UPPER SOURIS NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Foxholm, North Dakota

ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT Calendar Year 1988

U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM REVIEW AND APPROVALS

UPPER SOURIS NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Foxholm, North Dakota

ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT Calendar Year 1988

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Regional Office Approval INTRODUCTION The Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge is situated in the drift prairie region of north central North Dakota. It occupies a 30 mile reach of the western loop of the Souris River. The Souris River enters the United States from Canada just north of the refuge and flows 69 river miles before leaving the refuge.

At a point approximately seven miles north of Foxholm, the refuge's Lake Darling Dam spans the Souris River valley. This earthen dam creates a refuge water impoundment of 10,000 surface acres in size. This impoundment supplies water for several smaller impoundments on the refuge and for marshes at J. Clark Salyer NWR. The Upper Souris NWR covers 32,092 acres of the Souris River valley in both Ward and Renville counties. Present habitat for wildlife on the refuge includes 17,562 acres of native grasslands, 400 acres of introduced grasses, 733 acres of dense nesting cover, 750 acres of woodlands and 12,647 wetland acres of open water, river and shallow marshes. The physiography of the area is characterized by a narrow band of river bottom woodlands, fertile flood plain, rolling hills and steep brush covered coulees. Management programs are designed to increase waterfowl production and maintenance, but they also promote species diversity and maintain the complex prairie ecosystem. Water management in marshes located below Lake Darling Dam consists of seasonal drawdown capabilities in most pools. Pools A, B, C, 87 and 96 all have water supplied from the Lake Darling reservoir. Pools 96A and 96B have water supplied by either spring run-off or water pumped from the river. Refuge marshes above Lake Darling are controlled by Dam 41. These marshes consist of natural river oxbows and natural marsh areas created by holding water at varying levels. Management of native and tame grasslands for waterfowl nesting is accomplished by grazing, haying, prescribed burning and the establishment of native and tame grass stands. The refuge receives considerable public use due to the close proximity to the city of Minot and Minot Air Force Base. An auto tour route, hiking trails, canoe routes, observation points and grouse observation blinds provide many opportunities for the visitor to view wildlife. Fishing visits account for the majority of public use with an estimated 70,000 - 100,000 visits annually. Environmental Education workshops are held on the refuge for local teachers for college credit through Minot State University and North Dakota State University. INTRODUCTION Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS i

A. HIGHLIGHTS 1

B. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS 1

C. LAND ACQUISITION

1. Fee Title Nothing To Report 2. Easements Nothing To Report 3. Other Nothing To Report

D. PLANNING 1. Master Plan Nothing To Report 2. Management Plan 3 3. Public Participation Nothing To Report 4. Compliance with Environmental & Cultural Resource Mandates. 3 5. Research and Investigations 3 6. Other 3

E. ADMINISTRATION 1. Personnel 6 2. Youth Programs 10 3. Other Manpower Programs Nothing To Report 4. Volunteer Programs 11 5. Funding 14 6. Safety 14 7. Technical Assistance 17 8. Other 18

F. HABITAT MANAGEMENT

1. General 19 2. Wetlands 2 0 3. Forests 2 4 4. Croplands 2 4 5. Grasslands 25 6. Other Habitat Nothing To Report 7. Grazing 27 8. Haying 29

i • *

F. HABITAT MANAGEMENT (Cont.) Page

9. Fire Management 31 10. Pest Control 31 11. Water Rights 3 5 12. Wilderness and Special Areas Nothing To Report 13. WPA Easements Monitoring Nothing To Report

G. WILDLIFE

1. Wildlife Diversity Nothing to Report 2. Endangered and/or Threatened Species 3 6 3. Waterfowl 3 6 4. March and Water Birds 40 5. Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns and Allied Species 4 0 6. Raptors 4 0 7. Other Migratory Birds 4 0 8. Game Mammals 4 0 9. Marine Mammals Nothing To Report 10. Other Resident Wildlife 41 11. Fisheries Resources 42 12. Wildlife Propagation and Stocking 45 13. Surplus Animal Disposal Nothing To Report 14. Scientific Collections Nothing To Report 15. Animal Control 46 16. Marking and Banding 47 17. Disease Prevention and Control 47

H. PUBLIC USE

1. General 47 2. Outdoor Classrooms - Students 48 3. Outdoor Classrooms - Teachers 4 8 4. Interpretive Foot Trails 49 5. Interpretive Tour Routes 49 6. Interpretive Exhibits/Demonstrations 50 7. Other Interpretive Programs Nothing To Report 8. Hunting * 51 9. Fishing 51 10. Trapping Nothing To Report 11. Wildlife Observation 52 12. Other Wildlife Oriented Recreation 52 13. Camping Nothing To Report

ii < H. PUBLIC USE (Cont.) Page

14. Picnicking 52 15. Off-Road Vehicling Nothing To Report 16. Other Non-Wildlife Oriented Recreation Nothing To Report 17. Law Enforcement 52 18. Cooperating Associations 56 19. Concessions Nothing To Report

I. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

1. New Construction 57 2. Rehabilitation 58 3. Major Maintenance 59 4. Equipment Utilization and Replacement 59 5. Communications Systems Nothing To Report 6. Computer Systems 60 7. Energy Conservation Nothing To Report 8. Other Nothing To Report

J. OTHER ITEMS 1. Cooperative Programs Nothing To Report 2. Other Economic Uses Nothing To Report 3. Items of Interest 61 4. Credits 66

K. FEEDBACK 67

L. INFORMATION-PACKET.. . (inside back cover)

iii * 1

A. HIGHLIGHTS

Drought continues at Upper Souris NWR. (Section B.)«

Souris Basin Flood Control Project pushes forward. (Section D.6) . Nancy Smette joins refuge staff as Refuge Clerk. (Section E.l).

Awards received by refuge employees and volunteers. (Sections E.1 and E.4). Ten pounds of stolen high explosives recovered on refuge. (Section E.6).

Fee fishing proposal defeated. (Section E.8). Governor declared drought disaster. Emergency grazing and haying programs implemented. (Sections F.7 and F.8). Experimental Leafy Spurge Control Program implemented. (Section F.10).

Record high snow goose populations observed on refuge. (Section G. 3). High duck nesting success observed. (Section G.3). Fish tagging and spawning conducted on refuge. (Section G.ll).

Moose illegally shot on refuge. (Section H.17). Major rehabilitation of refuge domestic water supply begun. (Section 1.2).

B. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Recorded temperature for 1988 ranged from a high of 109oF on July 27 to a low of -270F on February 11. The recorded high temperature was well above the refuge's last ten year extreme high temperature average of 100oF. The refuge endured four months when the recorded high temperature was over 100oF. The resulting low temperature was only slightly higher than the extreme low temperature average of -3 0oF for the same ten year period. Canada geese, snow geese, swans, and mallards continued to use Lake Darling until it froze over on November 15.

The total recorded precipitation for 1988 (12.48") was 21 percent below the refuge's annual average of 15.70" and 15 percent below the refuge's last ten year average of 14.60". This was the third consecutive year that the refuge has received below normal amounts of precipitation. Measurable precipita­ 2 tion, rain or snow, was recorded on 62 days during the year. Trace amounts occurred on 55 additional days. The greatest single day accumulation (0.84") was recorded on June 14 and again on September 19.

Table 1. 1988 Weather Conditions

Precipitation Temperature Month Amount Normal Snowfall Max. Min.

January .72" .37" 8.25" + 440F -2 60F February .04" .43" .50" + 630F -270F March .98" .61" 5.00" + 630F - 30F April .23" 1.22" 0.00" + 840F + 150F May 2. 34" 2.16" 0.00" + 101oF + 3 0oF June 1.60" 3.21" 0.00" + 104oF + 470F July 1.96" 2.15" 0. 00" + 109oF + 4 60F August .52" 1.92" 0.00" + 105oF + 3 40F September 2.05" 1.60" 0.00" + 880F + 3 50F October .15" .91" 0.00" + 840F + 50F November .82" .66" 4.25" + 620F - 40F December 1.07" .46" 10.00" + 480F -180F Annual Totals .28.00" .. - 2 7 0F

Table 2. Weather Conditions, Ten Year Average

Precipitation Temperature Year Total Snowfall Maximum Minimum

1978 17.86" 31.00" +103oF -3 80F 1979 10.17" 42.00" + 100oF -3 70F 1980 10.17" 26.50" + 980F -310F 1981 13.48" 21.00" + 101oF -2 60F 1982 18.48" 42.00" + 950F -3 60F 1983 13.79" 22.00" Not Recorded -3 70F 1984 17.58" 33.50" +102oF -280F 1985 18.87" 32.50" +102oF -3 20F 1986 14.00" 29.50" + 950F -250F 1987 11.64" 23.25" + 102oF -110F Ten Year Average... f 3

D. PLANNING

2. Management Plan

Annual plans submitted to the Regional Office included: Prescribed Burn Plan, Trapping Proposal, Water Management Plan and Annual Work Plan. The Upland Game Hunting Plan was rewritten to incorporate deer hunting and retitled Hunting Plan.

