
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Spectrometry Based Investigation of Chlorogenic Acid Reactivity and Profile in Model Systems and Coffee Processing
    Mass Spectrometry Based Investigation of Chlorogenic Acid Reactivity and Profile in Model Systems and Coffee Processing by Sagar Deshpande A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry Approved Dissertation Committee Prof. Dr. Nikolai Kuhnert (Chair) Prof. Dr. Gerd-Volker Röschenthaler (Reviewer) Prof. Dr. Michael N. Clifford (External Reviewer) Date of Defense: 24th January 2014 School of Engineering and Science Abstract Beneficial health and biological effects of coffee as well as its sensory properties are largely associated with chlorogenic acids (CGAs) since; coffee is the richest dietary source of CGAs and their derivatives. From green coffee beans to the beverage, chemical components of the green coffee undergo enormous transformations, which have been studied in great details in the past. Roasted coffee melanoidines are extensively contributed by the products formed by the most relevant secondary metabolite- chlorogenic acids. For every 1% of the dry matter of the total CGA content in the green coffee beans, 8-10% of the original CGAs are transformed or decomposed into respective derivatives of cinnamic acid and quinic acid. The non-volatile fraction of the roasted coffee remains relatively unravelled in the aspects of its chemistry and structural information. Coffee roasting, along with the other processes brings about considerable changes in the chlorogenic acid profile of green coffee through number of chemical processes. In roasting, chlorogenic acids evidently undergo various processes such as, acyl group migration, transesterification, thermal trans-cis isomerization, dehydration and epimerization. To understand the chemistry behind roasted coffee melanoidines, it is of utmost importance to study the changes occurring in CGAs and their derivatives through food processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Ectopic Expression of a R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor Gene Ljamyb12 from Lonicera Japonica Increases Flavonoid Accumulation in Arabidopsis Thaliana
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Ectopic Expression of a R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor Gene LjaMYB12 from Lonicera japonica Increases Flavonoid Accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana Xiwu Qi 1 , Hailing Fang 1, Zequn Chen 1, Zhiqi Liu 2, Xu Yu 1,3 and Chengyuan Liang 1,4,* 1 Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; [email protected] (X.Q.); [email protected] (H.F.); [email protected] (Z.C.); [email protected] (X.Y.) 2 Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing 210008, China; [email protected] 3 Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7145, USA 4 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-025-8434-7133 Received: 8 August 2019; Accepted: 9 September 2019; Published: 11 September 2019 Abstract: Lonicera japonica Thunb. is a widely used medicinal plant and is rich in a variety of active ingredients. Flavonoids are one of the important components in L. japonica and their content is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of this herb. To study the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in L. japonica, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene LjaMYB12 was isolated and characterized. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that LjaMYB12 belonged to the subgroup 7, with a typical R2R3 DNA-binding domain and conserved subgroup 7 motifs. The transcriptional level of LjaMYB12 was proportional to the total flavonoid content during the development of L. japonica flowers. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that LjaMYB12 localized to the nucleus.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Honeysuckle)
    No. 09 March 2010 Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle) Initial Introduction and Expansion in Range Introduced to the United States in the early to mid-1800s as an ornamental plant, Lonicera japonica is native to East Asia, including Japan and Korea. It is still promoted by some landscapes architects for its rapid growth and fragrant flowers that linger on the vine throughout most of the summer. Wildlife managers have promoted the plant as winter forage, particularly for deer. Still others are nostalgic about this plant, remembering the sweet nectar they enjoyed as children. Lonicera japonica is now found across the southern United States from California to New England and the Great Lakes Region. Lonicera japonica spreads locally by long aboveground runners and underground rhizomes. The runners develop roots at the nodes (stem and leaf junctions) so this plant often forms dense mats. Under high light conditions, the plants are able to flower and produce fruits that can be dispersed long distances primarily by birds. Description and Biology • Perennial trailing or twining vine. In North Carolina, it is considered semi-evergreen to evergreen. • Young stems are slender, while older stems are hollow and up to 2 inches in diameter with brownish bark that peels in long strips. • Oblong to oval shaped leaves are 1 to 2 and a half inches long arranged in opposite pairs along the stem. Mature leaves have smooth edges and young leaves are often lobed. • White and pale yellow, trumpet-shaped flowers occur in pairs from between the leaves and bloom from late April to August. • Small, nearly spherical, black fruits mature in autumn.
