Annual Report 2011 On the cover: Headquarters location: FY2011 Ace summit operations team Kamuela, Hawai’i, USA Number of Full Time members, from left: Arnold Employees: 115 Matsuda, John Baldwin and Management: Mike Dahler, focus their California Association for Number of Observing attention to removing a Research in Astronomy Astronomers FY2011: 464 single segment from the Partner Institutions: Number of Keck Science Keck Telescope primary California Institute of Investigations: 400 mirror in the first major step Technology (CIT/Caltech), in the segment recoating Number of Refereed Articles process. University of California (UC), FY2011: 278 National Aeronautics and Fiscal Year begins October 1 Below: Space Administration (NASA) The newly commissioned Federal Identification Keck I Laser penetrates the Observatory Director: Number: 95-3972799 night sky from the majestic Taft E. Armandroff landscape of Mauna Kea. Deputy Director: The laser is part of Keck’s Hilton A. Lewis world leading adaptive optics systems, a technology used to remove the effects of turbulence in Earth’s atmosphere and provides unprecedented image clarity of cosmic targets near and distant. vision A world in which all humankind is inspired and united by the pursuit of knowledge of the infinite contents variety and richness of the Universe. Director’s Report . . . . 3 Cosmic Visionaries . . . 6 Science Highlights . . . 8 mission Finances ...... 16 To advance the frontiers of astronomy and share Philanthropic Support . .18 our discoveries, inspiring the imagination of all. Reflections ...... 20 Education & Outreach . .22 Observatory Groundbreaking: 1985 Honors & Recognition . .26 First light Keck I telescope: 1992 Science Bibliography . . 28 First light Keck II telescope: 1996 director’s report
Taft E. Armandroff
It is a pleasure to welcome you to the W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report for 2011. Keck Observatory (WMKO) operates twin 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes nightly on the excellent site of Mauna Kea, renowned for its extremely dark skies and superb image quality. The two telescopes feature a highly capable suite of advanced instrumentation. For the past 19 years, Keck Observatory has played a leading role in astronomy and astrophysics worldwide. Four objective metrics demonstrate Keck Observatory’s scientific success: 1) In independent studies of observatory scientific productivity, we consistently rank highest in the number of papers per telescope per year of ground-based observatories. For example in fiscal year 2011, the two Keck telescopes produced 278 papers, or 139 papers per telescope. This dramatically exceeds all other U.S. facilities and also exceeds all other observatories worldwide. 2) In independent studies, we generate the highest total impact per telescope of ground-based observatories, taking into account not only the number of publications but also how often each publication is cited in subsequent research. 3) WMKO dominates the emerging field of laser guide star adaptive optics (LGS AO) science. Three-quarters of all LGS AO papers worldwide from 2004 through 2011 are based on Keck data. 4) The large impact of the Keck telescopes on astronomy education is well illustrated by the 240 PhD theses produced using our data from 1994 to 2011. 4 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 decade, usingbothexistingandplannedinstrumentation: the followingkeyquestionstobeaddressedincoming decadal assessmentofresearchprioritieshavehighlighted done. OurScientificStrategicPlanandarecentnational There remainsmuchimportantastronomyresearchtobe astronomy today. to applythesenewtoolsaddressmajoropenquestionsin of 2012.Ourobservercommunityrelishestheopportunity AO systemarescheduledforscientificusebythesummer neared fullfunctionality. BothMOSFIREandthenewLGS Adaptive Optics(LGS AO) systemfortheKeckItelescope (MOSFIRE) andthenextgenerationLaserGuideStar The MultiObjectSpectrographforInfraredExploration multi-year projectstodevelopnewobservingcapabilities. achievements in2011, particularlyregardingtwoofour Keck Observatorymadestrongprogressontechnical exciting researchpossible. the drivingspiritofourprofessionalstaff thatmakesthis the toolsweuseatKeckObservatorytoprobethem,and Inside thisreport,wewillrevealmoreaboutsupernovae, cosmic lighthouses,sovitaltoprobingthedistantuniverse. theories forthephysicalmechanismthatproducesthese with thisuniqueKeckdataset,astronomershaveconstrained Telescope andourpowerfuladaptiveoptics system. Armed years explodedin2011 andwasstudiedusingtheKeckII honor. Inaddition,theclosest Type Iasupernovainforty research inastronomyandastrophysicsisaveryrare in thistransformativeresearch. A NobelPrizerecognizing accelerating. KeckObservatoryplayedanessentialrole that demonstratedtheexpansionofuniverseis pioneering studiesofsupernovaeatcosmologicaldistances to SaulPerlmutter, BrianSchmidt,and Adam Riessfortheir Supernovae.” The 2011 NobelPrizeinPhysicswasawarded The themeforthisyear’s Annual Reportis“The Year ofthe Science Foundation. of observersthatparticipatethroughNASA andtheNational California, andtheUniversityofHawaii)community and ourpartneruniversities(Caltech,theUniversityof robust scientificcollaborationbetweenKeckObservatory institutions thatprovidefinancialsupport,aswellthe the highlyeffective partnershipbetweenprivateandfederal A keycomponentofourorganization’s successhasbeen • • • • • evolution from thefirststarstopresent? What isthefossil recordofgalaxyassembly and surroundings? How doblackholesgrow, radiateandinfluencetheir when didtheydoit? What werethefirstobjects to lightuptheuniverseand identify thetelltalesignsoflifeonanexoplanet? Do habitableworldsexistaroundotherstarsandcanwe How diverseareplanetarysystems? on observationsmadewiththeKeckObservatory. universe. Theirpioneeringresearchwasbasedfundamentally Physics fordescribingtheacceleratingexpansionrateof and AdamRiess,washonoredwiththe2011NobelPrizein Sweden inlate2011.Schmidt,alongwithSaulPerlmutter Here Dr.BrianSchmidtdelivershisNobellectureinStockholm, through 2011arebasedonKeckdata. Three quartersofallLGSAOpapersworldwidefrom2004 Observatory inthisbreakthroughfieldofastronomyresearch. Star AdaptiveOptics(LGSAO)andthedominanceofKeck This graphreflectsthescienceproductivityofLaserGuide the universe. on Earthforviewingthefaintestandmostdistantobjectsin skies anddrystableconditions,isconsideredthebestsite Pu’u Poliahu.MaunaKea,renownedforitsextremelydark The communityofObservatoriesonMaunaKea,takenfrom tools onEarthtostudythecosmos. steadfast inourcommitmenttodevelopandoperatethebest Directors, andourScienceSteeringCommitteeremain the universe.I,KeckObservatorystaff, ourBoardof understanding ofthemechanisms,historyandfuture opportunities fordiscoverieswhichbringadeeper In closing,astronomyistremendouslyrichwith advance thepriorityresearchquestionsinastronomytoday. initiatives thatareontheleadingedgeandmeaningfully and foundations,federalagencies,fortheirsupportin AO systems.Iamgratefulforourphilanthropicindividuals a shortageoffundingtodevelopnewinstrumentationand tools fortheU.S.astronomycommunity. However, thereis new scientificchallengesandtoremainimportantdiscovery new instrumentationandadaptiveopticssystemstoaddress Keck Observatory’s leadershipindevelopinganddeploying well beyond.Istronglybelievethatwewillmaintainthe crown jewelsofU.S.astronomyforthenexttenyearsand It isourintentiontosustainKeckObservatoryasoneofthe Waimea headquarters. together inthisphotographfortheAnnualReporttakenat scientists, engineers,technicians,andadministrators,captured Keck Observatorystaff,comprisedofcapableandcommitted • what doesitdowhileisthere? How doesnormalmattercycleinandoutofgalaxies 5 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 6 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 C C os os m m ic V ic vision ision ar ar ies ies philanthropic expertise. whose members arecommittedsupporterswith considerable program receives counselfromavolunteerleadership council astronomers fromourpartner communities.Our Advancement advised byaScienceSteering Committee,consistingofleading the Board. The Board andtheKeckObservatoryDirectorare addition, NASA and theKeckFoundationeachhaveliaisonsto of Californiaandthe Instituteof Technology. In representatives fromourfounding partners,theUniversity The governingBoardofKeckObservatoryconsists Pieter van Dokkum, Jerry Nelson, Michael Murphy, Geoffrey Marcy Michael Liu Shrinivas Kulkarni, Andrea Ghez Richard Ellis Dale Cruikshank Judith Cohen Michael Bolte, Charles Beichman Jason X.Prochaska, Christopher Martin, Science teeringCommittee Keck Observatory Doug andDeborah Troxel Rob andTerry Ryan John CutlerandAnneBarasch Ryan Gordon Moore Arthur andRitaLevinson Shrinivas Kulkarni, Gary andPam Jaffe C. Wallace andBobbieJeanHooser Michael Bolte, Marc andLynne Benioff Taft Armandroff, Clive Davies, Robertson Sanford Robertson, Advancement AdvisoryCouncil Keck Observatory Peter Taylor Thomas Soifer Mario Perez, Shrinivas Kulkarni Theodore J. Keck, Michael Bolte Edward Stolper, George Blumenthal, Board ofDirectors W. M.KeckObservatory liaison Vice-Chair, ex-officio ex-officio ex-officio Vice-Chair non-voting member ex-officio liaison ex-officio ex-officio Chair, andJeanne Co-Chair non-voting member Chair Co-Chair andCarolDavies 7 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 8 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 are.” said. “Butwe still don’t knowwhattheirprogenitor systems astronomical discoveries inthelastfewdecades,” Cenko “Type Iasupernovaeunderlie oneofthemostimportant kind ofunknownforcethat is nowknownas“darkenergy.” universe isexpandingatan accelerating rateduetosome supernovae ascosmicmilemarkers todiscoverthatthe Physics wasawardedtoKeckastronomerswhoused underscored inOctober2011, whentheNobelPrizein The importanceofthiskindmeasuringstickwas distances. can beusedas“standardcandles”tomeasurecosmic happen inverydistantgalaxiestheyarerecognizableand luminosity beforefadingaway. As aresult,when they brightening andreachingawellcalibratedmaximum because theyseemtobehaveinaverypredictablemanner: Astronomers havelongadored Type Iasupernovae astronomers scramblingtostudytheevent. University ofCaliforniaatBerkeley, whowasamongthe “Nearby Type Ia’s areveryrare,”saidBradCenkoofthe supernova. astronomers confirmedthattheexplosionwasa Type Ia on theKeckI Telescope inHawai’i.BothLickandKeck by averyhighqualityspectrumfromtheHIRESinstrument