4. Compliance with Environmental and Cultural Resource Mandate

A cultural resource determination was received from the State Historic Preservation Office to cover our domestic water system rehabilitation. We commented on the Corps of Engineers' Final Environmental Impact Statement on the Souris Basin Flood Control Project.

5. Research and Investigations

Service Contaminant Biologist A1 Ludden continued for the second year to coordinate a baseline contaminant monitoring study of the Souris River and associated refuges. Refuge personnel were responsible for collecting sediment samples, bullheads, and flightless coots to be analyzed. Results were received from the refuge well water sample taken in 1987. The sample was tested for thirteen suspected herbicides. Dicamba was detected at 0.05 parts per billion. The remaining herbicides were not detected.

6. Other

The Corps of Engineers is proceeding with the Souris River Basin Project developed three years ago that will supposedly provide 100 year flood protection for the city of Minot.

The current plan was authorized by the 1986 Water Resources Development Act. This Act allows the United States to study reservoir projects in Canada for flood protection in the United States and to spend up to $41.1 million to purchase flood storage behind the Rafferty and Alameda Dams in Saskatchewan.

The Act further states that if an agreement can not be consummated between the United States and the governments in Canada, then the Corps of Engineers is directed to raise the dam at Lake Darling, on Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge, by approximately four feet and to implement upstream and downstream flood control measures as directed by the Energy and Water Development Appropriation Act of 1982. 4

If the dams in Canada are built as agreed to in the 1986 Act, then Burlington Dam will be deauthorized. If the dams in Canada are not built and Lake Darling is raised, then Burlington Dam will not be deauthorized.

The project proponents on both sides of the border were progressing as quickly as they could at year's end. Although there have been delays in each country's time schedule, this has not deterred their enthusiasm. Leaders from each country have continually reiterated their support for the project. But just as strong in their convictions are environmental groups on both sides of the border who are expressing their dissatisfaction with the project. By year's end the project was being challenged in Canadian court by. three parties. They are SCRAP (Stop Construction of Rafferty-Alameda Project), the Canadian Wildlife Federation and two brothers who farm in the vicinity of Alameda Dam site. None of these lawsuits have yet to be heard in court. The general consensus is that the license to build Rafferty Dam was obtained illegally and that the full impact of the project can not be evaluated properly until a basin-wide environmental impact statement is written by an unbiased group such as the International Joint Commission. Environmental organizations in the United States that have an interest in this project are the Wildlife Federation (State and National), the North Dakota Chapter of The Wildlife Society, The American Fisheries Society and The Wilderness Society. They have on numerous occasions reiterated that project impacts can not be completely understood until a basin-wide environmental impact statement is issued. The Wilderness Society has listed the Souris River refuges as Endangered National Wildlife Refuges if the dams are built and water quality and quantity are reduced.

The Souris Basin Development Authority received a federal license to proceed with construction on Rafferty Dam from the Minister of the Environment. They also filed their impact statements for Rafferty Dam and the Shand Power Plant. As far as the Souris Basin Development Authority is concerned they can and are proceeding to build Rafferty Dam. By year's end they had rerouted the Souris River at the dam site, installed a dike around the base of the dam, installed wick drains and started building a dam base. They continue to reiterate that they will build Rafferty Dam with or without United States participation.

Before the United States can contribute $41 million, their share of the project, to Canada, the following documents must be signed: The Souris River Basin Flood Control Project Environmental Impact Statement, The Corps of Engineers Local Cooperation Agreement, The Refuge Compatibility Statement, The 5

Operating Plan, and The International Agreement. In addition the Environmental Protection Agency has concluded that an impact statement must be written to include the International Agreement. It is anticipated that all of these documents will be signed by mid 1989. A Final Environmental Impact Statement was issued in July by the Corps of Engineers, but a Record of Decision had not been signed by the end of the year. Much discussion has occurred this year between the Fish and Wildlife Service and the Corps of Engineers concerning the Final Environmental Impact Statement, the Operation Plan, The International Agreement, the Refuge Low Flow Discussion that was appended to the Final Environmental Impact Statement and the Refuge Compatibility Statement. Discussion continued at year's end on the International Agreement and the Refuge Compatibility Statement. The Service feels that before the compatibility statement can be signed by the Regional Director that two major points need to be resolved. The Service wants assurance that unforeseen project impacts, identified at a later date, will be addressed and mitigated by the Corps of Engineers. The Service also believes that the Corps of Engineers should assume additional costs of operation, maintenance, and replacement of project structures erected on Upper Souris and J. Clark Salyer refuges. It is anticipated that most of the refuge impacts associated with the Souris River Flood Control Project will be mitigated. However, some of the largest impacts that have not been addressed, deal with a reduced water supply. Saskatchewan has a treaty right to retain 50 percent of the runoff generated in Saskatchewan. However, prior to this flood control project, they did not have enough storage to hold their share of the water. Upon completion of the Canadian dams they will be able to store this water. This will reduce runoff into the United States from an average of 85 percent of the total runoff to 40- 50 percent. This reduced flow will severely impact waterfowl and fisheries management on Upper Souris and J. Clark Salyer Refuges. The Corps of Engineers determined early in the planning process that the impacts of reduced inflow were not a result of the Souris River Flood Control Act as passed by Congress. Therefore, they would not need to address the problem. The Service determined that these impacts should be addressed. After much discussion the Corps of Engineers agreed to include a low flow discussion in their environmental impact statement. The Service wrote the document and it was appended with the Final Environmental Impact Statement. As a result of our concern, strategy meetings to address this problem were attended by officials from the City of Minot, State •-< 6

