A Citizen's Guide to Incineration
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Reducing Hazardous Waste in Your Household
HOW DO I GET RID OF _________? (fill in the blank) Careful Consuming & Disposal Patti Lynn CRP Recycling Resources Manager Chester County Solid Waste Authority [email protected] 484-796-4039 March 2021 SOME TYPICAL & WEIRD STUFF (Yes, these were actual inquiries) ❑Credit cards and gift cards ❑Xrays ❑Neon light tubes ❑Garage door opener ❑Damaged batteries ❑Razor blades ❑Firecrackers (unused) ❑Perfume ❑Pantyhose ❑DVDs, VHS tapes, CDs ❑Smoke Alarms ❑Microwave ovens ❑Knives ❑Paint ❑Citronella candles ❑Styrofoam cooler ❑Dialysis sugar water ❑Plastic trash Toter®/cart Objectives: Describe where recycling fits in the waste hierarchy and explain why. Gain knowledge of responsible disposal practices for some common and uncommon products and materials. Commit to making one change to reduce solid waste at the source. ZERO WASTE • Is a concept, a big idea, and a goal to encourage practices that sustain resources • Starts at the beginning, not the end • Should make you REthink, REact, and REduce solid waste and minimize environmental impacts • Changing one or two habits can make a difference THE ZERO WASTE HIERARCHY A SIMILAR VERSION Words that identify HHW (Household Hazardous Waste) ✓CORROSIVE (will rust or decay) ✓FLAMMABLE (ignitable; solid or liquid) ✓REACTIVE (potentially explosive, OXIDIZER) ✓TOXIC (poison) A good number to have on hand: Poison Control 1-800-222-1222 TEXT “POISON” to 797979, and you can automatically add it to your contacts. Acceptable materials include, Unacceptable materials include, but are not limited to: but are not -
Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture: Good Practice Examples
SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER IN AGRICULTURE: GOOD PRACTICE EXAMPLES Hiroshan Hettiarachchi Reza Ardakanian, Editors SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER IN AGRICULTURE: GOOD PRACTICE EXAMPLES Hiroshan Hettiarachchi Reza Ardakanian, Editors PREFACE Population growth, rapid urbanisation, more water intense consumption patterns and climate change are intensifying the pressure on freshwater resources. The increasing scarcity of water, combined with other factors such as energy and fertilizers, is driving millions of farmers and other entrepreneurs to make use of wastewater. Wastewater reuse is an excellent example that naturally explains the importance of integrated management of water, soil and waste, which we define as the Nexus While the information in this book are generally believed to be true and accurate at the approach. The process begins in the waste sector, but the selection of date of publication, the editors and the publisher cannot accept any legal responsibility for the correct management model can make it relevant and important to any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, expressed or the water and soil as well. Over 20 million hectares of land are currently implied, with respect to the material contained herein. known to be irrigated with wastewater. This is interesting, but the The opinions expressed in this book are those of the Case Authors. Their inclusion in this alarming fact is that a greater percentage of this practice is not based book does not imply endorsement by the United Nations University. on any scientific criterion that ensures the “safe use” of wastewater. In order to address the technical, institutional, and policy challenges of safe water reuse, developing countries and countries in transition need clear institutional arrangements and more skilled human resources, United Nations University Institute for Integrated with a sound understanding of the opportunities and potential risks of Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources wastewater use. -
Hazardous Waste: Industrial Waste Requirements
ENVIRONMENT, SAFETY & HEALTH DIVISION Chapter 17: Hazardous Waste Industrial Waste Requirements Product ID: 182 | Revision ID: 2413 | Date published: 26 May 2021 | Date effective: 26 May 2021 URL: https://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/eshmanual/references/hazwasteReqIndustrial.pdf 1 Purpose The purpose of these requirements is to ensure that industrial wastes are safely managed. They cover characterization, containment, handling, labeling, tracking, and disposal. They apply to workers (as hazardous waste generators and custodians), field construction managers, supervisors, line management, the hazardous waste program manager; and Fleet Services, Facilities and Operations, and Waste Management. 2 Requirements All industrial waste, defined as waste that contains hazardous materials but in concentrations below regulatory thresholds (typically demolition debris and contaminated soil), must be tracked by Waste Management and managed according to the requirements below. 2.1 Waste Characterization Because the concentration of contaminants in industrial waste falls below certain regulatory thresholds, it does not need to be managed the same as hazardous waste. (See Hazardous Waste: Waste Determination and Characterization Guidelines.) Indicators that a waste is industrial include the following: . Waste type. Certain types of waste are known to be classified as industrial waste, such as treated wood; soils contaminated with non-hazardous or low levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals and petroleum hydrocarbons; non-friable asbestos waste; and concrete slurry. In many cases, these wastes result from construction-related projects under the purview of the Facilities and Operations Division. Such operations include excavations, maintenance, remodeling, and building demolition. Waste generation history. The waste generator’s process knowledge of the waste stream can help identify the proper waste category. -