    [Show full text]
  • Mistaken Identity? Invasive Plants and Their Native Look-Alikes: an Identification Guide for the Mid-Atlantic
    Mistaken Identity ? Invasive Plants and their Native Look-alikes an Identification Guide for the Mid-Atlantic Matthew Sarver Amanda Treher Lenny Wilson Robert Naczi Faith B. Kuehn www.nrcs.usda.gov http://dda.delaware.gov www.dsu.edu www.dehort.org www.delawareinvasives.net Published by: Delaware Department Agriculture • November 2008 In collaboration with: Claude E. Phillips Herbarium at Delaware State University • Delaware Center for Horticulture Funded by: U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Cover Photos: Front: Aralia elata leaf (Inset, l-r: Aralia elata habit; Aralia spinosa infloresence, Aralia elata stem) Back: Aralia spinosa habit TABLE OF CONTENTS About this Guide ............................1 Introduction What Exactly is an Invasive Plant? ..................................................................................................................2 What Impacts do Invasives Have? ..................................................................................................................2 The Mid-Atlantic Invasive Flora......................................................................................................................3 Identification of Invasives ..............................................................................................................................4 You Can Make a Difference..............................................................................................................................5 Plant Profiles Trees Norway Maple vs. Sugar
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Life-History of Lonicera Japonica Thunb
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-1955 Ecological Life-history of Lonicera japonica Thunb. Anna D. Leatherman University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Leatherman, Anna D., "Ecological Life-history of Lonicera japonica Thunb.. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1955. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1626 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Anna D. Leatherman entitled "Ecological Life- history of Lonicera japonica Thunb.." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Botany. Royal E. Shanks, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: A. J. Sharp, James T. Tanner, Fred H. Norris, L. F. Seatz Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) August 11, 1955 To the Graduate Council: I am submitting here;,rith a tnesis written by Anna D. Leatherman entitled "Ecological Life-history of Lonicera japonica Thunb.11 I recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the require­ ments for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Bota:w.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Endophytes: the Hidden Actor in Plant Immune Re- Sponses Against Biotic Stress
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 7 April 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0186.v1 Review Bacterial endophytes: The hidden actor in plant immune re- sponses against biotic stress Nadira Oukala1, Kamel Aissat 1,3* and Victoria Pastor2,* 1 Laboratory of Ecological Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria; [email protected] 2 Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology section, Departmento Ciencias Agrar- ias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071- Castelló de la Plana, Spain; [email protected] 3 Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Batna 2, 05000, Batna, Algeria * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Bacterial endophytes interact closely with plant tissues and constitute an essential part of the plant microbiome. These interactions can promote plant growth and elicit specific defense re- sponses against abiotic stresses and pathogen attacks. In this paper, we review the role of endo- phytic bacteria in modulating defenses of the host rendering the entire plant more resistant to path- ogens and pests. The endophyte-induced resistance will probably introduce a new factor when con- sidering plant-pathogen interactions. The impact of the bacterial endosymbionts on the host leading to the priming state is also discussed since it confers a specific adaptation of the plant to the biotic threat. Keywords: Priming, Endophytic bacteria, ISR, Pathogens, Signalling 1. Introduction Plant endophytes are described as microorganisms that inhabit the internal parts of a plant and gain entrance into the root stem, leaf, flowers and seeds and they are not caus- ing apparent harm to the host plant [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Lonicera Japonica