Water Commission, State Health Department, Fish and Wildlife Service and North Dakota Fish and Game Department. As a result of these discussions, United States Senator Quentin Burdick introduced legislation to study the problem. The bill was enacted in 1988 to allow the Corps of Engineers to spend $200,000 to study the alternatives for augmenting the Souris River water supply. No work was accomplished by year's end. Water quality and quantity concerns have been reviewed vigorously during the past two years. One of the biggest unknowns debated was whether the quality of water released from bottom discharge water control structures would meet state standards when it reached the United States border. To help dispel these fears, the City of Minot agreed to spend up to $500,000 to have a mid-level discharge built at Alamdea Dam. The question still exists because Rafferty Dam also has a bottom discharge system. The quality of the water when it reaches the border can only be speculated.

E. ADMINISTRATIOW

1. Personnel

FIGURE 1. REFUGE STAFF - 1988, (LEFT TO RIGHT) 1, 2, 4, 3 and 5 (SEATED) (2-89-JCM) FIGURE 2. REFUGE STAFF - 1988, (LEFT TO RIGHT) 10 AND 9 (7 AND 8 NOT SHOWN) (7-88-DCA)

PERSONNEL 1. Dean F. Knauer - Refuge Manager, GS-11, EOD 05/12/85, PFT. 2. George W. Maze - Assistant Refuge Manager, GS-9, EOD 3/01/87, PFT. 3. Duane C. Anderson - Biological Technician, GS-7, EOD 11/07/77, PFT. 4. David F. Gray - Maintenance Worker, WG-7, EOD 04/15/72, PFT. 5. Donna L. Dumas - Refuge Assistant, GS-5, EOD 7/12/82, Resigned 07/30/88, PFT. 6. Nancy L. Smette - Refuge Clerk(Typing), GS-4, EOD 07/18/88, PFT. 7. Robert D. Francis - Biological Aid, GS-4, 04/10/87-11/04/88, Temporary. 8. Sanford K. Rostad - Biological Aid, GS-4, 04/10/87-11/04/88, Temporary. 9. Peter N. Wax - Range Technician, GS-4, 05/22/88-09/08/88, Temporary. 10. Caroline J. Yineman - Biological Technician, GS-4, 05/22/88 -08/13/88, Temporary. 11. Stephanie R. Earhart - YCC Enrollee, 05/23/88-08/12/88.

Permanent and temporary staffing patterns remained the same as last year. The number of temporaries has declined from 1984 levels. 8

Refuge Clerk Nancy L. Smette entered on duty July 18, 1988. She transferred from J. Clark Salyer NWR, Upham, North Dakota, after spending 9 months there as a part-time Clerk Typist. Nancy replaced Donna Dumas who resigned due to her husband's military transfer to San Angelo, Texas, in July of 1988. The five year comparison of on board strength outlined in Table 3 does not reflect the loss in 1978 of one permanent maintenance position.

Table 3. Upper Souris NWR Staffing Pattern, 1984 - 1988

Permanent Total Full-Time Part-Time Temporary PTE

FY 1984 5 0 3 —

FY 1985 5 0 2 6 FY 1986 5 0 2 6 FY 1987 5 0 2 6

FY 1988 5 0 2 6

FIGURE 3. DONNA DUMAS RECEIVING SPECIAL ACHIEVEMENT AWARD (1-88-DCA) FIGURE 5. NANCY SMETTE RECEIVING SPECIAL ACHIEVEMENT AWARD (2-89-DCA) •f 10

Numerous awards were received by the refuge staff in 1988. Refuge Assistant Donna L. Dumas received a $300 Sustained Special Achievement Award in January. Assistant Refuge Manager George W. Maze received a $500 Sustained Special Achievement Award in November. Refuge Clerk Nancy L. Smette received a $400 Sustained Special Achievement Award for her work at J. Clark Salyer NWR during the absence of Refuge Assistant Wanda Opdahl. Our congratulations to Donna, George and Nancy for their outstanding work and dedication.