got anotherspectrumoftheexplodingstar, followedsoon to thatpartofthesky, theLickObservatoryin California Then, astheEarthturnedandpresenteddifferent telescopes spectrum. and thestar’s lightwassplitintothefirstinformation-rich observed bytheGrandCanary Telescope inthe Atlantic August 24,2011. Next,thebrighteningpointoflightwas Palomar Transient Factory(PTF)surveyinCalifornia,on First onEarthtodetecttheexplodingstarwasautomated advantage oftheuniquecapabilitiesKeckObservatory. of supernovaPTF11kly, asitwasdubbed,tookexcellent 24, 2011 inthePinwheelgalaxy, a.k.a.M101. The study One oftheclosestsupernovaeindecadeseruptedon August Year oftheSupernovae revealed lastyear. of space. What followsisasamplingofsomethewonders foremost vehiclesforventuringintotheunknownfrontiers Bang, theKeck Telescopes remainoneofhumanity’s exoplanets tovastpoolsofgasuntouchedsincetheBig yet againin2011. Fromcold,dimnearbystarstobaby The scienceofKeckObservatoryspannedthecosmos S S cience Higcience h Higcience h ligh ligh ts 2011ts 2011ts Factory Credit: PalomarTransient and 26,UniversalTime. left toright,Aug.23,24,25 The datesoftheimagesare, brightening. began, showinghowitis nights aftertheexplosion began, andthenforthree Galaxy beforethesupernova Images ofthePinwheel and double-degenerates. supernovae researchers maybeseeingamixture ofsingle previous surveys ofcloser Type Iasupernovae, suggeststhat The doublewhitedwarfresult, whencombinedwith years ago. distant supernovaethatexploded between5and10billion such surveytodate,having accumulated asampleof150 American, IsraeliandJapaneseastronomers.Itisthelargest and theSubaru Telescope andwasconductedbyateamof The newsupernovaesurveyinvolvedbothKecktelescopes white dwarfsmerging toexplainwhatweareseeing.” and LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory. “We needtwo doctoral fellowattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley, Poznanski, oneofthemainauthorspaperandapost- to getalookatthepossiblestarsystems,”saidDovi of alarge populationofsupernovaeataveryearlytime, “The maingoalofthissurveywastomeasurethestatistics grown toofatbyfeedingonitsnormalstellarcompanion. that Type Ia’s resultfromtheexplosion ofawhitedwarf astronomers favoredthesingle-degeneratemodel:idea has beenaccumulatingoverthepastfewyears.Previously, Evidence ofwhatiscalledthedouble-degeneratetheory annihilating eachotherinacatastrophicthermonuclearblast. explosions resultfromtwowhitedwarfstarsmerging and Ia supernovaesuggeststhatmany, ifnotmost, of these universe’s standardcandles. A surveyofverydistant Type Observatory scienceisalsoclosinginontheoriginsof Another important,butverydifferent, pieceofKeck Degenerate warfs Jim Lyke. “Sowecandoadirectcomparison.” in termsofspatialresolution,”saidKecksupportastronomer “Keck adaptiveopticsandHubbleareprettywellmatched the samelocation. before the August 24explosionandseeiftherewasastarin the PinwheelGalaxytakenbyHubbleSpace Telescope galaxy supernovaistolookathigh-resolutionimagesof One waytofindoutwhichscenarioisbehindthePinwheel the Sun),oraredgiantstar. star couldbeanotherwhitedwarf,amainsequence(like fuel andiscompressedunderitsownweight. The second normal starliketheSun,buthassinceexhausteditsnuclear likely awhitedwarf,kindofdeadstarthatwasonce involved increatinga Type Iasupernova.Onestarismost It isgenerallybelievedthatthereareatleasttwostars special supernovae. and amodestmain-sequencestararethesourceofthese implying thateitherapairofwhitedwarfsordwarf supernova. A big,brightredgiantstarhasbeenruledout, limits onhowlarge thestarscanbetocreatea Type Ia But that’s stilluseful,Cenkosaid,becauseitputsimportant precise skycoordinatesturnedupnovisibleprogenitorstar. As itturnedout,studyingHubbleimageswithKeck’s very LRIS instrument. followed upwithobservationstheKeckI Telescope’s the KeckII Telescope adaptiveopticssystem. They also pictures ofthesupernovawithNIRC2instrumenton astronomers startedonthenightof August 25totake So inadditiontogatheringspectraofthesupernova, Credit: NAOJ of thegalaxiesandsupernovaeusedinstudy. A smallsectionoftheSubaruDeepFieldimageshowingsome 9 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 10 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 accelerate the stars tothosevelocities,”Geha explained. “That tellsyou Segue1musthavemuchmore massto second. second whileothersaregoing asfast224kilometersper 1 starsaremovingatratesas slowas194kilometersper a steady209km/secrelative totheSun,someofSegue But theKeckdatashowthey donot.Insteadofmovingat all moveataboutthesamespeed,saidSimon. mass, withjustasmidgeonofdarkmatter, thestarswould other. Ifthe1,000orsostarsare themajorityofSegue1’s just inrelationtotheMilky Way, butalsoinrelationtoeach DEIMOS instrumenttomeasurehowthestarsmovenot Observatory andwenttoworkwiththeKeckII Telescope’s So Geha,SimonandtheirgroupreturnedtoKeck however, notconvinced. group ofastronomersatCambridgeUniversitywere, and morestar-rich Sagittariusdwarfgalaxy. A competing cluster ofsimilarstarsthathadbeenrippedoutthenearby together andwereadiversegroup,ratherthansimply Those observationsindicatedthestarswereallmoving the SloanDigitalSkySurveyandKeckII Telescope. their colleagues. This originalclaimwasbasedondatafrom Simon fromtheCarnegieInstitutionof Washington, and 2009 byMarlaGeha,a Yale Universityastronomer, Joshua The initialdiscoveryofthe“DarkestGalaxy”wasmadein decorated withasprinklingofstars. other words,Segue1isanenormouscloudofdarkmatter more massthancanbeaccountedforbyitsvisiblestars.In to thefactthatdwarfgalaxyappearshave3,400times the galaxy, calledSegue1,emits.Instead,they arereferring By “dark”astronomersarenotreferringtohowmuchlight Milky Way are,infact,thedarkestknowngalaxy. that atroupeofabout1,000small,dimstarsjustoutsidethe In May2011 astronomersannouncedtheyhadconfirmed Darkest Galaxy said. that theexpansionofuniverseisaccelerating,Filippenko In otherwords,thisdiscoverydoesnotaltertheconclusion the distancecalibrationswouldremainunchanged.” their origin,intrinsicbrightnessshouldbethesameand long as Type Ia’s explodeinthesameway, nomatterwhat Filippenko, UCBerkeleyprofessorofastronomy. “Butas to supportthedouble-degeneratetheory,” saidcoauthor Alex “The tideisdefinitelyturning,andthesearethebestdatayet discovery waspublishedin The Astrophysical Journal. all oftheremaindermassmustbedarkmatter. This all starsclosetothemassofourSun,Simonsaid. Virtually there areonlyabout1,000starsinSegue1,andthey in Segue1hasbeencalculatedat600,000solarmasses.But The massrequiredtocausethedifferent starvelocitiesseen and DEIMOSinstruments. Astronomical Society. The workinvolvedbothKeck’s LRIS the October2011 issueofMonthlyNoticestheRoyal Filippenko andtheircolleaguesreportedfindingsin Poznanski, Tel-Aviv UniversitygraduatestudentOrGraur, Credit: MarlaGeha galaxy” emerges. member stars,the“darkest and leavingtheSegueI other objectsintheimage By subtractingoutallthe in green. group. Theyarecircledhere were movingtogetherasa could identifywhichstars II telescope,astronomers instrument ontheKeck Using theDEIMOS you seeit? Segue 1dwarfgalaxy.Can which astronomersfoundthe This istheportionofskyin 2011. earned aspotinthePhysics World Top 10Breakthroughsof This researchutilizedtheKeck HIRESinstrumentand anything otherthanhydrogen anddeuterium.” in abundance,”Fumagallisaid. “We don’t findatraceof and silicon–thethingsthat are foundonEarthandtheSun “We’ve searchedcarefullyforoxygen,carbon,nitrogen universe.” that limitandarethemostpristinegasdiscoveredinour Prochaska. “Thesecloudsareatleast10timeslowerthan at nolessthanone-thousandththatfoundintheSun,”said universe, Naturehaspreviouslysetalimittoenrichment “Despite decadesofeffort tofindanythingmetal-freein the first fewminutesaftertheBigBang. are remnantgasesunchangedsincetheywerecreatedinthe which wouldleadtothecreationofheavierelements. They Bang andhaveneverbeeninvolvedinanystarmaking– reservoirs ofthepristinematerialleftoverfromBig The lackofmetalsstronglysuggeststhatthegasesare deuterium. detected inthecloudsarehydrogenanditsheavierisotope, the universe.Infactonlyelementsastronomershave and helium–thetwosimplestlightestelementsin astronomer-speak forallelementsheavierthanhydrogen virtually nosignsofcontainingany“metals,”whichis The gascloudsaretoodiffuse toformstarsandshow no doubtthere’s alotofgasthere.” the signaturesofhydrogenabsorptionareobvious,sothere’s small fractionofthequasarlightthatmakesittoEarth.“But Cruz, acoauthoronthepaper. The cloudsabsorbonlya get,” saidastronomerMicheleFumagalliofU.C.Santa In otherwords,“Alloftheanalysisisonlightwedidn’t to revealthedarklinesofmissinglight. only befoundbysplittingthelightintoverydetailedspectra gas absorbveryspecificwavelengthsoflight,whichcan quasar lightshinesthroughthegasandelementsin A moredistantquasarprovidesthebacklightforthis. The Prochaska explained.“We studiedthegasinsilhouette.” “In thiscaseweactuallyhadtodoabitoftrick,” billion light-yearsawayfromEarthisastoryinitself. team. Exactlyhowtheyfounddark,cold,diffuse gas12 California Observatories’ Dr. JasonX.Prochaskaandhis gas fromthedawnoftime,detectedbyUniversity Keck Telescopes in2011 weretwoclumpsofprimordial Perhaps themostsubtleofallthingsdiscoveredwith Pristine Gas Credit: SimulationbyCeverino,Dekel&Primack two images,whicharefromcomputersimulations. one ofthefilamentaryregionsvisiblearoundgalaxiesin these The twopristinegascloudsfoundbyastronomerscouldsit in 11 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 12 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 of astarlikeour sun.Credit:NASA/Ames/JPL-Caltech smallest yetfound toorbitinthemiddleof the habitablezone persist. Theplanet is2.4timesthesizeofEarth, makingitthe where liquidwater,arequirement forlifeonEarth,could to orbitinastar’shabitablezone --theregionaroundastar It isthefirstplanetthatNASA’s Keplermissionhasconfirmed to comfortablycircleinthehabitable zoneofasun-likestar. This artist’sconceptionillustrates Kepler-22b,aplanetknown LGS, giventhedifficultyofmeasurement,Liuexplained. Optics imaging,andinfactcanonlybedonewithKeck The dwarfbinarywasresolvedwithKeckLGS Adaptive of themwilllooklikeCFBDSIR1458+10B.” around Sun-likestarsinthenear-future, Iexpectthatmany “In fact,oncewestarttakingimagesofgas-giantplanets Liu oftheUniversityHawaii’s Institutefor Astronomy. presence ofwatercloudsinitsatmosphere,”saidMichael dwarfs andmuchclosertocoldexoplanets,suchasthe properties thatareuniquefrompreviouslyknownbrown “At suchtemperatures,weexpectthebrowndwarfhas boiling pointofwateronEarth’s surface. K. That translatesintoabout200degreesF–closetothe lesser dwarfhasatemperatureof370K,plusorminus40 Observatory andtheCanada-France-Hawaii Telescope. The Earth. The pairwasdiscoveredbyastronomersusingKeck brown dwarfsystemlocatedjust75light-yearsfrom 1458+10B, isthesmalleranddimmermemberofabinary The newlydiscoveredbrowndwarf,identifiedasCFBDSIR shine brightly. and gravitytotriggerthenuclearreactionsthatmakestars Brown dwarfsareessentiallyfailedstars:theylackthemass stars andbighotplanets. found andbeginscrossingtheblurrylinebetweensmallcold temperature asafreshcupofcoffee. It’s thecoldeststarever a lotofattention:browndwarfwithaboutthesame In March2011, anentirelydifferent kindofstarwasgetting Cuppa Star Credit: MichaelLiu,etal./W.M.KeckObservatory the smaller,coolerpartnerofpair. Field ofviewis1.5x1.1arcseconds.CFBDSIR1458+10B Telescope’s powerfulLaserGuideStarAdaptiveOpticssystem. 