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System Planning of Grid-Connected Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Key Technologies: a Review

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System Planning of Grid-Connected Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Key Technologies: a Review energies Review System Planning of Grid-Connected Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Key Technologies: A Review Chao-Tsung Ma Department of Electrical Engineering, CEECS, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan; [email protected]; Tel.: +886-37-382482; Fax: +886-37-382488 Received: 13 October 2019; Accepted: 1 November 2019; Published: 4 November 2019 Abstract: The optimal planning of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations (ECSs) with advanced control algorithms is very important to accelerate the development of EVs, which is a promising solution to reduce carbon emissions of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The large and fluctuant load currents of ECSs can bring negative impacts to both EV-related power converters and power distribution systems if the energy flow is not regulated properly. Recent review papers related to EVs found in open literature have mainly focused on the design of power converter-based chargers and power interfaces, analyses of power quality (PQ) issues, the development of wireless charging techniques, etc. There is currently no review paper that focuses on key technologies in various system configurations, optimal energy management and advanced control issues in practical applications. To compensate for this insufficiency and provide timely research directions, this paper reviews 143 previously published papers related to the aforementioned topics in recent literature including 17 EV-related review papers found in Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)/Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) (IEEE/IET) Electronic Library (IEL) and ScienceDirect OnSite (SDOS) databases. In this paper, existing system configurations, related design methods, algorithms and key technologies for ECSs are systematically reviewed. Based on discussions given in the reviewed papers, the most popular ECS configuration is a hybrid system design that integrates renewable energy (RE)-based power generation (REBPG), various energy storage systems (ESSs), and utility grids. It is noteworthy that the addition of an ESS with properly designed control algorithms can simultaneously buffer the fast, fluctuant power demand during charging, smooth the intermittent power generation of REBPG, and increase the overall efficiency and operating flexibility of ECSs. In addition, verifying the significance of the flexibility and possible profits that portable ESSs provide in ECS networks is a potential research theme in ECS fields, in which the potential applications of portable ESSs in the grid-tied ECSs are numerous and could cover a full technical spectrum. Keywords: electric vehicle; electric vehicle charging station; renewable energy; energy storage system 1. Introduction With the continuous growth of environmental concerns, countries around the world have developed various emission standards for carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. In this context, electric vehicle (EVs), which mainly rely on electricity, have the opportunity to replace conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in the near future by utilizing the-state-of-art power electronics, motor drives, energy storage technologies, renewable energy-based power generation, and smart grids; ultimately, they may help decarbonizing the transportation industry. According to the design of energy formation and system composition, EVs can be divided into hybrid EVs (HEVs), plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) and EVs. In recent years, industrial countries have actively developed various economic incentives to further promote EV-related industries and research projects. In fact, EV-related industries and their infrastructures have grown rapidly in the past 10 years. To provide a quick view of the Energies 2019, 12, 4201; doi:10.3390/en12214201 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Materials 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 22 Energies 2019, 12, 4201 2 of 22 developed various economic incentives to further promote EV-related industries and research projects. In fact, EV-related industries and their infrastructures have grown rapidly in the past 10 yearsEV development. To provide trend,a quick the view global of stockthe EV evolution development of the battery-basedtrend, the global EV stock (BEV) evolution and theplug-in of the batteryHEV (PHEV)-based EV from (BEV) 2010 and to 2016the plug is shown-in HEV in (PHEV) Figure1 from[ 1]. 2010 It is to clear 2016 that is shown the EV in marketFigure 1 has [1]. been It is clearrapidly that growing the EV market and continuously has been rapidly opening growing up a lot and of continuously technical themes opening for researchers up a lot of intechnical related themesfields [ 1for]. 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To buildstorage a modern systems ECS (ESSs) integrat and renewableing energy energy storage (RE)-based systems (ESSs) power and generation, renewable some energy technical (RE)-based issues powerhave to generation be taken into, some consideration, technical e.g., issues system have configuration, to be taken power into transfer consideration rate, power, e.g., and system energy configurationmanagement,, andpower system transfer optimization rate, power [2 ].and energy management, and system optimization [2]. 2.5 2 1.5 1 PHEV EBV 0.5 0 Electric car stock (millions) stock car Electric 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Year Figure 1. Global stock evolution of electric vehicles (EVs) [1]. Figure 1. Global stock evolution of electric vehicles (EVs) [1]. 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In this technology, through real-time BESSs can power allow smoothing for the controlintegration schemes. of higher Though REBPG, both thewhich irregular have unpredictablecharging processes power of generation EVs and REBPG, through are real considered-time power adverse smoothing dynamic control interference schemes. sourcesThough to both the thegrid, irregular it has been charging suggested processes that, withof EV propers and coordinationREBPG are considered control among adverse ECSs, dynamic BESSs, interference and REBPG, sourcesECSs can to the benefit grid, from it has carbon-free been suggested REBPG that, systems, with proper and acoordination higher energy control efficiency among system ECSs, BESSs, can be andachieved REBPG, [3]. E InCSs the can aspect benefit of increasing from carbon the energy-free RE utilizationBPG systems, efficiency and anda higher flexibility energy of EV-relatedefficiency systempower converters,can be achieved although [3]. single-stage In the aspect on-board of increasing chargers (OBCs)the energy for EVsutilization have the efficiency advantages and of flexibilitya small size of EV and-related a light power weight, converters, and it is veryalthough desirable single to-stage design on-board two-stage chargers or multistage (OBCs) for OBCs EVs haveand adoptthe advantages wide-bandgap of a small (WBG) size switchingand a light device-basedweight, and it power is very converterdesirable to interfaces design two to meet-stage theor multistagefuture trends OBCs of reducing and adopt the power wide ratings-bandgap of components, (WBG) switching increasing device capacities-based and power power converter densities, interfacesimproving to dynamic meet the performances, future trends and of allowing reducing for the bidirectional
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