Étude De L'émergence D'une Conception

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Étude De L'émergence D'une Conception TTHHÈÈSSEE En vue de l'obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par l’Université Toulouse 1 Capitole Discipline : Sciences de Gestion Présentée et soutenue par Inès DHAOUADI Le 13 juillet 2011 Titre : ÉTUDE DE L’ÉMERGENCE D’UNE CONCEPTION POLITIQUE DE LA RESPONSABILITÉ SOCIALE DE L’ENTREPRISE : APPLICATION AU CAS SHELL TUNISIE JURY Directeurs de thèse : Monsieur Karim BEN KAHLA Professeur des Universités Directeur de l’ISCAE- Université de la Manouba Monsieur Jacques IGALENS Professeur des Universités Directeur de la recherche à Toulouse Business School Rapporteurs : Monsieur Éric PEZET Professeur à l’Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense Monsieur Sébastien POINT Professeur à l’École de Management Strasbourg Suffragants : Monsieur Jean-Michel PLANE Professeur à l’Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier III Monsieur Assâad EL AKREMI Maître de Conférences à l’Université Toulouse I Capitole Ecole doctorale de Sciences de Gestion Institut d’Administration des Entreprises Unité de recherche : Centre de Recherche en Management - EAC 5032 i ii L'université n'entend ni approuver, ni désapprouver les opinions particulières du candidat. iii iv À la mémoire de ma mère v vi REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre d‟une cotutelle de thèse entre l‟Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis et l‟Université Toulouse 1 Capitole. Je voudrais tout d‟abord exprimer ma reconnaissance envers mes directeurs de thèse Monsieur Karim BEN KAHLA et Monsieur Jacques IGALENS, qui ont accepté d‟encadrer ce travail doctoral et qui m‟ont fait découvrir et apprécier les approches critiques et le domaine de la RSE. Merci pour leur disponibilité et leurs encouragements ainsi que pour la confiance et le soutien qu‟ils m‟ont toujours accordés. Je tiens également à remercier Monsieur Assâad EL AKREMI pour l'aide compétente qu'il m'a apportée, pour sa patience et son encouragement à finir ce travail doctoral. Je lui suis reconnaissante pour m‟avoir donné l‟envie de faire de la recherche et de m‟avoir inculqué la rigueur qui lui est nécessaire. Mes remerciements s‟adressent particulièrement à Messieurs les Professeurs Éric PEZET et Sébastien POINT qui me font l‟honneur d‟être les rapporteurs de cette thèse. J‟exprime également ma profonde gratitude à Messieurs les Professeurs Jean-Michel PLANE et Assâad El AKREMI qui ont bien voulu examiner ce travail et participer au jury de thèse. L'aboutissement de cette thèse a aussi été encouragé par de nombreux échanges avec des chercheurs de disciplines variées. Je remercie en particulier M. Yvon PESQUEUX, M. Éric PEZET, M. Yvon GENDRON et Mme Natacha COQUERY. Je voudrais également remercier les cadres des Sociétés Shell en Tunisie qui ont accepté de me faire partager leurs expériences qui m‟ont été utiles dans l‟analyse généalogique que j‟ai menée, en particulier M. Hichem KACEM, M. Ahmed BASSALAH, M. Habib BEN HAMED et Mlle Yasmine EL HENI. Merci à tous mes amis et à mes nouveaux collègues de l‟Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis pour leur accueil et leurs encouragements durant la période de finalisation de ce travail de recherche. Je voudrais dédier cette thèse à la mémoire de ma mère qui m‟a soutenue tout au long de mes études et qui a largement contribué à l‟aboutissement de cette de thèse. Je voudrais également remercier du fond de mon cœur mon père pour sa confiance et son encouragement permanent. Merci aussi à mes frères, ma belle-sœur, mon neveu et mes proches de m‟avoir encouragée et soutenue dans les moments difficiles. Mes remerciements vont enfin à mes beauxparents pour leurs encouragements et à mon fiancé pour son soutien permanent malgré la distance. vii viii Sommaire REMERCIEMENTS………………………………………………………………….... vii LISTE DES TABLEAUX…………………………………………………………….... xvix LISTE DES FIGURES……………………………………………………………….… xix INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE……………………………...…………………...….. 1 PREMIERE PARTIE : LES FONDEMENTS THÉORIQUES DE LA CONCEPTION POLITIQUE DE LA RESPONSABILITÉ SOCIALE DE L’ENTREPRISE……………………………………………………………………….... 15 CHAPITRE 1. RÔLES DE L’ENTREPRISE ET ÉMERGENCE D’UNE CONCEPTION POLITIQUE DE LA RSE………………………………………………………....................................... 19 Introduction : Les débats récents dans le domaine Business and Society sur le rôle politique des entreprises transnationales……………………………………………… 19 1. L‟histoire de la responsabilité sociale de l‟entreprise……………………………. 21 1.1. Le rôle de la religion protestante dans le développement du concept de « Responsabilité Sociale »………………………………………………….. 21 1.2. De la responsabilité sociale des entreprises (CSR1) à la sensibilité sociale de l‟entreprise (CSR2) : vers une dimension pragmatique et managériale de la RSE…………………………………………………………………… 29 1.3. Le rôle des initiatives publiques dans la diffusion du concept de RSE…….. 