1458+10, asseenintheH-band(1.6microns)byKeckII The dimglowofthebinarybrowndwarfsystemCFBDSIR exoplanet candidates. powerful HIRES instrumenttodetermine the massof stars. Astronomers thenturntotheKeckI Telescope’s exoplanets crossinginfront of,or“transiting”acrossthe by measuringdipsinthebrightness ofstarscausedby Cygnus andLyra. Keplerfinds exoplanetcandidates continuously atafieldof150,000 starsintheconstellations The spacecrafthasan84-megapixel camerawhichstares Discovery Missiondesignedtosearchforexoplanets. Kepler waslaunchedinMarchof2009asaNASA relay racetofindandconfirmmanyofthesenewexoplanets. spacecraft andtheKeck Telescopes havebeenrunninga Earth-sized planetsstartingtocomeintoview. The Kepler began toshifttowardssmallerandrockierworlds,with astronomical researchtoday. In2011 thehuntforexoplanets Exoplanets areoneofthemostexcitingandpublicareas of Rain ofExoplanets weigh thebinary’s mass. a decadeofmonitoringshouldallowastronomerstoeven to beginmappingthebinary’s orbit.Forthelatter, about CFBDSIR 1458+10Btobetterdetermineitspropertiesand Liu andhiscolleaguesareplanningtocontinueobserving together inorbit. two measurementswhichshowedtheobjectsaremoving The doubledwarfswereconfirmedasalinkedpairby young parentstar andanouterdiskofdust. revealed thatthe planetsitsinsideawide gap betweenthe which isfalling intothestill-formingplanet. Imageshave “protoplanet” surroundedby aswathofcoolerdustandgas, What astronomersarecalling LkCa15b,lookslikeahot NIRC2 instrumentwithabit ofopticalsleighthand. the 10-meterKeck Telescopes’ adaptiveopticssystemand accomplished byastronomerswhocombinedthepower of of formingarounditsstar. This remarkablefeatwas 2011 wasthefirstdirectimage ofaplanetintheprocess Perhaps themostwidelycoveredexoplanetsdiscovery in Baby Exoplanet to Jupiter’s. type thatwobbleandfound18planetswithmassessimilar To lookforplanets, the astronomers searched for starsofthis called subgiantstars. life—hence, “retired”—andarenowpuffingupintowhat than theSun. These starsarejustpastthemainstageoftheir stars, thataremorethanone-and-a-halftimesmassive 300 stars. They focusedonthosedubbed“retired” A-type and Arizona, respectively—theresearcherssurveyedabout using theMcDonaldandFairbornobservatoriesin Texas Using KeckObservatory—withfollow-upobservations Supplement Series. in theDecember2011 issueof The Astrophysical Journal the firstauthoronteam’s paper, whichwaspublished Johnson, assistantprofessorofastronomyatCaltechand discoveries madebytheKeplerMission,”saysJohn around starsmoremassivethantheSun,asidefrom “It’s thelargest singleannouncementofplanetsinorbit whopping 18new, bonafideexoplanets. observatories announcedthediscoveryandconfirmationofa Telescope’s HIRESinstrumentandtwootherground-based In late2011, CaltechastronomersusingtheKeckII Exoplanet Bounty years away. of Earth,Kepler-22b anditsparentstararelocated600light- zone ofastarsimilartoourSun. About 2.4timestheradius smallest yetfoundtoorbitinthemiddleofhabitable surface. The newlyconfirmedexoplanet,Kepler-22b, isthe that’s theregionwhereliquidwatercouldexistonaplanet’s the massofaplanetinhabitablezonearoundstar— In 2011, theKeckIHIRESinstrumentwasusedtoestablish surrounding anewbornstar. from seedparticlesthataccumulategasanddustinadisk also lendfurthersupporttothetheorythatplanetsgrow system—might form. The researcherssaythatthefindings systems forunderstandinghowplanets—andourownsolar Johnson, providesaninvaluablepopulationofplanetary of knownplanetsorbitingmassivestarsand,accordingto This newbountymarksa50percentincreaseinthenumber and gathermoreinformationaboutthem.Credit:NASA telescopes areusedtoconfirmtheexistenceoftheseplanets to theirstarsanddetectedbytheKeplertelescope.TheKeck An artist’sconceptionofJupiter-likeexoplanetsorbitingclose coauthored by MichaelIreland(ofMacquarie University Kraus presented thediscoveryinaresearch paper it.” measure theplanetitselfas well asthedustymatteraround the star. But,forthefirsttime,we’vebeenabletodirectly this kindofphenomenonbecause it’s happeningsocloseto out ofthedustandgas.In past,youcouldn’t measure Institute for Astronomy. “Thisyounggasgiantis beingbuilt astronomer Adam Krausofthe University ofHawaii’s times youngerthanthepreviousrecordholder,” said “LkCa 15bistheyoungestplaneteverfound,aboutfive step closertofindingEarth-likeexoplanets. rocky, gaseousorliquidcomposition,butitsdiscoveryisa Scientists don’t yetknowifKepler-22b hasapredominantly twin,” saidKeplerscientistDouglasHudgins. “This isamajormilestoneontheroadtofindingEarth’s 13 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 14 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 solar systemsform. their efforts toconstructaclearerpictureofhowplanetsand observations ofLkCa15andothernearbyyoungstarsin Drs. Krausand Ireland plan to continue their Keck Telescope solar systematitsverybeginning”saidKraus. surrounding it. We’d foundaplanet,perhapsevenfuture planet, butthatwecouldalsomeasurethedustandgas “We realized we haduncoveredasuperJupiter-sized gas was morecomplexthanasinglecompaniontothestar. astronomers wereintriguedtodiscoverthatthephenomenon In furtherinvestigationsatvaryingwavelengths,the get moredata.” might beaJupiter-like planetwewentbackayearlaterto could seeafaintpointsourcenearthestar, sothinkingit knew wewereseeingsomethingnew,” saidKraus. “We “LkCa 15wasonlyoursecondtarget, andweimmediately concentrated studyofadozenstars. dusty starsinstarformingregions. That ledtothemore The discoveryofLkCa15bbeganasasurvey150young be hiding. They canevenseegapsinthedustwhereprotoplanetsmay bright glareofstarsandseethedisksdustaroundthem. The techniqueallowstheastronomerstocancelout “We canmanipulatethelightandcanceloutdistortions.” “It’s likewehaveanarrayofsmallmirrors,”saidKraus. light waves. giant telescopes. With that,thescientistscanmanipulate in thepathoflightcollectedandconcentratedby technique involvesplacingasmallmaskwithseveralholes technique calledaperturemaskinterferometry. The latter to combinethepowerofKeck’s Adaptive Opticswitha The opticalsleightofhandusedbytheastronomersis Astrophysical Journal. and the Australian Astronomical Observatory)in The about 55timesthedistancefromEarthtoSun. the holeincenterindicatesaninnergapwithradiusof light atthiswavelengthisemittedbycolddustinthedisk. Left: Credit: Kraus&Ireland,2011 location ofthecentralstarisalsomarked. images (blue:2.1microns;red:3.7microns)forLkCa15.The around LkCa15,showingacompositeoftworeconstructed An expandedviewofthecentralpartclearedregion Credit: KarenL. Teramura,UHIfA Artist’s conception oftheviewnearplanet LkCa15b. central starisalsomarked.Credit:Kraus&Ireland2011 microns; red:3.7microns)forLkCa15.Thelocationofthe showing acompositeoftworeconstructedimages(blue:2.1 An expandedviewofthecentralpartclearedregion, The transitionaldiskaroundthestarLkCa15.Allof Right:
Your workplace is truly a monument to the human spirit, to the depth of our desire to KNOW. That, more than anything else, distinguishes our species from all others. Maybe, someday, through efforts such as yours, we may know another. But whether or not we do, we might come to know the ancient beginning, and by this route, ourselves. —Ivan Filippenko 16 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 Fin Fin Debbie Goodwinat808.881.3814. Keck ObservatorySupernovae Societypleasecontact For informationonbecoming amemberofthe into thefuture. exceptional achievementwillshinebrightlylongandfar ambitions ofagreatscientificorganization, thusensuring of howtheywishtobettertheworldwithstrategic estate plans.Societymembershavematchedtheirvision discovery byincludingtheKeckObservatoryintheir individuals whohavechosentosupportthefrontiersof the SupernovaeSocietyofKeckObservatoryhonors a massiveoutpouringoflight.Launchedin2011, Supernovae aregiantstarsthatdiebyexplodingin ultimate originsandourfate. exploration toexplainthenatureofcosmos,our things. Today’s astronomerscontinuethistraditionof the heavensforunderstandingmechanismsofgreat sparked thetraditionofusingatelescopetoobserve sailed thevastexpanseofPacificOcean.Galileo navigators lookedtothestarsfordirectionasthey fascination andaweofthenightsky. Polynesian A commonbondthatunitesallofhumanityisour The Supernovaeociety of KeckObservatory nces: Kec ances: Kec ances:
website. available uponrequestordirectlyfromtheObservatory’s in 2012is$22.2million. Audited financialstatementsare to fueldiscovery. The totalbudgetfortheKeckObservatory benefactors contributed $546,045 incharitable gifts and pledges grants totaling$2.9millionwereawardedin2011 andprivate additional $3.1millionforoperationsin2011. Newfederal one-sixth partnerintheObservatorysince1996,provided an costs forthesummitandheadquartersfacilities.NASA,asa million, coversdaytooperationsandmodestmaintenance through 2018. This operatingsupport,whichin2011 was$12.6 Observatory isguaranteedabaseofoperatingsupportannually partners, CaltechandtheUniversityofCalifornia, Through itsoriginalfoundingagreementbetweentheacademic strategic advancesinscientificinstrumentation. together, thesepowerfulpublic-privatepartnershipsfund funding opportunitiesandprivatephilanthropy. Packaged innovation, theObservatoryambitiouslypursuesfederal and education. To keepitsleadinresearchproductivityand non-profit organization dedicatedtoastronomicalresearch the W. M.KeckFoundationandtodayisaprivate,tax-exempt Keck Observatorywasmadepossiblebyagenerousgrantfrom k k M M a a tte tte r r s s exoplanet research. and CalProfessorGeoffreyMarcy sharingtheverylatestin to hisfrontrowseatsforapresentation byKeckastronomer bottom: top: in St.Helena. evening, Exploring NewWorlds,atJaffeEstate Winery Advisory CouncilmemberGary Jaffewelcomesguests as FriendsofKeckObservatory. astonishment andjoyisavailabletousall rapid advancesinknowledge.Ohsuch by itscuttingedgetechnologiesand Observatory onEarthistobemesmerized the mostproductive andsophisticated for astronomy andassociatedwith found onthepremier placeontheplanet life’s deepestpleasures. Today tobe laws ofthe‘naturalorder’ isoneof the constitutiveelementsanduniversal Epicurus statedthatunderstanding Friends ofKeck Observatoryenjoyastar-filled Jack Toigo