2. Youth Programs

The Upper Souris NWR 1988 Youth Conservation Corps (YCC) program was productive, but limited because this station was allotted only one YCC enrollee. The enrollee's main duties consisted of processing incoming and outgoing mail, collection of weather information, maintaining files, typing, and computer keyboard operation. The enrollee worked on outdoor projects (mowing, trimming, flower planting, etc.) around the headquarters area. We had planned on the enrollee spending half of her time on outdoor projects, but her office workload prevented this.

FIGURE 6. YCC ENROLLEE - 1988, PERSONNEL # 11 (7-88-DCA) 11

4. Volunteer Program

Volunteer service hours increased from 678 in 1987 to 1023 hours in 1988. Most of these hours were donated by the Happy Hooker's Fishing Club and The Town and Country Sportsman's Club of Minot which assisted with fish spawning and tagging operations and the construction of a tree reef in Lake Darling. These clubs, along with Boy Scouts from Minot Air Force Base collected 450 trees for this project. Approximately 300 of the trees were added to an existing reef 1 mile above Lake Darling Dam while the remainder were placed in 3 locations in the Souris River below Lake Darling.

FIGURE 7. VOLUNTEER BOY SCOUTS PAINTING PICNIC TABLES. (4-88-DFK)

Peter Wax of Minot volunteered approximately two days/week during the winter and early spring to accumulate 184 hours. Julie Maze, wife of Assistant Refuge Manager George Maze, volunteered 118 hours, most of which were administrative duties. Without the dedication of these two individuals many odd jobs and projects would not have been completed. They both received Certificates of Appreciation and a copy of the book Wild Lands For Wildlife for their efforts. Staff Sergeant Jake Churchill received a Certificate of Appreciation, a copy of the book Restoring America's Wildlife, and a Take Pride in Wetlands cap for his volunteer efforts, Jake was the President of the Minot Air Force Base Sportsman's Club and worked in the office of Special Investigations. 12

Sergeant Churchill donated many hours to the refuge during his tour of duty in North Dakota. He also assisted refuge officers with law enforcement matters involving Air Force personnel. Jake was transferred to Korea in April. Marshall Hill of Minot continued his volunteer research project by checking wood duck nesting structures and collecting data on nest success and production.

Table 4. Summary of 1988 Volunteer Hours

Category Hours

Fish and Wildlife Census (Trapping, Banding & Tagging) 354

General Maintenance 154 Habitat Surveys and Transects 101 Landscaping, Habitat Alteration and Maintenance 250 Miscellaneous 55 Office Assistance (Clerical Typing) 109

Total 1/023

FIGURE 8. JULIE MAZE RECEIVING VOLUNTEER AWARD. (12-88-DCA) FIGURE 9. PETER WAX RECEIVING VOLUNTEER AWARD (12-88-DCA)

Figure 10. VOLUNTEER JAKE CHURCHILL RECEIVING RECOGNITION FOR MANY HOURS OF SERVICE. (4-88-UNK) < 14

5. Funding

Funding at the beginning of the fiscal year was pretty slim (169K for 1261, 5K for 6860 and 97K for 1262). This was enough to meet overhead, operating expenses and salaries. We didn't have to worry about discretionary money. The 1261 budget was increased by 4.5k to help pay for two GS-4 biological aid summer students. Thanks RalphI The 1262 budget was increased by 10K which paid for an overage on our domestic water system rehabilitation. Unexpected freebies included 5K from the Corps of Engineers to participate in the Souris River Basin Project planning and IK for contaminant monitoring. These latter two amounts are not reflected in Table 5. Twenty thousand dollars of Resource Problems funding was spent on the following security items: Security fence around boneyard - 11.2K, Office Security System - 2.5K, and Overhead door openers for all buildings - 7.4K.

The rehabilitation of our domestic water system was funded for 89.5K.