Five Facts About Incineration Five Facts About Incineration
Five facts about incineration Five facts about incineration Across the globe, cities are looking for ways to improve their municipal solid waste systems. In the search for services that are affordable, green and easy to implement, many cities are encouraged to turn to waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies, such as incineration.1 But, as found in WIEGO’s Technical Brief 11 (Waste Incineration and Informal Livelihoods: A Technical Guide on Waste-to-Energy Initiatives by Jeroen IJgosse), incineration is far from the perfect solution and, particularly in the Global South, can be less cost-effective, more complicated and can negatively impact the environment and informal waste workers’ livelihoods. Below, we have collected the top five issues highlighted in the study that show why this technology is a risky choice: 1. Incineration costs more than recycling. How incineration may be promoted: Incineration is a good economic decision because it reduces the costs associated with landfill operations while also creating energy that can be used by the community. The reality: • In 2016, the World Energy Council reported that, “energy generation from waste is a costly option, in comparison with other established power generation sources.” • Setting up an incineration project requires steep investment costs from the municipality. • For incineration projects to remain financially stable long-term, high fees are required, which place a burden on municipal finances and lead to sharp increases in user fees. • If incinerators are not able to collect enough burnable waste, they will burn other fuels (gas) instead. Contract obligations can force a municipality to make up the difference if an incinerator doesn’t burn enough to create the needed amount of energy. -
2.2 Sewage Sludge Incineration
2.2 Sewage Sludge Incineration There are approximately 170 sewage sludge incineration (SSI) plants in operation in the United States. Three main types of incinerators are used: multiple hearth, fluidized bed, and electric infrared. Some sludge is co-fired with municipal solid waste in combustors based on refuse combustion technology (see Section 2.1). Refuse co-fired with sludge in combustors based on sludge incinerating technology is limited to multiple hearth incinerators only. Over 80 percent of the identified operating sludge incinerators are of the multiple hearth design. About 15 percent are fluidized bed combustors and 3 percent are electric. The remaining combustors co-fire refuse with sludge. Most sludge incinerators are located in the Eastern United States, though there are a significant number on the West Coast. New York has the largest number of facilities with 33. Pennsylvania and Michigan have the next-largest numbers of facilities with 21 and 19 sites, respectively. Sewage sludge incinerator emissions are currently regulated under 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart O and 40 CFR Part 61, Subparts C and E. Subpart O in Part 60 establishes a New Source Performance Standard for particulate matter. Subparts C and E of Part 61--National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)--establish emission limits for beryllium and mercury, respectively. In 1989, technical standards for the use and disposal of sewage sludge were proposed as 40 CFR Part 503, under authority of Section 405 of the Clean Water Act. Subpart G of this proposed Part 503 proposes to establish national emission limits for arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and total hydrocarbons from sewage sludge incinerators. -
Energy Recovery from Sewage Sludge: the Case Study of Croatia
energies Article Energy Recovery from Sewage Sludge: The Case Study of Croatia Dinko Đurđevi´c 1,* , Paolo Blecich 2 and Željko Juri´c 1 1 Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 April 2019; Accepted: 16 May 2019; Published: 20 May 2019 Abstract: Croatia produced 21,366 tonnes of dry matter (DM) sewage sludge (SS) in 2016, a quantity expected to surpass 100,000 tonnes DM by 2024. Annual production rates for future wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Croatia are estimated at 5.8–7.3 Nm3/people equivalent (PE) for biogas and 20–25 kgDM/PE of sewage sludge. Biogas can be converted into 12–16 kWhel/PE of electricity and 19–24 kWhth/PE of heat, which is sufficient for 30–40% of electrical and 80–100% of thermal autonomy. The WWTP autonomy can be increased using energy recovery from sewage sludge incineration by 60% for electricity and 100% of thermal energy (10–13 kWhel/PE and 30–38 kWhth/PE). However, energy for sewage sludge drying exceeds energy recovery, unless solar drying is performed. 2 The annual solar drying potential is estimated between 450–750 kgDM/m of solar drying surface. The lower heating value of dried sewage sludge is 2–3 kWh/kgDM and this energy can be used for assisting sludge drying or for energy generation and supply to WWTPs. Sewage sludge can be considered a renewable energy source and its incineration generates substantially lower greenhouse gases emissions than energy generation from fossil fuels. -