17 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 18 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 Gail andMichael Yanney Anne BaraschandJohnCutlerRyan Jeanne andSanfordRobertson Rita and Arthur Levinson Lane Carlton A. Pam andGaryJaffe JaffeEstate Wines Hualalai Resort Hualalai InvestorsLLC Hopper-Dean Foundation The FairmontOrchidHawaii Susan andMichaelDell Heidi HopperandJeff Dean Carol andCliveDavies LynnBooth A. Polly and Thomas Bredt Lynne andMarcBenioff $10,000 -$99,999 Cosmic ontributors Terry andRobRyan Rob and Terry Ryan Foundation Mt. Cuba Astronomical Foundation $100,000+ Universal Benefactors From October1,2010–September30,2011 Ph commitment toadvancinghumanity’s understandingoftheuniverse. The W. M.KeckObservatorygratefullyacknowledgesthese2011 patronsfortheirgenerosityand Public FundingSourcesin2011 National Aeronautics and Space Administration and National Aeronautics il a nthr National ScienceFoundation Association ofUniversities for Researchin Astronomy Jet PropulsionLaboratory University of California opic S uppo
r t Chester WoodruffFoundation Lon Ussery Lois andBobSteele Lisa PersdotterandCharlesSimonyi Charles SimonyiFundfor Arts andSciences Michael SackandJohnSaul Janet andStephenRogers Akemi andHenkRogers Mr. andMrs.MarkJ.Robinson The MerckCompanyFoundation Yen Yee andPaulLocklin Barbara andJamesLago T.J. Keck W. M.KeckFoundation Marybee andJamesJohnston Sylvia andKarlHess Pam andDavidHakman Carmen andJohnGottschalk Laurie andJackGoldstein Amy andMortonFriedkin Carl Feinberg Sharlee andPeterEising Nathalie andDavidCowan William Bloomfield $3,000 -$9,999 Stellar Associates Sandee andDaleSebring Suzanne HillandMikeLuce Linda andDougLanterman Naomi Kahumoku-Ahuna Eve Bernsteinand Alex Gersznowicz Rosalind andStephenButterfield Thomas Blackburn Doris andEarlBakken Patricia andRichardBader Taftand Armandroff Liz $1,500 -$2,999 Planetary Associates Janet Marott Dr. Geoffrey Marcy Udayan Mallik Marlene andSandyLouchheim Eliot Long Clifford P. Livermore Natalie Young andRichardLiebmann Sharon andJoeLevy Sue andDickLevy Tomoe andIraLeitel Phoebe KwanandRalphLeighton Elizabeth andRonLaub The KohalaCenter Koestering Gregory A. Ann andPaulKoehler Cheryl andMikeKessler Marsha and Tom Kerley Carolyn Kauffman Cynthia Roherand Thomas Kapp Valerie GordonJohnsonandDoug Susan andPeterJobs Sue andDickHumphries James W.Higginson Connie andKennethHess Joanne andJonHarmelin Mary Ann andDavidGrafft Bernard S.Goffe Peggy andPeterGeorgas Debbie GoodwinandJamesFritz Susan andRobertFischell Brad Elliott Laurie andChristopherDowney Marilyn andJohnDougery Dolinsky Paul A. Mustafa Dirilten Sue andRichardDekany Diane andJamesCowles Linda CopmanandFamily Foundation Con Amor Ginny andHalCogger Linda andJamesClifford Cheeryble Foundation Zora andLesCharles Diana andFredChaffee Peggy andBillCameron Marjorie Helme-BrotherandJamesBrother Ann andJohnBroadbent Elizabeth W.Bours Diana and Andrew Bonnici Patt E.SolorzanoandRobbieP. Blair Maribeth Benham Albert Beeman Ameriprise Financial More FriendsofKeckObservatory Angela andMark Wolfenberger Dr. Marcia Wishnick andMr. Stanley Wishnick Barbara andRon Winters Deborah andJohn Winter Valerie KimandGerald Weldon Janice andSteve Webb Parry andChad Walter Judi andJoe Wagner Ellen andJack Toigo and TomAngie Thornbury Coralyn andPeter Taylor Taube FamilyFoundation Swallows InnFoundation Margie andDennisSullivan Priscilla Studholme Alice andEdwardStone Solar EnterprisesLLC Mary Anna and Tom Soifer Softub Inc. Small Patricia A. Mary andJasSingh Family TrustShannon Janet andDennisShannon Vicki Serianni Barbara and Thomas Schmidt Joan andRichardSchleicher Gretchen andRichardScheumann R. MichaelRich Katherine LooandJimRaughton Marc Rafelski Quevin, LLC Riley &NancyPleasFamilyFoundation Nancy andRileyPleas Katherine andDennisParsons Mary andCarlPannuti Packard ResearchFoundation Hannah andLyle Packard Lee and William Otis Dona andGaryNovack Eugene Nickel Neurological Societyof America Jocelyn andJerryNelson Lilian andD.B.Murray Patricia andDavidMrazek Milly andMacMorris Jan andFrankMorgan Michael Molitoris Elizabeth Moffitt Patricia DilworthandBruceMiller Samuel andMary Ann McClung Samuel McClung,Sr. Calli andRobertMcCaw Jane SherwoodandRobertK.Masuda 19 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 20 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 Re Re f f lections lections hands ofastronomers quickly. build itfastand getitintothe in the1980s. advent oflow-costcomputing only madepossiblebythe controlling them–something their relativepositionsand the mirrors,measuring on newtechniquesforfiguring gamble, cruciallydependent however, itrepresentedahuge and inspace. At thetime telescopes ontheground basis forthelargest proposed well knownnowandisthe segmented primarymirroris these twodecisions. The about Kecktodayflowsfrom it fast. Almost everything tiled primarymirror, andbuild telescope usingahexagonally the world’s largest aperture very simplenotions:make observatory today. organization thatisthisgreat those ideasintotheremarkable challenging itwastoturn prominence andyethow ideas arethatledtoits how simplethefundamental Observatory, Iamstruck by over 25yearsattheKeck it intoreality. into themachineandnurtured anywhere, astheybreathedlife skilled anddedicatedpeople with andleadsomeofthemost been fortunateindeedtowork marvelous facility. And Ihave turned thoseideasintothis scientists andengineersaswe of extraordinarilycreative work aspartofasmallteam I havebeenprivilegedto In theinterveningyears ideas, designsandprototypes. paper –anincompletesetof the dayswhenitwasalljust young telescopeengineer, in Observatory in1986asa Deputy irector Hilton Lewis, The otherinnovation: Keck startedoutwithtwo When Ilookbackat I joinedtheKeck on 25YearsatKeckObservatory on 25YearsatKeckObservatory built something transcendent,somethingthat canunlockthe dollars andyears ofeffort. Butget itright,andyouwillhave successful observatory. Getitwrongand youwastemillionsof reliability, usability andcostisincrediblyfinetunedina hardware andsoftware. This balancebetweenperformance, science meansbeingabletofocus onastronomy, notdebugging do sciencewiththetelescope anditsinstruments–doing observatory wouldbeadisaster: astronomersneedtobeable it isfinished.Ontheflipside,deliveringalabexperiment tothe innovation, theperfectlyengineeredmachineisobsoletebefore fool candowithten.”Inaworlddrivenbyrapidtechnological engineer issomeonewhocandowithadollarwhatanydamn and knowingwhentosay“enough.” As onesayinggoes,“an to saveanight’s observing. lengths whethertobuildsomerevolutionarynewcapability or a tremendouscan-doattitude,andwillgotoextraordinary we strivetostayfocusedonwhatreallymatters.Ourstaff has is “Get There First.” We areimpatienttogetthingsdone,and written downanywhere,butourunofficialmissionstatement the handsofusersdefinesKeck Way. You won’t seeit quickly, withasmallstaff andtogetarobustcapabilityinto gold onoursegmentsensors! Keck isdecidedlynotagold-platedmachine,thoughwedouse they werealreadyinservice.Itmaysurpriseyoutolearnthat telescopes), andsomesystemswerefullycompletedonlyafter (for example,wehavenomirrorcover, longastandardon more; nice-to-havefeatureswerediscardedalongtheway designed tomeettheessentialsofwhattheymustdoandno the goods. – afar-sighted movebasedontheirfaithintheteamtodeliver Foundation immediatelygrantedfundsforthesecondtelescope and continuouslyfollowed.Recognizingthissuccess,theKeck a verysmallstaff –andgroundbreakingscienceimmediately we movedforward.Keckwasdesignedandbuiltin7yearsby to keepcostsundercontrol. We hadthefunds,weideas, essential, theresolvetogetthingsdoneanddetermination This principlerequiredarazorsharpfocusonwhatwastruly Delivering systemsatKeckisallaboutsmartengineering, The determinationtobuildsomethingoflastingvalue, Of course,thisapproachhaditsdownside:systemswere commissioning ofthisnextgenerationLGSAOsystem. launch telescopeassemblyheisworkingontocomplete Olivier MartinisshowninthecloseupofKeckIcenter community andtotheworldfarintofuture. will continuetoprovidesomethingoflastingvalueour processes andpeoplethatmakeuptheKeckObservatory continuing ourtraditionofgroundbreakingscience.Forthe platform forinnovationinadaptiveopticsandinstrumentation, most powerfulsetoftelescopes;inadecadewewillbethe play aleadingroleinastronomy. Today wearethelargest and next decade.ButIamconfidentthatKeckwillcontinueto and thereareothernewexcitingfacilitiesplannedforthe at thestart.Fundingforscienceisunderhugepressurenow, different setofcircumstancesthanthosethatconfrontedus realize thevisionthatisKeckObservatory. the chancetoshapeourentireteamfosterthisspiritand a leaderoftheobservatory, whatIhavevaluedmosthasbeen hardest problems,sidebywiththesmartestpeople.Butas the opportunityandtremendoussatisfactionofworkingon research instrumentintheworld. As anengineerIhavehad may onlygetthisoneshot,andtoheritisthemostprecious the starswillshineagaintomorrow, tonight’s astronomer treat everynightasapricelesscommodity. Foralthough unsurpassed servicetoourastronomersinoperatingit. We is onlyoneofthetwovitalparts;othertoprovide spirit ofthepeoplewhoworkhere.Buildingmachine pioneering -butmoreoftenwegetitright. secrets ofthecosmos.Sometimeswefail–that’s theriskof BElow: Above: Facing Page: the firsttomake25thyearstaffmilestone. him asOutstandingMBAinTechnology.AtKeck,Lewiswas his MBAattheShidlerCollegeofBusiness,whichrecognized as anemployeeoftheKeckObservatory,healsocompleted milestones in 2011. Not only did he reach his 25th anniversary powerful setoftelescopesonEarth. II secondarymirror,avitalcomponentofthelargestand most necessary precautionstosafelyhandletransportoftheKeck As Ilookforwardtothenext25years,seeavery There isonemorefacettotheKeck Way andthatisthe KeckObservatory’saceoperationsteamtakeallthe Deputy DirectorHiltonLewiscelebratedmultiple The reflectionofOpticalSystemsScientist 21 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 22 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 Hualalai Academy, LaupahoehoeHighSchool, Haaheo Montessori, Hawaii Preparatory Academy, Parker School, the followingschools: HawaiiCommunity College, Hawaii There werealsoschoolvisits from,andastronomervisitsto, Christina BalkaranandMariko Thorbecke. Box activity, which wasfacilitatedbyKeckStudentInterns Tokyo, Japan. The 10thand11th graderstookpart inaBlack Another firstwasavisitby24 studentsfromaschoolin about onekilometeraway. way totheheadquartersofCanada-France-Hawaii Telescope, within itsproperty. The restofthesolarsystem,stretched all the Mars, theasteroidbelt,JupiterandSaturnalllinedup,toscale, Walk. KeckObservatoryhadtheSun,Mercury, Venus, Earth, families totakepartinthe3rd Annual Waimea SolarSystem but some200peoplewhocameintheformofscoreslocal The nextlargest groupofvisitorswasn’t asinglegroupatall, from atopMaunaKea.” math andscience,thatsomedaythey, too,canviewtheuniverse learners toknowthatiftheycontinueshootforthestarsin astronomers atKeckasrealpeople.It’s importantforouryoung the mountain,andtheywerehappytogetknowother with astronomersandengineersinsidethebuildingsontopof Barretto said.