Table 5. 1984-1988 Funding Levels

1261 Resource Large Small FY Base 6860 Problems ARMM ARMM Total

1984 164.OK 5K 43.OK 242.OK

1985 191.OK 6K 34. OK 237.OK 1986 179.OK 6K 15K 45K 27.5K 272.5K

1987 182.OK 5K 38K 19. OK 244.OK

1988 173.5K 5K 2OK 72K 37.OK 307.5K (1261) (1262) (1262)

6. Safety

Safety meetings were held monthly with all staff and seasonal volunteers participating and being responsible for various topics. Topics discussed included: winter survival, office safety, lifting techniques, pesticide application, stress, fire fighting safety, heavy equipment, building inspections, defensive driving and snow blower safety. 15

FIGURE 11. HANDS ON EXPERIENCE WITH FIRE EXTINGUISHER. (10-88-DFK)

In addition, first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training and recertification were completed at the Minot American Red Cross Office. No serious accidents or injuries occurred, although minor cuts and bruises were recorded. No lost time resulted from any minor injuries. All permanent refuge law enforcement staff and both of our seasonal temporaries had their hearing tested at a local clinic. Most everyone tested had some hearing loss, especially on the upper end of the scale.

A major safety hazard was uncovered when an investigation by law enforcement officials revealed that ten pounds of dynamite, complete with blasting cap, had been thrown into the Souris River at one of our public fishing areas near State Highway #5. The dynamite had been part of a supply that was stolen from a local seismograph crew. Several of the sticks had been used to destroy a couple of old buildings on vacant farms. The dynamite had been thrown into the river after the thief realized the potential danger that was involved. After being notified, the area was closed and officials from the Minot Dive and Rescue team along with explosive experts took great care in recovering the explosives. The blasting cap was not attached and could not be found by the dive team. The dynamite was 16 successfully detonated in a nearby field. The area will remain closed to fishing until spring. By that time officials feel the cap will have deteriorated and moved downstream.

FIGURE 12. DIVE RESCUE TEAM RECOVERING EXPLOSIVES. (11-88-GWM)

FIGURE 13. ADMIRING 5 LBS. OF DYNAMITE. (11-88-GWM) 17

The individuals involved are awaiting prosecution by local and state officials. Radon testing conducted in both Quarters 1 and 7 revealed higher than normal levels of radon gas. Quarters 1 had 4.8+ 0.2 pCi/L in the basement while Quarters 7 had 13.4+ 0.4 pCi/L in the basement and 9.0+ 0.4 pCi/L in the main floor bedroom.

7. Technical Assistance

Assistance and funding was again given to the Berthold Sportsman's Club for a nesting bale project they initiated in 1987. Partial funding was provided to the club through the Wetlands Habitat Office in Bismarck. The club baled and banded (utilizing the FWS bander) 40 flax bales which will be placed in wetlands near Berthold. The agreement also called for monitoring procedures to be done by the club. Assistance was also provided to Minot Air Force Base which seems to have continual problems with waterfowl on it's runways. In an effort to reduce the duck numbers on the base, service personnel from the refuge trapped and transplanted 66 ducks from ponds and drainage ditches on the base. The total population on the base was estimated at 3 00 birds. The Air Force had originally planned to poison the birds but decided to let the service trap and release as many birds as possible.

FIGURE 14. DRIVING DUCKLINGS INTO CAPTURE NET. (7-88-DFK) 18

FIGURE 15. CAPTURING DUCKLINGS IN CULVERT. (7-88-DFK)

8. Other

Early in the year the Washington Office chose Upper Souris NWR to be an Entrance Fee Station. To comply, it was determined that fees would be charged to anyone that used Landings 1,2 and 3 on the south end of Lake Darling. This meant that fishermen would be required to pay $2.00 per day per car load or purchase a duck stamp or one of the Golden Eagle Passports.

The proposed program became very unpopular when Carl Flagstad, Minot Daily News, wrote an article entitled "Pay Fishing Coming to Lake Darling Soon". The entire article was outlined in red (very rare) and appeared on the front page of the Sunday edition. As a result, the image of the Service at Upper Souris and possibly statewide was tarnished. Fishermen did not accept the concept of paying to fish so the Service could purchase additional wetlands somewhere else. People were fed up with having to pay an entrance fee wherever they went. People, including landowners, questioned whether pay hunting was the next logical step. The Elmer Jesme Conference of Counties, representing ten north central counties, passed a resolution condemning the proposal. The Happy Hooker's Fishing Club of Minot obtained 677 signatures on a petition opposing the program. The Regional Office 19

received an additional 224 signatures of people opposed to "fee fishing". The Regional Office effectively appealed the Washington Office decision based on the fact that the proposed fee program did not meet the required criteria. This appeal was aided by the fact that Assistant Secretary of Interior Tom Horn did not intend for the program to be instituted on small locally visible refuges in the Midwest. This information was revealed when a refuge volunteer called the Secretary of Interior's office and explained the situation. On April 30 Regional Director Galen Buterbaugh announced at the Garrison Dam National Fish Hatchery dedication that no fees would be collected at Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge. We discovered this year that we did not have legal access from Renville County Memorial Park that adjoins the refuge. During the late thirties before the park was platted and after the refuge was purchased, the refuge built a road that exited into the park. After platting was completed in the fifties, this road to the refuge was sold. The refuge road was not used in the recent past until it was repaired in 1986. Fortunately, an agreement was made with the County Supervisors for a new "legal" access to our property.