The Global E-Waste Monitor 2020 Quantities, Flows, and the Circular Economy Potential
The Global E-waste Monitor 2020 Quantities, flows, and the circular economy potential Authors: Vanessa Forti, Cornelis Peter Baldé, Ruediger Kuehr, Garam Bel Contributions by: S. Adrian, M. Brune Drisse, Y. Cheng, L. Devia, O. Deubzer, F. Goldizen, J. Gorman, S. Herat, S. Honda, G. Iattoni, W. Jingwei, L. Jinhui, D.S. Khetriwal, J. Linnell, F. Magalini, I.C. Nnororm, P. Onianwa, D. Ott, A. Ramola, U. Silva, R. Stillhart, D. Tillekeratne, V. Van Straalen, M. Wagner, T. Yamamoto, X. Zeng Supporting Contributors: 2 The Global E-waste Monitor 2020 Quantities, flows, and the circular economy potential Authors: Vanessa Forti, Cornelis Peter Baldé, Ruediger Kuehr, Garam Bel Contributions by: S. Adrian, M. Brune Drisse, Y. Cheng, L. Devia, O. Deubzer, F. Goldizen, J. Gorman, S. Herat, S. Honda, G. Iattoni, W. Jingwei, L. Jinhui, D.S. Khetriwal, J. Linnell, F. Magalini, I.C. Nnororm, P. Onianwa, D. Ott, A. Ramola, U. Silva, R. Stillhart, D. Tillekeratne, V. Van Straalen, M. Wagner, T. Yamamoto, X. Zeng 3 Copyright and publication information 4 Contact information: Established in 1865, ITU is the intergovernmental body responsible for coordinating the For enquiries, please contact the corresponding author C.P. Baldé via [email protected]. shared global use of the radio spectrum, promoting international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, improving communication infrastructure in the developing world, and Please cite this publication as: establishing the worldwide standards that foster seamless interconnection of a vast range of Forti V., Baldé C.P., Kuehr R., Bel G. The Global E-waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, communications systems. From broadband networks to cutting-edge wireless technologies, flows and the circular economy potential. -
Waste Management
10 Waste Management Coordinating Lead Authors: Jean Bogner (USA) Lead Authors: Mohammed Abdelrafie Ahmed (Sudan), Cristobal Diaz (Cuba), Andre Faaij (The Netherlands), Qingxian Gao (China), Seiji Hashimoto (Japan), Katarina Mareckova (Slovakia), Riitta Pipatti (Finland), Tianzhu Zhang (China) Contributing Authors: Luis Diaz (USA), Peter Kjeldsen (Denmark), Suvi Monni (Finland) Review Editors: Robert Gregory (UK), R.T.M. Sutamihardja (Indonesia) This chapter should be cited as: Bogner, J., M. Abdelrafie Ahmed, C. Diaz, A. Faaij, Q. Gao, S. Hashimoto, K. Mareckova, R. Pipatti, T. Zhang, Waste Management, In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Waste Management Chapter 10 Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................. 587 10.5 Policies and measures: waste management and climate ....................................................... 607 10.1 Introduction .................................................... 588 10.5.1 Reducing landfill CH4 emissions .......................607 10.2 Status of the waste management sector ..... 591 10.5.2 Incineration and other thermal processes for waste-to-energy ...............................................608 10.2.1 Waste generation ............................................591 10.5.3 Waste minimization, re-use and -
Chapter 9 Agricultural Waste Management Systems
Part 651 Agricultural Waste Management Field Handbook Chapter 9 Agricultural Waste Management Systems (210–VI–AWMFH, Amend. 47, December 2011) Chapter 9 Agricultural Waste Management Systems Part 651 Agricultural Waste Management Field Handbook Issued December 2011 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all pro- grams.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for commu- nication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250–9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. (210–VI–AWMFH, Amend. 47, December 2011) Acknowledgments Chapter 9 was originally prepared and printed in 1992 under the direction of James N. Krider (retired), national environmental engineer, Soil Conser- vation Service (SCS), now Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). James D. Rickman (retired), environmental engineer, NRCS, Fort Worth, Texas, provided day-to-day coordination in the development of the hand- book. Authors for chapter 9 included L.M. “Mac” Safley, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; William H. Boyd, environmental engineer, Lincoln, Nebraska; A. -
Introduction to Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria C R Training Module Training