“Theyweretrulyfascinatedtovideo-conference transformative educationalexperienceatKeckObservatory,” “Our studentsatPa’auiloElementarySchoolhada and SeeingSpectrums. Dough Planets,KinestheticSolarSystem,PhasesoftheMoon in threeage-appropriatescienceactivitiesincludingPlay- kindergarten tofifthgrade.Eachstudentwasableparticipate Barretto organized thefieldtripthatincluded150studentsfrom student populationofPa’auiloElementarySchool. Teacher Bob The largest groupofyoungpeopletovisitwastheentire webcast eventsandsocialmedia. telescopes themselves,andthousandsparticipatedinonline dozens ofcollegestudentsandhighschoolseniorsvisitedthe of schoolchildrenvisitedKeckObservatoryheadquarters, step forwardin2011. OntheislandofHawai’i,hundreds Sharing thewondersofuniversenearandfartookagiant Inspiring YoungMinds educ educ a a tion out & tion out & Waimea. Observatory headquartersin day oflearningatKeck gratitude fortheirspecial express theirenthusiasmand of Pa’auilo Elementary School above &BeloW: Students r r Facing Page: Waimea SolarSystemWalk. part inthe3rdAnnual of localfamilieswhotook introduces theSuntoscores Astronomer MarcKassis Observatory Support e e a a c c Keck h h Here aresomewinningentries: to winsubscriptionsage-appropriatesciencemagazines. encouraged tocomposeaspacehaikuandenteritintocontest a boothatthePrinceKuhioMallinHilo.Childrenwere Keck staff alsoparticipatedintheannual AstroDay fairwith or math(STEP)careerpathway. program hadcontinuedonascience,technology, engineering, participated asKeckinternssince2003inthesummercollege alumni surveyreportedthat19outof24studentswhohad student fromtheUniversityofHawaii.In2011 an Akamai Akamai InternshipProgramhostingSeanJones,anengineering Keck Observatorycontinueditssuccessfulpartnershipwiththe Island RegionalRobotics,accordingtoHoney. with morethantwodozenKeckengineersinvolvedinBig for manyyears. The roboticsseasonof2011 wasnodifferent, Honey, whohasbeeninvolvedinallaspectsofKeckoutreach electric carcompetition,”saidKecksoftwareengineer Al underwater RemotelyOperated Vehicles, andtheHELCO competitions since2001including:FIRST robotics,Botball, “Keck engineershavebeeninvolvedinyouthengineering young minds. education andgivegenerouslyoftheirexpertisetohelpinspire Many KeckObservatoryengineersarealsopassionateabout Waimea Elementary, and Waimea CountrySchool. (Colorado), KealakeheHighSchool,UniversityofHawaii, Elementary, KohalaMissionSchool,Jefferson CountySchools (Winner ofasubscriptionto They showmedirections too. Stars shinebrightat night. Makes mesmilesomuch The starsaretwinkling The Moonissobright A connect-the-dots (winner ofClickmagazinesubscription) In themidnightsky Activity faraway (winner ofAsk magazinesubscription) I canfollowit. —Kameanani Miyasaki, age8 —Leo Tanaka-Lee,age14, —Micah Timbresa,age6 Astronomy magazine)
23 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 24 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 employees togive alittleoutofeachpaycheck. HIUW payroll deductionprogram,making iteasyforKeck Keck Observatory hasbeenparticipatingfor adecadeinthe the islandfor38different healthandhumanserviceagencies. a healthiercommunity. In2011 HIUW funded45programson HIUW istounitepeople,organizations andresources tobuild institution ontheislandforcontributions. The missionof Way (HIUW)reached $8,695,makingittheleadingastronomy In 2011, KeckemployeedonationstoHawaiiIsland United for Liferaisedover$36,000. to achievethePlatinumcategory. The entire Waimea areaRelay team. The combinedeffort raised$7,700 andpushedtheteam volunteers tocreatethenew“AstroPaniolo”RelayforLife we joinedforceswithCanada-France-Hawaii Telescope’s Cancer Society’s annualRelayforLifefundraiser. In2011, Many KeckObservatoryemployeesgivebackthroughthe benefit fromthetimeandtalentsofKeckemployees. American CancerSocietyandHawaiiIslandUnited Way, non-profits. A widevarietyoforganizations, includingthe encouraged togivetwopercentoftheirtimesupportother culture embracescommunityservice. All staff membersare In additiontoourscientificmission,KeckObservatory’s work telescopes. the developmentofnewscienceinstrumentsforKeck in merchandise–theprofitsfromwhichareusedtosupport Observatory for2,245visitorsandsoldmorethan$37,000 merchandise. In2011 GuidestarsservedasthefaceofKeck to visitors,answeringquestions,andsellingKeck Wear weekdays. They doawonderfuljobexplainingtheobservatory docents whostaff thevisitorcenterfrom10amto2pmon program haditsbestyearyetin2011. Guidestarsarevolunteer The KeckObservatoryvisitorcentervolunteerGuidestar In theCommunity keckobservatory.org. are nowarchivedonwww. which werewebcastand Astronomy Talks,allof Keck Observatory’sPublic permanent venueforthe Theatre becamethe discovery. to supportthefrontiersof and offermultipleways to astronomyinHawai’i with apersonalconnection Guidestars, presentvisitors docents, knownas Bottom: above: top: presentations totheworld. Keck astronomer tools byhelping webcast in internetcommunications get hands-onexperience Hoang andMarikoThorbecke Academy studentsPhong In 2011,theKahilu Keck Observatory’s Hawaii Preparatory Astronomy Talks Go Global Astronomical League. Both of these organizations alert their members of Keck webcasts and then stream the content live via In 2011 the Keck Observatory Public Astronomy Talks moved their own websites. a quarter mile, but broke through into entirely new and larger audience. Since their inception, the talks have been given in By far the most successful online event of the year which the 120-seat Hualalai Learning Theatre at Keck Observatory tapped these partners was a webcast of asteroid YU55 as it was headquarters. But in early 2011 it became clear that the departing its close flyby of Earth the night of Nov. 8, 2011. The venue was not keeping up with the growing audience. So observing run of the event was streamed live over the Internet on September 15, 2011, Keck offered an astronomer at the from the Keck II Telescope Remote Operations room. The live 490-seat Kahilu Theatre as part of the theater’s free Makana audience for the five-hour event was 6,600 people. At the helm Series. The inaugural lecture was given by Caltech Professor of the 10-meter telescope and using Keck’s pioneering adaptive of Planetary Astronomy Mike Brown. It was entitled “How I optics to view YU55 were asteroid investigators William Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming.” The capacity crowd Merline and Peter Tamblyn of Southwest Research Institute, for Brown’s talk was joined by scores of live online viewers. Boulder; and Chris Neyman of Keck Observatory. Providing a A video of the lecture was soon made available via the Keck live play-by-play of the flyby were Keck Electronics Engineer Observatory website that has since been viewed more than 500 Andrew Cooper and Communications Officer Larry O’Hanlon. times. Webcasts aren’t the only way Keck Observatory is reaching Whereas in 2010 a Keck Astronomy Lecture might have thousands of people at once. The Keck Nation virtual reached 120 people, plus a few dozen via an online recorded community has continued growing steadily. At the end of audio podcast, Brown’s single lecture has been viewed by 2011 it had reached over 6,500 individual addresses. The approximately 1,000 people in all. In other words, the new Keck Observatory Facebook page reached nearly 2,300 venue and webcasting has made it possible for more people to “likes” and the observatory embraced a Twitter following of watch a single lecture than the cumulative lecture audiences of almost 1,500 (between two Keck-related Twitter accounts: the entire 2010 season. All Keck Astronomy talks are archived @KeckObservatory and @Earth2larryo). Most of these on the Observatory’s website for learners down the street and different online venues have unique audiences from around the around the world. world, with minimal overlap. Together they make up a Keck Observatory online community of more than 10,000 people. Helping to grow our webcast audience are Keck Observatory’s new outreach partners, The Planetary Society and The