F. HABITAT MANAGEMENT

1. General

In an ever changing world where greater demands are constantly being placed on the resources, it becomes more evident that intensive habitat management must take place. If we are to attain wildlife population goals, it is imperative that management of habitat be maximized. Extensive management of refuge lands has been somewhat idle for several years. A three year old rest rotation grazing system, timely wetland and pool management, and a future dense nesting cover renovation program should contribute significantly to improving wildlife habitat on the refuge. None of these will be completely successful unless the drought conditions that have gripped the state are relieved by significant snowfall and rain in 1989. 20

Table 6. Refuge Habitat Types

Ward Renville Habitat Type County County Total

Wetlands; Lacustrine 0 9,900ac g^OOac Riverine 54ac 236ac 290ac Palustrine 2,07530 382ac 2,457ac Subtotal 2 ,129ac 10 , 518ac 12 ,647ac

Uplands; Grasslands 4,093ac 13,509ac 17,602ac Woodlands 200ac 550ac 750ac Croplands 425ac 308ac 733ac Administration Area 180ac 180ac 3 60ac Subtotal 4,898ac 14,547ac 19,445ac

Totals 7,02730 25,06530 32,092ac

2. Wetlands Overview of Water Conditions Winter - Spring

On January 1, the Lake Darling water level was 1594.42 msl with 78,850 acre feet in storage. The gates at Dam 96 were closed and remained so throughout the spring and summer. Early spring releases to lower the reservoir further were not necessary because the potential for runoff was very low. The Souris River began flowing at Sherwood February 27. A peak flow of 3.8 cfs occurred March 24 and 25. This was a new record surpassing the previous record low peak of 19 cfs that occurred during the Spring of 1931. The river stopped flowing on July 20. The total inflow into the U.S. for the year was 317 acre feet.

Lake Darling peaked at 1594.54 msl on March 25 and April 12 with 79,900 acre feet in storage.

No specific releases were targeted for Eaton Irrigation Project. Low volume releases were made from Lake Darling from March to mid May to reflood refuge marshes. Based on before and after lake elevations and excluding evaporation losses, an estimated 2250 acre feet was released to fill five pools. No water was released for downstream users. 21 Summer Several small releases of water from Lake Darling were used to top off marshes that had evaporation losses. A management decision was made to allow pool 87 to dry up after waterfowl nesting season to conserve water and to allow the pool bottom to dry sufficiently before COE construction occurs in the summer of 1989. Approximately 5050 acre feet of water was released from the refuge from August 9 to September 16 to supplement declining pool elevations at J. Clark Salyer NWR. Because the river was very low and in some places dry, the water took twice as long to reach Minot as normal (4 days as opposed to 2 days). Fall No water was released from the refuge after September 16 except for gate leakage from Dam 96 of less than 1 cfs. On December 31 Lake Darling was 1591.39 msl with 55,430 acre feet in storage. Normal elevation and volume at freeze up during the last 3 years has been approximately 1594.5 msl and 79,550 acre feet. A drought combined with low inflow and a hot, windy summer reduced the volume of the lake. Precipitation in 1988 was 12.48 inches; the average is 15.7 inches. Refuge Pool Operations Dam 41 The gate was left open over winter in anticipation of spring runoff and to prevent water backing up behind the dam high enough to wash out the township spillway road. When it became evident that spring flows would be almost non-existent, the gate was closed March 29. Almost all of the inflow from Canada should have been impounded behind Dam 41. The planned spring elevation of 1596.2 msl was not achieved. From a maximum elevation of 1595.14 msl the pool declined to 1591.25 msl at year's end because of evaporation and gate leakage into Lake Darling. Several concerned residents of Mouse River Park asked what could be done to raise the river elevation in the park. Stream flow is the only method to increase water storage behind Dam 41. The Souris River stopped flowing for the year on July 20. The water dropped below the staff gauge in August. There is no alternate place to put this gauge so it can be maintained and read. The year end elevation was determined by measuring from the top of the water control structure. However, I still have doubts whether this survey marker and the staff gauge are correct. They do not produce elevations that are comparable to those at Dam 83, when both pools are contiguous. 22

Dam 83 (Lake Darling) Lake Darling was 1594.42 msl with 78,850 acre feet in storage on January 1. Inflow was minimal this spring with local runoff contributing the most. Lake Darling peaked at 1594.54 msl on March 25 and April 12 with 79,900 acre feet in storage. The gates remained closed until March 25. One gate was opened 1 to 3 inches until May 13 to fill downstream refuge marshes.