35 1.4. Le rôle des initiatives privées dans la diffusion d‟une doctrine de RSE…… 40 1.5. Différentes typologies des théories fondatrices de la RSE…………………. 44 2. La domination de la conception libérale de la RSE : l‟entreprise comme acteur économique et opportuniste…………………………………………………………... 52 2.1. Les deux postulats de la conception libérale de l‟entreprise……………….. 52 2.2. Les deux positions qui caractérisent la conception libérale de la RSE…….. 53 2.3. Les études qui dominent la conception libérale de la RSE………………… 57 2.4. Les limites de la conception libérale de la RSE …………………………… 58 3. La conception contractualiste de la RSE : l‟entreprise comme acteur économique et social……………………………………………………………………………….. 60 3.1. La théorie des parties prenantes : un cadre normatif pour la définition de la responsabilité de l‟entreprise vis-à-vis de la société……………………….. 60 3.2. La théorie des contrats sociaux intégrés : l‟entreprise comme agent économique socialement responsable………………………………………. 62 3.3. Les limites de la conception contractualiste de la RSE…………………….. 63 4. La conception politique de la RSE : vers un nouveau rôle politique de l‟entreprise transnationale dans un contexte de globalisation…………………………………….. 65 4.1. La politique comme action relative à la sphère des intérêts publics gérés et représentés par l‟État……………………………………………………….. 65 4.2. La globalisation de l‟économie comme facteur d‟émergence d‟une conception politique de la RSE…………………………………………….. 67 ix 4.3. La conception politique de la RSE : la redéfinition du rôle de l‟entreprise dans une société globalisée………………………………………………… 71 Conclusion : La responsabilité politique de l’entreprise comme remise en cause des frontières entre la sphère publique et la sphère privée……………………………….. 75 CHAPITRE 2. FONDEMENTS THÉORIQUES ET CADRES D’ANALYSE DE LA CONCEPTION POLITIQUE DE LA RSE………………………………………………………………….. 77 Introduction : Le rôle politique des entreprises transnationales dans une constellation post-nationale…………………………………………………………….. 77 1. L‟éthique des affaires comme cadre d‟analyse de l‟interface entreprise/société…. 78 1.1. L‟éthique : un problème définitionnel……………………………………… 79 1.2. La genèse de l‟éthique des affaires : des considérations religieuses et culturelles…………………………………………………………………... 80 1.3. Le développement de l‟éthique des affaires comme discipline de recherche.. 81 1.4. La gestion de l‟éthique dans l‟entreprise…………………………………… 83 2. L‟approche républicaine de l‟éthique d‟entreprise………………………………. 85 2.1. L‟intégration de l‟éthique d‟entreprise et le changement du rôle de l‟entreprise dans la société………………………………………………….. 85 2.2. L‟éthique d‟entreprise et le changement du processus de management……. 88 3. L‟éthique économique intégrative………………………………………………... 91 3.1. La critique de la raison économique "pure" et de l‟économisme………….. 92 3.2. La clarification de l‟idée éthiquement intégrée de la rationalité socioéconomique…………………………………………………………… 92 3.3. La détermination du locus de la responsabilité socio-économique………… 93 4. La conceptualisation théoriquement étendue de la citoyenneté d‟entreprise……. 94 4.1. La conception dominante de la citoyenneté d‟entreprise dans la littérature managériale…………………………………………………………………. 95 4.2. La conceptualisation théoriquement étendue de la Citoyenneté d‟entreprise………………………………………………………………… 98 4.3. Le rôle de la globalisation dans la participation des entreprises à la protection des droits de citoyenneté pour les individus…………………….. 99 5. La théorie de la démocratie délibérative : l‟importance de la participation des acteurs de la société civile aux processus de prise de décision politique……….... 104 5.1. La démocratie délibérative comme alternative au modèle libéral et républicain de la démocratie………………………………………………... 105 5.2. Les postulats de la théorie de la démocratie délibérative………………….. 107 5.3. L‟impact du processus de globalisation sur le mode de gouvernance globale 109 5.4. La conception politique de la RSE : vers une conception délibérative de la RSE dans une société globalisée…………………………………………….. 111 5.5. La Forest Stewardship Council : un exemple de la politisation de l‟entreprise………………………………………………………………….. 112 Conclusion : Limites des cadres d’analyse de la conception politique de la RSE et proposition d’une définition synthétique de cette nouvelle conception de la RSE….. 113 x CHAPITRE 3. LA CONCEPTION POLITIQUE DE LA RSE À PARTIR DU CADRE DE LA GOUVERNEMENTALITÉ DE MICHEL FOUCAULT………………………...…...………..…. 117 Introduction : Approche foucaldienne et remise en cause de la domination des études fonctionnalistes en management………………………………………………... 117 1. Michel Foucault : l‟historien du présent………………………………………….. 119 1.1. L‟Histoire selon Foucault : une rupture avec la continuité ………………... 120 1.2. La pensée de Foucault :
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