The 2011 Solar System Walk featured displays and educational activities for the Sun and its cosmic family, all located at distances to scale along a one kilometer path between Keck Observatory and Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope headquarters in Waimea. 26 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 with thesearchforplanets. The Interferometerobservations areseveraltimesmoresensitivethanprevioussearches. to studyemissionsfromfaintdustcloudsaroundotherstars. These dustcloudsreflectlightandgiveoff heat,andsointerfere In 2011, theKeckInterferometerNuller Team andcollaboratorspublishedobservationalresultsfrom agroupofkeyprojects galaxies. planets, andmeasurementsofthemassivedisksgas dustsurroundingtheblackholesatcenterofseveralnearby Peer-reviewed scienceresultsincludeobservationsofdisksaroundyoung starswhichmaybeintheprocessofforming of themostcomplicatedinstrumentsinworld,Interferometerhasbeenusedforarangeimportantscienceprograms. On March12,2011, theKeckObservatoryInterferometer celebrated10yearsinoperation.Consideredbymanytobeone Decade SinceFirstFringesforKeckInterferometer Honor Honor partner oftheKeckObservatory. named Provost,thechiefacademicofficerofprestigiousresearchInstituteandfounding and PlanetarySciencesfrom1994-2004.HewasinterimProvostin2004,2007he A memberofCaltech’s facultysince1979,StolperservedasChairoftheDivisionGeological leaders whochampioninnovationforthebenefitofhumanityandplanet. for thepurposeof"improvingnaturalknowledge." Today, theSocietyseekstopromotescience scientists. The RoyalSocietywasestablishedin1660underthepatronageofKingCharlesII Membership intheRoyalSocietyisbestowedeachyearonasmallnumberofworld's and igneousprocessesontheEarth,Mars,asteroids." Society in2011. The SocietycitedStolperforhis"experimentalandtheoreticalworkonmelting William E.LeonardProfessor ofGeology, wasnamedaForeignMemberofGreatBritain'sRoyal Edward Stolper,ProvostofCaltech, Vice-Chair oftheObservatoryBoardDirectors,and Stolper InductedinGreatBritain’sRoyalociety last 20yearsbecomethestandardparadigmforhowstructureformsinuniverse. led thewayindeveloping“colddarkmattertheory”ofgalaxyformation,whichhasover is theco-authorofoneleadingastronomytextbooks, Blumenthal isadistinguishedtheoreticalastrophysicistandseasonedacademicadministrator. He commencement ceremonyinMay, 2011. a B.S.inphysicsfromUWM1966,wasalsothekeynotespeakerduringUWM'smorning from hisalmamater, theUniversityof Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM).Blumenthal,whoearned was awardedanhonorarydoctoraldegreeinastrophysicsandleadershiphighereducation Keck ObservatoryBoardofDirectorsChairandU.C.SantaCruzChancellor Alma MaterHonorsBlumenthal s & r & s r & s ecognition ecognition 21st Century Astronomy21st . Hiswork George Blumenthal
Wages. Mastromarino, StevenMilner, James(Pete) Tucker, andKeith Not pictured:RodneyEisenhour, William (Bill)Healy, Joseph Hudek, andDeborah(Deb)Stednick. Gregory Doppmann,NoelaniNitz,LucaRizzi,John(Sky) Shawn Callahan,Damon(Paul)Blaicher, seated(lefttoright) Pictured standing(lefttoright)Lawrence(Larry)O’Hanlon, number ofprofessionalstoitsteamduring2011 fiscalyear. Keck Observatorywelcomedatalentedandenthusiastic Keck ObservatoryClassof2011 public andmediarelations. Keck telescopes,playinganimportantroleintheObservatory’s to workpart-timeashostfor VIPs andfilmcrewsvisitingthe from 2003untilheretiredin2004.Sincethenhascontinued the buildingofsummitfacility. HeservedasSafetyOfficer Manager from1989to2003andplayedanimportantrolein superintendent. At KeckObservatory, LaubwasFacility was incharge oftelescopeoperations andlaterbecameits Observatory inCalifornia. At theMt.Hamiltonfacilityhe Observatory, matchinghisprevious22-yeartenureatLick He reachedthe22-yearmarkforhisserviceatKeck On August 1,2011, RonLaub Laub Twofor22 honor MaunaKeaandthespirits whoabidethere.” and storiesofthissacredplace. With thiscollectionofimagesI the mountain,toknowpeople willingtosharetheirknowledge been fortunatetoexperiencespecialtimes,placesandsights on In theprogramguideforexhibitshewrites,“Ihaveindeed revolutionary scientificundertaking. involved withthetelescopesalmostsincetheirconception asa Schaefer isKeck’s observingsupportcoordinatorandhasbeen Theater isthefruitofa32-yearrelationshipwithMaunaKea. Mauna Kea”intheKeckObservatoryHualalaiLearning Barbara Schaefer A TributetotheMountain ’s exquisitephotographyexhibit“Honoring celebratedauniquemilestone. 27 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 28 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 S S Science PASP PASJ Nature MNRAS: MonthlyNoticesofthe JGRE: JournalofGeophysical Icarus Ap&SS ApJS ApJL ApJ AJ: AstronomicalJournal A&A Key toPublications: Pu’eo, Hawaiian owl,standswatch. A neighboron Mauna Kea,this Astronomical Society ofthePacific Astronomical Society ofJapan Royal AstronomicalSociety Research Science Supplement Series : Astrophysical Journal : Astronomy andAstrophysics cience B cience B cience : Astrophysical JournalLetters : Astrophysical Journal : Publicationsofthe : Publicationsofthe : Astrophysics andSpace Becker, G.; Bolton, J.; Haehnelt, M.; Sargent, W. Sargent, M.; J.; Haehnelt, Bolton, G.; Becker, al. et S.; W.; Bryson, Borucki, N.; Batalha, Q.; Konopacky, B.; T.; Macintosh, Barman, P. Treu, M.; Auger, T.; Marshall, B.; Brewer, al. et R.; D.; Doyon, Lafrenière, É.; Artigau, J.;al. et Brodie, A.; J.; Romanowsky, Arnold, J.;al. et Hartman, G.; Bakos, B.; Béky, A. Calverley, M.; W.; Rauch, Sargent, G.; Becker, V.; al. et Bhalerao, S.; Bates, M.; Bailes, J.;al. et J.; Johnson, Winn, S.; Albrecht, D.; al. et Ciardi, R.; Millan-Gabet, R.; Akeson, Bennert, V.; Treu, M.; Auger, T.;Bennert, al. et MNRAS 410 1096 MNRAS Medium Intergalactic the of Evolution Temperature the in Reionization II He Extended of Detection 27 729 ApJ Kepler-10b Planet: Rocky First Kepler’s 65 733 ApJ Planet HR8799b Extrasolar Clouds in and the Chemistry Atmosphere of Marois, C. 411 MNRAS L6 growth inside-out for evidence lens: a magnifying under 0.6 z= at galaxy early-type A compact 48 739 ApJ Properties Photometric Peculiar and Separations Wide with Two of TBinaries Land Discovery L26 736 ApJ S0 Galaxy Nearest the in Metallicities and Kinematics Assembly: Galaxy Two-phase of Record Fossil The 109 734 ApJ orbit a3day on aGstar transiting Jupiter HAT-P-27b: A hot 93 735 ApJ Six Redshift at Lines Galaxies with Low-ionization Absorption Metals. II. Probing Reionization High-redshift 1717 333 Science Pulsar Binary Millisecond a in aPlanet into aStar of Transformation 50 738 ApJ Indeterminate is WASP-2 and Obliquity aHigh 1 has WASP- Implications: Differing with Effect, Rossiter-Mclaughlin the on Limits Two Upper 96 728 ApJ Disk Circumstellar Hya TW the in Structure Radial 59 726 ApJ Study Pilot of Results and Methodology Scaling Relations for Active Galaxies. I. Mass Hole Black the of Baseline A Local
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Refereed publications FY2011
2011 September 2011 September 2011 September 2011 February 2011 February 2011 January 2011 January 2011 August 2011 March 2011 June 2011 May 2011 July
Bouchy, F.; Deleuil, M.; Guillot, T.; et.al. Guillot, F.; M.; Bouchy, Deleuil, al. et A.; D.; Vikhlinin, Stern, M.; Brodwin, T.; M. Dupuy, M.; Liu, B.; Bowler, Cushing, et N.; Batalha, G.; D.; W.; Basri, Koch, Borucki, Fernandes,Borges M.; Meilland, A.; Bendjoya, al. et T.; A.; Huard, Cook, A.; Boogert, O.; al. et C.; Almaini, Conselice, A.; Bluck, R. D.; White, C.; Charbonneau, Blake, al. et M.; Liu, K.; Allers, B.; Biller, T.; P.; Shanks, Weilbacher, R.; Bielby, al. et Bhalerao, V.; Kulkarni, S. J.;al. et T.;Bensby, D.; Meléndez, Adén, A68 525 A&A companion transiting XV. CoRoT-15b: dwarf mission. abrown Transiting exoplanets the from CoRoT space 33 732 ApJ Shallow Cluster Survey IRAC z>1.4 the at in Clusters Galaxy X-ray Emission from Two Infrared-selected 850 723 ApJ b 8799 HR Planet Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of the Extrasolar 19 736 ApJ Data of Months Four First the of Analysis II. by Kepler. Observed Candidates of Planetary Characteristics al. 20 528 A&A Close Circumstellar Environment the on Constraints Interferometric II. 50138. HD B[e]Star Unclassified Galactic The P.; et al. 92 729 ApJ Isolated Dense Cores of Medium Quiescent the in Dust and Ice 410 1174MNRAS 3 z= Since Galaxies Host Their and Holes Black Supermassive of Co-evolution the On 684 723 ApJ Velocity Survey Radial Dwarf Ultracool NIRSPEC The 39 730 ApJ Brown Dwarfs Scorpius Upper to Companions Mass Planetary and Dwarf Brown for LGS AO Search A Keck 414 2 MNRAS z~3 at galaxies ~1000 of dynamics and Clustering -I. Survey VLT Redshift The LBG L1 737 ApJ Neutron Star a2Msun of Companion Dwarf White The A134 533 A&A IV. Two populations stars. bulge subgiant and dwarf by microlensed traced as bulge Galactic the of evolution Chemical
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h h 2011 September 2010 November 2010 November 2011 January 2011 January 2011 August
2011 March 2011 March 2011 June 2011 April 2011 May 2011 July y y J.;al. et Hartman, G.; Bakos, L.; Buchhave, al. et R.; Tully, K.; Marzke, R.; Chiboucas, al. et R.; Tully, K.; Marzke, R.; Chiboucas, C.;al. et D.; Perley, H.; Wilson, Chen, J.;al. et J.; Vinko, Wheeler, E.; Chatzopoulos, al. et I.; Roseboom, R.; Ivison, S.; Chapman, M. Murphy, A.; Wolfe, R.; Jorgenson, R.; Carswell, C.; al. et Leyrat, M.; Kaasalainen, B.; Carry, al. et N.; P.; Scoville, B.; Capak, Mobasher, al. et N.; D.; Scoville, P.;Capak, Riechers, J. Bolton, M.; Haehnelt, G.; Becker, A.; Calverley, al. et M.; Ollivier, H.; J.; Bruntt, Cabrera, J.;al. et Lotz, Dey, R.; A.; Bussmann, C.; al. et Gelino, B.; Sitarski, A.; Burgasser, ApJ 733 116 733 ApJ TransitingMass Planets Two Sub-Jupiter Hat-P-29b: and Hat-P-28b 86 737 ApJ Cluster Coma the in Dwarfs Ultra-compact 251 723 ApJ Assignments Membership Galaxy ClusterComa Dwarf Keck/LRIS Spectroscopic Confirmation of L218 723 ApJ z= 3.036 at 080607 GRB Hosting A Galaxy Star-forming Mature Dusty 143 729 ApJ Supernova Type IIn ASuper-luminous 2008am: SN L13 409 MNRAS and -faint radio galaxies millimetre-bright far-infraredHerschel-SPIRE, of properties 411MNRAS 2319 DLA1331 of +170 Structure Velocity Complex the and Component A Cold A94 523 A&A geometry flyby and (21) Shape Lutetia: asteroid target Rosetta ESA of properties Physical 68 730 ApJ Searches z >7Galaxy in Contamination of Sources and Candidates z>7Galaxy Luminous of Spectroscopy 470 233 Nature z~5.3 of redshift a at galaxies of protocluster A massive 412 2543 MNRAS Effect Proximity Quasar the Using
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J.;al. et J.; Prochaska, Fynbo, L.; Christensen, W.; Li, al. et A.; Filippenko, R.; Chornock, P.; Choi, al. et G.; Yan, Helou, L.; C.; al. et Aragon, G.; Aldering, M.; Childress, al. et B.; Gerke, A.; Coil, M.; Cooper, C.;al. et Steidel, M.; Pettini, R.; Cooke, C.;al. et Steidel, M.; Pettini, R.; Cooke, al. et M.; Sullivan, R.; J.; Ellis, Cooke, al. et M.; Guy, J.; Sullivan, A.; Conley, J.;al. et Vieira, A.; Cooray, A.; Conley, al. et R.; Ibata, S.; Chapman, M.; Collins, al. et M.; Irwin, S.; Chapman, M.; Collins, M. J.; Geha, Simon, E.; J.; Kirby, Cohen, 73 727 ApJ Spectrum of Gamma-ray Burst Afterglows A High Ratio Signal-to-noise Composite Asphericity Large for Evidence and Evolution Spectral 2008ax: The Transitional Stripped-envelope SN 21 732 ApJ Nuclei Active Galactic Spectroscopically Selected Spitzer 24 µm 3 733 ApJ 2007if SN Type Supernova Ia mass of the Super-Chandrasekhar- Host Galaxy Young Metal-poor the of Observations Keck 337 409 MNRAS z~1 to persists mass stellar fixed at relation colour–density the absence: of evidence not is evidence of Absence 412 1047 MNRAS Nucleosynthesis? III Population from Gas Probing Lyα System: Damped Metal-poor A Carbon-enhanced 679 409 MNRAS 673A,B UM quasar lensed gravitationally the of spectra the in emission Lyα associated and DLA discovered A newly L35 727 ApJ Light Ultraviolet Spectrum and its Dispersion Maximum Mean The Type Supernovae: Ia Nearby of Studies Telescope Space Hubble 192 1 ApJS the Supernova Legacy Survey Years of Three First the from Uncertainties Systematic and Constraints Supernova L35 732 ApJ Data Herschel/SPIRE HerMES Early in Galaxy Submillimeter Lensed aMultiply of Discovery 413 1548 MNRAS M31 in Disc Stellar Thick of a Identification Kinematic The 2411 407 MNRAS AndXIII and AndXII AndXI, AndIX, M31 satellites faint the of survey spectroscopic A Keck/DEIMOS 288 725 ApJ Way Milky the by Accretion of Remnant 2419-Another NGC 41 739 ApJ