Solid Waste and Emergency Response (5305W) EPA530-K-05-015 A R Introduction to Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria C R Training Module Training United States Environmental Protection September 2005 Agency SUBTITLE D: MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY CRITERIA CONTENTS 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 2. Regulatory Summary .............................................................................................................. 2 2.1 Subpart A: General Requirements ................................................................................... 3 2.2 Subpart B: Location Restrictions ..................................................................................... 6 2.3 Subpart C: Operating Criteria .......................................................................................... 8 2.4 Subpart D: Design Criteria ..............................................................................................12 2.5 Subpart E: Groundwater Monitoring and Corrective Action ..........................................12 2.6 Subpart F: Closure and Post-Closure Care ......................................................................17 2.7 Subpart G: Financial Assurance Criteria .........................................................................19 Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria - 1 1. INTRODUCTION This module provides a summary of the regulatory criteria for municipal solid waste -
EPA Reduces Lead Exposures Through Cleanup Enforcement 2019
82 Pb EPA Reduces Lead Exposures Through Cleanup Enforcement Lead 207.2 2019 EPA’s cleanup enforcement programs help get the lead out of American communities Lead is a neurotoxin; exposure can The EPA enforces the national hazardous substances and hazardous permanently damage the brain. It waste cleanup programs under the Comprehensive Environmental can also injure other soft tissues Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) and organs, cause permanent nerve damage, interfere with blood and corrective action under the Resource Conservation and Recovery formation, and high levels of lead Act (RCRA). The EPA’s Superfund and RCRA corrective action exposure can lead to seizures, enforcement groups identify parties responsible for releases or coma, and death. More information threatened releases of hazardous substances and wastes and compel on lead and human health is them to take the actions necessary to address the contamination. available here. Superfund directs the EPA to clean up contaminated sites where Lead is still found in numerous hazardous substances, such as lead, have been released or there is a products including paints, batteries, threat of release into the environment. Lead is one of the most common computer components, aviation fuel and ammunition. Metal smelters contaminants found at Superfund sites; there are presently almost 900 and refineries discharge lead to the Superfund sites on the National Priorities List (NPL), proposed to the air and leave waste piles that NPL or using the Superfund Alternative Approach, with lead as a contaminate soil and groundwater. contaminant of concern. Where there are financially viable parties that Despite efforts to phase lead out of are responsible for the contamination, Superfund authority is used to many products, its extensive compel those parties to either perform or pay for the cleanup. -
EPA's Guide for Industrial Waste Management
Guide for Industrial Waste Management Protecting Land Ground Water Surface Water Air Building Partnerships Introduction EPA’s Guide for Industrial Waste Management Introduction Welcome to EPA’s Guide for Industrial Waste Management. The pur- pose of the Guide is to provide facility managers, state and tribal regulators, and the interested public with recommendations and tools to better address the management of land-disposed, non-haz- ardous industrial wastes. The Guide can help facility managers make environmentally responsible decisions while working in partnership with state and tribal regulators and the public. It can serve as a handy implementation reference tool for regulators to complement existing programs and help address any gaps. The Guide can also help the public become more informed and more knowledgeable in addressing waste management issues in the community. In the Guide, you will find: • Considerations for siting industrial waste management units • Methods for characterizing waste constituents • Fact sheets and Web sites with information about individual waste constituents • Tools to assess risks that might be posed by the wastes • Principles for building stakeholder partnerships • Opportunities for waste minimization • Guidelines for safe unit design • Procedures for monitoring surface water, air, and ground water • Recommendations for closure and post-closure care Each year, approximately 7.6 billion tons of industrial solid waste are generated and disposed of at a broad spectrum of American industrial facilities. State, tribal, and some local governments have regulatory responsibility for ensuring proper management of these wastes, and their pro- grams vary considerably. In an effort to establish a common set of industrial waste management guidelines, EPA and state and tribal representatives came together in a partnership and developed the framework for this voluntary Guide.