    Species: Lonicera japonica http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/lonjap/all.html SPECIES: Lonicera japonica Introductory Distribution and occurrence Botanical and ecological characteristics Fire ecology Fire effects Management considerations References INTRODUCTORY SPECIES: Lonicera japonica AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION SYNONYMS NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY LIFE FORM FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS OTHER STATUS Swearingen, Jil M. USDI, National Park Fred Fishel. University of Service. Image 0581013. Missouri, 2002. http://www.forestryimages.org/. 10/29/02. AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION: Munger, Gregory T. 2002. Lonicera japonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2007, September 24]. FEIS ABBREVIATION: LONJAP SYNONYMS: none NRCS PLANT CODE [139]: LOJA COMMON NAMES: Japanese honeysuckle TAXONOMY: The currently accepted name for Japanese honeysuckle is Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae) 1 of 40 9/24/2007 4:45 PM Species: Lonicera japonica http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/lonjap/all.html [39,40,53,58,60,61,73,102,119,141,148,149]. LIFE FORM: Vine FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS: No special status OTHER STATUS: Japanese honeysuckle is listed by the state of Vermont as a Category II plant: "exotic plant species considered to have the potential to displace native plants either on a localized or widespread scale" [139]. It is listed as an "exotic weed" and prohibited for sale within the state by the Illinois Department of Conservation [136]. DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE SPECIES: Lonicera japonica GENERAL DISTRIBUTION ECOSYSTEMS STATES BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS SAF COVER TYPES SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Japanese honeysuckle is native to eastern Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Screening of Crude Drugs Used in Japanese Kampo Formulas for Autophagy-Mediated Cell Survival of the Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line
    Medicines 2019, 6, 63; doi:10.3390/medicines6020063 S1 of S6 Supplementary Materials: Screening of Crude Drugs Used in Japanese Kampo Formulas for Autophagy-Mediated Cell Survival of the Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line Shinya Okubo, Hisa Komori, Asuka Kuwahara, Tomoe Ohta, Yukihiro Shoyama and Takuhiro Uto Table S1. List of crude drugs. Drug Japanese Name English Name Scientific Name Medicinal Part No. 1 Akyo Donkey Glue Equus asinus glue 2 Ireisen Clematis Root Clematis chinensis, C. mandshurica, C. hexapetala root with rhizome 3 Inchinko Artemisia Capillaris Flower Artemisia capillaris capitulum 4 Uikyo Fennel Foeniculum vulgare fruit 5 Uzu a) Aconite Root Aconitum carmichaeli, A. japonicum tuberous root (mother root) 6 Uyaku Lindera Root Lindera strychnifolia root 7 Engosaku Corydalis Tuber Corydalis turtschaninovii tuber 8 Ogi Astragalus Root Astragalus membranaceus, A. mongholicus root 9 Ogon Scutellaria Root Scutellaria baicalensis root 10 Obaku Phellodendron Bark Phellodendron amurense, P. chinense bark 11 Oren Coptis Rhizome Coptis japonica, C. chinensis, C. deltoidea, C. teeta rhizome 12 Onji Polygala Root Polygala tenuifolia root or root bark 13 Gaiyo Artemisia Leaf Artemisia princeps, A. montana leaf and twig 14 Kashi Myrobalan Fruit Terminalia chebula fruit 15 Kashu Polygonum Root Polygonum multiflorum root 16 Gajutsu Zedoary Curcuma zedoaria rhizome 17 Kakko Pogostemon Herb Pogostemon cablin aerial part 18 Kakkon Pueraria Root Pueraria lobata root 19 Kasseki Aluminum Silicate Hydrate with Silicon Dioxide 20 Karokon Trichosanthes Root Trichosanthes kirilowii, T. kirilowii var. japonica, T. bracteata root Medicines 2019, 6, 63; doi:10.3390/medicines6020063 S2 of S6 21 Karonin Trichosanthes Seed Trichosanthes kirilowii, T. kirilowii var. japonica, T.
    [Show full text]