2011 September 2010 December 2010 December 2010 November
2011 February 2011 February 2010 October 2011 January 2011 April 2011 May 2011 May 2011 May 2011 May
al. et K.; Kleer, de M.; Pater,de Wong, I.; al. et S.; Pérez-Hoyos, L.; Pater,de Fletcher, I.; P.; Marcus, M.; al. et Pater,de Wong, I.; da Silva, R.; Prochaska, J.; Rosario, D.; al. et J.; Rosario, Prochaska, R.; Silva, da al. et E.; Bulbul, M.; T.; Bonamente, Culverhouse, T.; Shanks, al. et R.; Bielby, N.; Crighton, al. et M.; C.; Deleuil, Moutou, Sz.; Csizmadia, B. Hansen, T.;Barman, I.; Crossfield, A. Songaila, E.; Hu, L.; Cowie, E. Hu, A.; Barger, L.; Cowie, al. et A.; Miller, L.; Covey, Hillenbrand, K.; at. et. A.; J.; Coil, Aird, M.; Cooper, C. Jr., Lisse, R.; Vervack, N.; Russo, Dello al. et H.; Hammel, L.; Pater,de Sromovsky, I.; 213 559 Icarus Oval Red Northern and cap polar north Jupiter’s of images optics adaptive Keck 210 722 Icarus HST and Keck Gemini, from images resolution high of Comparison Jupiter: on impact 2009 the of study A multi-wavelength 210 742 Icarus anticyclones – Observations and theory Persistent rings in and around Jupiter’s 54 735 ApJ Valley” Galaxy a“Green with aQuasar of Merger Ongoing The I. Galaxies. Merging on Light Shining L78 723 ApJ Array Sunyaev-Zel’dovich the from 1: z>= Constraints at Gas Clusters Galaxy 414 28 MNRAS z~3 at IGM the and galaxies between Interactions II. Survey- VLT Redshift The LBG A&A 531 A41 531 A&A planet old very CoRoT-17b: Jupiter hot The a XVII. mission. Transiting exoplanets the from CoRoT space 132 736 ApJ Transmission Spectroscopy of GJ 1214b High-resolution, Differential, Near-infrared L38 735 ApJ z=6.5 at Galaxies -selected Lyα of Properties UV-continuum The 136 738 ApJ FormationGalaxy in Stages Early as Galaxies Lyα Emitting 141AJ 40 Nebula American Pelican/North the in IProtostar Class Outbursting PTF10nvg: An 193 14 ApJS Field GOODS-N the in Spectroscopy DEIMOS Keck/ Survey: Redshift Galaxy DEEP3 The L8 734 ApJ Closest Approach EPOXI the 2During 103P/Hartley Comet of Activity and Composition Volatile The 215 332 Icarus equator the towards track and structure, vertical evolution, Berg’s Post-equinox observations of Uranus:
2011 September 2011 September 2010 December 2010 December 2010 November 2011 February 2011 August 2011 March 2011 June 2011 June 2011 June 2011 July 2011 July 2011 July
29 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 30 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 Farihi, J.; Dufour, P.; Napiwotzki, R.; Koester, D. Koester, R.; P.; J.; Dufour, Farihi, Napiwotzki, al. et B.; C.; Gaensicke, J.; Brinkworth, Farihi, al. et M.; Geha, B.; Willman, Fadely, R.; al. et R.; Genzel, R.; Davies, H.; Engel, Eisner, J.; Hillenbrand, L. F.; Bosch, Faber, den al. et S.; van A.; Dutton, T.;Dupuy, M. Liu, T.; al. Dupuy, et B.; Bowler, M.; Liu, W.; al. et Merline, A.; J.; Conrad, Drummond, al. et A.; Mahabal, S.; Djorgovski, A.; Drake, J. J.; Graham, J.; Carr, Najita, G.; Doppmann, D.; al. et J.; Rosario, Primack, A.; Domínguez, P.; F.; J.;al. et Berthier, Marchis, Descamps, F.; F.; al. et Marchis, B.; DeMeo, Carry, MNRAS 413 2559 MNRAS 50 G77- Degenerate Metallic and Magnetic The L8 728 ApJ Body Exoplanetary a Rocky in Differentiation and Water of Signs Possible 142 AJ 88 Way’s Halo Milky the in Cluster Star Luminosity Low Extremely Old, 3: An Segue A56 524 A&A and gas dynamics formation star merger-induced 6240: NGC 9 738 ApJ Distribution in FU Orionis Sources Dust and Gas Sub-AU-scale the Resolving 410 1660 MNRAS years 10 billion past the over galaxies disc-dominated of relations velocity–mass–size the of evolution the On 122 733 ApJ for Binaries Very Low-mass Eccentricities Orbital of Distribution the On 721 1725 ApJ Masses with Dynamical Dwarfs Late-M of Diversity Physical the Studying A93 523 A&A (21)asteroid Lutetia target Rosetta ESA of density bulk and pole, rotational dimensions, ellipsoid triaxial The 106 735 ApJ Transient CSS100217:102913+404220 Optical the of Nature and Discovery The 112 738 ApJ Cyg Warm H Warm 410 2556 MNRAS Fractions AEGIS Galaxy-SED-type from Inferred light background Extragalactic 211 1022 Icarus Asteroid (216) Kleopatra Triplicity of and physical characteristics 212 677 Icarus satellite its and (379) of Huenna comparison A spectral
2 O and OH Disk Emission in V1331 in Emission Disk OH O and
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al. et A.; Graham, L.; D.; Spitler, Forbes, J. Kwan, L.; Hillenbrand, S.; W.;Fischer, Edwards, al. et A.; Howard, E.; D.; Gaidos, Fischer, al. et K.; Gebhardt, G.; Hill, S.; Finkelstein, J.; Cepa, M.; Lorenzo, Fernández D.; T.; al. et Alloin, C.; Anguita, Faure, al. R.;et Alonso, G.; Hébrard, D.; Gandolfi, al. et I.; Arcavi, M.; Kasliwal, Gal-Yam, A.; J.; J.; Prochaska, O’Meara, M.; Fumagalli, Yan, S.; L. Djorgovski, A.; Fu, Myers, H.; M. Schwamb, M.; Fraser, W.; Brown, al. et A.; Romanowsky, L.; Foster, C.; Spitler, J.; et.al. Strader, L.; D.; Spitler, Forbes, MNRAS 413 2665 MNRAS Galaxies Dwarf Mass High and Low Between Gap the Bridging 73 730 ApJ TTauri in Stars Emission Continuum IYJ the Excess Characterizing 745 21 ApJ 57274 HIP Orbiting System ATriple-planet II. M2K. 140 729 ApJ Lyα Galaxies High-redshift of Metallicities Low The III. Survey. Pilot HETDEX The A72 526 A&A EGS the in galaxies early-type < 1.2
2010 December 2010 December 2011 February 2010 October 2011 January 2011 August 2011 August 2011 March 2011 June 2011 June 2011 June 2011 April 2011 May
Grundy, W.; Noll, K.; Nimmo, F.; Nimmo, K.; al. W.; et Noll, Grundy, Griffith, R.; Tsai, C.; Stern, al. D.;et R.; Stern, C.; Tsai, Griffith, Greene, T.; Barsony, M.; Weintraub, D. T.; Weintraub, M.; Greene, Barsony, Goto, T.; Utsumi, Y.; Hattori, T.; T.; Y.; Goto, al. et Utsumi, Hattori, R.; J.; Rebolo, J.; Casares, Hernández, González R.; Overzier, A.; T.; Basu-Zych, Gonçalves, al. et M.; Onodera, E.; Daddi, R.; Gobat, D.; al. et Stern, S.; Djorgovski, E.; Glikman, al. et M.; J.; Cushing, C.; Kirkpatrick, Gelino, al. et A.; Conley, A.; Cooray, R.; Gavazzi, al. et P.; R.; Hall, White, K.; Anosov, C. J.; Steidel, Greene, A.; Shapley, K.; Hainline, et.al. A.; Conley, M.; Guy, J.; Sullivan, J.;al. et C.; Varela, Conselice, R.; Grützbauch, Icarus 213 678 Icarus transneptunian binaries of orbits mutual improved three and new Five L22 736 ApJ Galaxies Dwarf Compact Blue Low-metallicity of Discovery WISE ApJ 725 1100 725 ApJ Circumstellar Environments Probing Protostars: of Emission H2 Near-IR MNRAS 415 L1MNRAS z=6.4 at aQSO with test A Gunn-Peterson 95 738 ApJ Cygni V404 Binary X-Ray Hole Black the in Star Secondary the of Abundances Chemical et al. 1373 724 ApJ z~0.2 at Analogs Break Lyman- in gas ionized of kinematics The al. et. A133 526 A&A z=2.07 at emission X-ray with cluster A mature L26 728 ApJ Downsizing Cosmic and Medium Intergalactic the of Function at z~4: Implications for Ionization Luminosity Quasar the of End Faint The 142 AJ 57 aT5+T5of System aT8.5+T9 and Discovery The Binaries: Dwarf Brown WISE 125 738 ApJ Foreground Group of Galaxies Dominated Matter by aDark Lensed Source Submillimeter HerMES the of Modeling MNRAS 411 MNRAS 2653 in thevariability quasar FBQS J1408+3054 line absorption broad dramatic of Implications ApJ 733 31 733 ApJ z ~ 2-3 at Nuclei Galactic Active Selected UV- of Spectra Ultraviolet Frame Rest The A7 523 A&A constraints and cosmological distances sample: Type Ia supernovae photometric 3-year Survey Legacy Supernova The 411 MNRAS 929 Survey Palomar/DEEP2 the 2011 September 2011 September 2010 December 2010 December 2010 November 2011 February 2011 February 2011 February 2011 August 2011 March 2011 June 2011 May 2011 July 2011 July al. et G.; J.; Marcy, Johnson, A.; Howard, J.;al. et Johnson, G.; Marcy, A.; Howard, al. et G.; J.; Marcy, Johnson, A.; Howard, al. et A.; J.; Cooray, Wardlow, R.; Hopwood, Holden, B.; van der Wel, A.; Kelson, D.; al. et Kelson, A.; Wel, der van B.; Holden, A. Kraus, M.; J.; Ireland, Carpenter, S.; Hinkley, P.; Capak, S.; al. et Arnouts, H.; Hildebrandt, M. Konacki, K.; Helminiak, P.; D.; al. et Kasen, Garnavich, B.; Hayden, D.; al. et Kipping, G.; D.; J. Bakos, Hartman, al. et B.; Sato, G.; D.; J. Bakos, Hartman, T.; C.; Tappert, Harrison, R.; Hamilton, J.;al. et F.; Prochaska, N.; Hamann, Kanekar, 73 726 ApJ Masses Earth Four of Mass with a Minimum 156668 HD Planet Orbiting A II. Program. Eta-Earth NASA-UC The 653 6004 Science Jupiters Neptunes, Super-Earths, of and Close-in Distribution Mass and Occurrence The 721 1467 ApJ Giant Exoplanets New Four I. Survey Planet California The L4 728 ApJ Gravitationally Lensed Submillimeter Sources ImagingSpitzer of Herschel-atlas 714 724 ApJ Fundamental Plane the of Tilt the and Epoch Formation The z~1: at Galaxies Cluster M* of Sample M/L L21 730 ApJ System Planetary 8799 HR 10 of the AU in Inside Observational Constraints on Companions A31 523 A&A Testing PHAT: Accuracy PHoto-z A29 526 A&A stages evolutionary different at systems M<1M_sun Two II. spotted catalogue. Survey Automated All-Sky the from binaries and physical parameters ofOrbital eclipsing 1691 722 ApJ Type Supernovae Ia SDSS-II the in Emission Shock for Searching Progenitors? Degenerate Double or Single 138 728 ApJ Planet Transiting a K Star Neptune-mass ALow-density HAT-P-26b: 52 726 ApJ K Stars Planets Transiting Saturn-Mass Metal-Rich HAT-P-18b HAT-P-19b: and Two Low-Density 16 728 ApJ VariablesCataclysmic Sub-gap Stars ofSecondary Short-period Infrared Spectroscopic Observations of the S. Howell, 410 1957 MNRAS -005052.9 J212329.46 quasar the in outflow line absorption narrow A high-velocity B and Color Evolution for a Deep aDeep for Evolution Color and 2010 November 2010 November 2011 February 2011 February 2011 February 2011 February 2010 October 2010 October 2010 October 2011 January 2011 January 2011 January 2011 April Ireland, M.; Kraus, A.; Martinache, F.; al. et Martinache, A.; Kraus, M.; Ireland, J.;al. et P.;Jiang, J.; Prochaska, Ge, D.; W.; al. et Koch, J.; Borucki, Jenkins, al. et H.; Hoekstra, K.; Dawson, M.; Jee, al. et H.; Klahr, M.; Bonavita, M.; Janson, C.; al. et J.; Thalmann, Carson, M.; Janson, D. Fischer, H.; Isaacson, al. et M.; Goto, G.; Blake, N.; Indriolo, C.; al. et Nipoti, A.; Sollima, R.; Ibata, C.;al. et Go, Wesley, A.; R.; Hueso, al. et A.; Barger, L.; Cowie, E.; Hu, J. Pittichová, K.; Meech, H.; Hsieh, Hsieh, H.; Ishiguro, M.; Lacerda, P.; D. Lacerda, Jewitt, M.; Ishiguro, H.; Hsieh, al. et G.; J.; Marcy, Johnson, A.; Howard, Solar-type Stars in UpperScorpius Stars Solar-type to Companions Two Planetary-mass Wide 1357 724 ApJ ApJ 724 1325 724 ApJ z~1.4 at Bump 2175 AExtinction the with Systems Line Absorption Quasar Intervening two in Depletion Dust High 1108 724 ApJ Exoplanet Kepler-8b of Effect Rossiter-Mclaughlin and Discovery 59 737 ApJ Studies with the Hubble Space Telescope Weak-lensing 1from z>~ at Clusters Massive Relations andScaling of Overabundance 89 736 ApJ in the Solar Neighborhood Stars Massive Most the around Dwarfs Brown Imaging for Search Planets and High-contrast 85 728 ApJ B 758 GJ Companion Substellar the of Photometry Multi-band Near-infrared 875 725 ApJ PlanetCalifornia Search the on Stars 2630 for Measurements and Jitter Activity Chromospheric 113 726 ApJ Through H 443 IC Remnant Supernova the Near Rate Investigating the Ionization Cosmic-Ray 186 738 ApJ for Theories of Gravity 2419: NGC ACrucible Cluster Globular The 721 L129ApJ on Jupiter aSuperbolide of Detection Earth-based First 394 725 ApJ Lyα Emitters z=6.5 and z=5.7 of Atlas An L18 736 ApJ CometMain-belt 238P/Read Revisited AJ 142 AJ 29 LINEAR Physical of Properties Comet Main-belt 176P/ 10 730 ApJ 785 Gl Orbiting Planet Neptune-mass a and 97658 HD Orbiting A Super-Earth III. Program. Eta-Earth NASA-UC The + 3 Observations 2011 September 2010 December 2010 December 2010 December 2010 December 2010 December 2011 February 2010 October 2011 January 2011 August 2011 August 2011 March 2011 July 2011 July J. Cooke, E.; C.; Barton, Churchill, G.; Kacprzak, D.; Alexander, M.; Dickinson, S.; Juneau, J. Prochaska, A.; Wolfe, R.; Jorgenson, J. Richard, E.; T.; Jullo, R.; Jones, Ellis, al. et G.; J.; Bakos, J.; Winn, Johnson, J.;al. et Gazak, K.; J.; Apps, Johnson, al. et A.; Howard, M.; J.; Payne, Johnson, al. et A.; Howard, B.; J.; Bowler, Johnson, Kashikawa, N.; Shimasaku, K.; Y.; Matsuda, al. et G.; Pilyavsky, A.; Howard, S.; Kane, Y.; al. et M.; Liu, E.; Kakazu, Hu, al. et S.; Kulkarni, S.; Cenko, M.; Kasliwal, al. et Gal-Yam, S.; A.; Kulkarni, M.; Kasliwal, 105 733 ApJ z~0.1 at Galaxies selected Absorption- II Mg of Sample Volume-limited a of Kinematics Disk Galaxy and Gas Halo 104 736 ApJ >0.3 Redshift at Systems Absorbed Highly Revealing Nuclei: Galactic Active of Diagnostic A New Salim, S. 460 722 ApJ Methodology and Data Lines: Structure CI Fine Through Galaxies redshift in Physical High- Conditions Understanding ApJ 725 L176 725 ApJ Assembly Histories Inside-out for Implications a z=2Galaxy: in Gradient a Metallicity of Measurement 24 735 ApJ Highly Oblique Orbit a on Jupiter Hot ATransiting HAT-P-30b: 79 730 ApJ Discovered by the Kepler Mission Dwarf Brown Field ATransiting LHS6343C: 141AJ 16 200964 HD and 24Sextanis Subgiants the Around Pairs Exoplanet Interacting of Pair A VI. Companions. Their and AStars Retired 721 L153ApJ HD 102956 1.7 Subgiant the Msun Orbiting Jupiter A Hot ApJ 734 119 734 ApJ Reionization Epoch the at Lyα of Emitters Census the Completing al. et. 28 733 ApJ 156846b HD for Monitoring ParametersImproved and Transit Orbital 184 723 ApJ Dwarfs Ultracool Field Faint of Discovery and Method I. Survey. TDwarf and Quasar Hawaii 94 735 ApJ Novae Classical Fast and Faint of Sub-class Photometric aNew of Discovery L98 723 ApJ Candidate “.Ia” Explosion A 2010X: Supernova Decaying Rapidly 2010 December 2010 November 2010 November 2010 October 2010 October 2011 January 2011 August 2011 March 2011 June 2011 June 2011 May 2011 July 2011 July 31 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 32 W.M. Keck Observatory Annual Report 2011 Kraus, A.; Ireland, M.; Martinache, F.; Martinache, M.; Ireland, A.; Kraus, D.; al. et C.; Stern, Kochanek, S.; Kozlowski, J.;al. et Hartman, G.; Bakos, G.; Kovács, al. et L.; B; Lubin, D.; Lemaux, Kocevski, al. et L.; Lubin, B.; D.; Lemaux, Kocevski, al. et R.; Antonucci, S.; Hönig, M.; Kishimoto, J.;al. et Simon, G.; Lanfranchi, E.; Kirby, al. et G.; J.; Smith, Cohen, E.; Kirby, P.; al. J.; et Simon, Guhathakurta, E.; Kirby, al. et G.; J.; Bakos, D.; Hartman, Kipping, J.;al. et Hartman, G.; D.; Bakos, Kipping, M. Mumma, H.; Kawakita, al. et M.; Perrin, M.; Fukagawa, E.; Kato, ApJ 731 8 ApJ Auriga Taurus- in Formation Star Multiple II. Desert. Dwarf Brown the of Shores the Mapping L. Hillenbrand, 1624 722 ApJ 0.2 z~= at Supernova Luminous ASelf-obscured SDWFS-MT-1: 866 724 ApJ Transiting a Star Solar-type Planet HAT-P-15b: Extrasolar Day A10.9 L38 737 ApJ Hosts Nucleus Active Galactic Quenched Recently in Emission [OII] of Origin The 38 736 ApJ Clusters and Groups High-redshift in Activity Starburst Obscured A121 527 A&A interferometer Keck by the probed as nuclei galactic active in structure dusty innermost The 78 727 ApJ Galaxies Satellite Way Dwarf Milky of Distributions Metallicity from Medium-Resolution Spectra. III. Measurements Abundance Multi-Element 79 727 ApJ Galaxies Satellite Way Dwarf Milky in Distributions Element from Medium-Resolution Spectra. IV. Alpha Measurements Abundance Multi-Element 191 352 ApJS Galaxies Satellite Way Dwarf Milky in Stars of from Medium-Resolution Spectra. II. Catalog Measurements Abundance Multi-Element 142 AJ 95 Body Third Massive aLong-period, and Jupiter Hot Eccentric, HAT-P-31b,c: ATransiting, 2017 725 ApJ star metal-poor ahot, transiting period 3.36d on a hot-Jupiter inflated HAT-P-24b: An 91 727 ApJ (Machholz) Q2 To C/2004 Comet Application And Amidogen Radical (NH And Amidogen Ammonia Of Models Excitation Fluorescence 849 63 PASJ 234 LkHα around Objects Young Stellar of Study Imaging Mid-Infrared And Near- 2 ) In Comets: Comets: ) In 2011 September 2010 December 2010 December 2010 December 2011 February 2011 February 2011 February 2010 October 2011 August 2011 August 2011 March 2011 April 2011 July al. et Reddy, N.; Dey, K.; A.; Lee, al. et R.; Nichol, M.; Smith, H.; Lampeitl, al. et M.; Tucker, A.; Thompson, R.; Kraus, Lai, D.; Lee, Y.; D.; al. Lee, et M.; Lai, Bolte, al. et M.; Bolte, G.; D.; Smith, Lai, J.;al. et Carr, M.; Richter, A.; Kruger, al. et G.; D.; Blake, Drake A.; Mandell, al. et M.; Ly, Hayashi, M.; C.; Malkan, S. T.; Dupuy, M.; Liu, Leggett, al. et E.; D.; Ford, J.; Fabrycky, Lissauer, Z. Jabran E.; Berger, Kewley, E.; L.; Levesque, Tanvir, al. et A.; S.; Levan, Cenko, N.; C.; al. et Prieto, Y.; T.;Lee, Beers, Allende 99 733 ApJ z~3.7 at Galaxies forming Formation Histories of the UV-brightest Star- Star and Properties Physical Average The 566 722 ApJ Survey Supernova SDSS-II the in Supernovae Type on Ia Galaxies Host of Effect The 48 728 ApJ Stars Low-mass The Mass-Radius(-Rotation?) Relation for ApJ 738 51 738 ApJ Galaxy Spheroidal IDwarf Boötes the of Distributions [alpha/Fe] and [C/Fe], [Fe/H], The 141AJ 62 M5: Lithium Thorium through for Evolved Abundances Chemical in Stars 145 729 ApJ CrA Toward Tau DG VV Dust Band and Gas ApJ 728 18 728 ApJ HD189733b Exoplanet the from Emission Line L-band of Non-detection 91 735 ApJ Field Deep Subaru the in z=1-3 at Galaxies Star-forming of A Census 311 722 ApJ Temperatures Effective and Models Theoretical Substellar Test of ACoevality Optics: Adaptive Star Guide Laser Keck with TDwarf Binary Unequal-mass aHighly of Discovery 470 53 Nature planets Kepler-11 transiting density low- low-mass, of system packed A closely 140 1557 AJ Galaxies Host Burst Gamma-ray Long-duration for Relation A Mass-metallicity II. Bursts. 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Exploring the Low-Mass End of the M BH-σ* Relation with Active Galaxies Keck Observatory Observing Assistants have a direct hand in connecting the tools ApJ 739 28 2011 September of discovery to a creative and prolific observing community.Standing Top to Bottom: Jason McIlroy, Terry Stickel, Gary Puniwai, Cynthia Wilburn, Heather Hershley, Yan, R.; Ho, L.; Newman, J.; et al. Carolyn Parker, Julie Renaud-Kim, and Joel Aycock. AEGIS: Demographics of X-ray and Optically Selected Active Galactic Nuclei Editor/Writer Photo credits ApJ 728 38 2011 February Debbie Goodwin (t = top, b = bottom, l = left, Yelda, S.; Lu, J.; Ghez, A.; et al. m = middle, r = right) additional Writers Michael Bolte/UCO: 17m, b Improving Galactic Center Astrometry by Taft Armandroff Andrew Cooper/WMKO: 2-3b, 16-17, Reducing the Effects of Geometric Distortion Larry O’Hanlon 22m, 22b ApJ 725 331 2010 December Hilton Lewis Mark Devenot/WMKO: Cover, 21b, 24m Yuan, T.; Kewley, L.; Swinbank, A.; et al. Graphic Design Laurie Hatch: 26b Metallicity Gradient of a Lensed Face-on Waimea Instant Printing Hubble Space Telescope Spiral Galaxy at Redshift 1.49 Annu a l Repo r t 2011 Science Institute: 16b ApJ 732 L14 2011 May Printing Service Printers Hawaii, Inc. Tom Kualii: 15, 28 The Nobel Foundation/Orasis: 4 Zeimann, G.; White, R.; Becker, R.; et al. Larry O’Hanlon: 23, 25 Discovery of a Radio-selected z ~ 6 Quasar Ric Noyle: 5t, 18-19 ApJ 736 57 2011 July Bruce Omori: Back cover Rick Peterson: 3, 5b, 6all, 7, 20, 21t, Zuckerman, B.; Melis, C.; Klein, B.; et al. 24t, 24b, 26t, 26m, 27t, 27mr, 27b, Ancient Planetary Systems are Orbiting a 35b Large Fraction of White Dwarf Stars Barbara Schaefer/WMKO: 27ml, 35t K eck O bservatory W.M. ApJ 722 725 2010 October 35 For more information contact: Debbie Goodwin Director of Advancement 65-1120 Mamalahoa Highway In early 2012, Bruce Omori captured a dramatic Kamuela, Hawai‘i 96743 image of Jupiter and Venus (left to right) hanging 808.881.3814 above the Keck Telescopes just after twilight www.keckobservatory.org from the clear and calm of Mauna Kea.