One gate was again opened from June 6-19 to add water to downstream marshes. The gate was opened a final time from August 8 to September 15 to provide water for the marsh pools at J. Clark Salyer NWR. The lake elevation was 1591.39 msl with 55,430 acre feet in storage and the gates were closed at year's end.

Pool A A washout that occurred in the dike last spring was repaired in February. The water and shoreline had to freeze before heavy equipment could be moved to the site. Clay used to seal the hole was stockpiled near the site before freeze up. The pool elevation was raised to 1582.8 msl during the period March - May to allow water to gravity feed into Pools B and C. The pool remained at 1582 to 1582.5 msl during most of the summer. The pool froze up at 1581 msl.

Pool B During the winter the elevation was 1579.1 msl. Beginning in March the elevation was gradually raised to 1581 msl by mid-May as planned. This was deep enough to retard the regrowth of cattails that had been burned and mowed the previous fall. The pool was maintained at 1580.3 to 1580.9 msl for the remainder of the summer. Because water was in short supply, the pool elevation was allowed to decline through evaporation to 1579.6 msl during September and October. Waterfowl and swan use was exceptional.

Pool C The winter pool elevation was 1578.3 msl. It was gradually raised to 1580.5 msl by mid May as planned. The elevation 1580.0 - 1580.5 msl was maintained during the summer. After August the pool level was allowed to decline through evaporation to 1579.6 msl at freeze up.

Aquatic plant growth and waterfowl response remained good. The last time it was drained and burned was the fall of 1984. 23

Dam 87 During the winter the radial gate was open to prevent ice damage. This caused the pool to be drained over winter. The COE decided not to do any construction in this pool during the summer. Therefore the pool was refilled to approximately 1578.4 msl by late April. To conserve water the pool elevation was allowed to decline through evaporation and a leaking radial gate beginning in June. The radial gate was opened at the end of July after the pool had drained. The pool bottom was allowed to dry the remainder of the year.

Dam 96 Pool 96 remained at 1575.5 msl during the winter. The elevation gradually increased to 1576.0 msl during mid May before evaporation reduced the water level. Water levels were approximately 1575.0 to 1575.5 msl throughout the summer. The radial gate was opened from August 9 to September 16 to release 5650 acre feet of water to be used at J. Clark Salyer Refuge. The pool froze at 1575.1 msl. The radial gate leaks 1-2 cfs until vegetation plugs the leakage along the bottom of the gate. This structure is expected to be repaired by the COE in the summer of 1990. Pool 96A and 96B Pool 96A is 55 acres and Pool 96B is 160 acres; the volumes are unknown. These pools were formed by ring diking low areas next to the Souris River. Pool levels are basically unmanageable and are determined by local coulee run off and by water backed into them by raising Pool 96 one foot above the spillway. Runoff was negligible this year, so these pools were generally dry except for a little water early in the season in the borrow pit of Pool 96B. Pool 9 6A was intentionally kept dry, but could not be burned because of a statewide fire ban.

Upper Souris River Basin Flows

The total provisional inflow to Lake Darling for the calendar year, measured at the Sherwood gauge, was 317 acre feet. The river at Sherwood began flowing February 27 and a peak flow of 3.8 cfs occurred March 24 and 25. The river ceased flowing for the year on July 20. 24

Releases from Lake Darling and all pools on Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge totaled 5370 acre feet measured at the Foxholm gauge. A peak outflow of 92 cfs occurred August 10, the second day of a water release to J. Clark Salyer NWR. The Des Lacs River contributed 849 acre feet with a peak flow of 9.6 cfs occurring on April 4. The river did not flow from July 23 to October 17. The Souris River at Minot did not flow from June 29 until August 12 when the refuge water release reached Minot. The river stopped flowing again from October 5 to November 2.

3• Forests Dutch elm disease continued to plague the refuge riverine areas. A local contractor removed 42 more dead and/or dying elm trees from the Outlet Recreation Area. Another four diseased elm trees were removed from refuge land adjacent to the Mouse River Park. Soon the problem will be over, but until then, trees will have to be removed if they could fall on visitors.

4. Croplands

A 12 acre food plot was planted near the auto tour route on June 2. Half of the area was planted to a mixture of corn and sunflowers while the remaining acreage was planted to buckwheat. Lack of moisture prevented the corn and sunflowers from germinating for at least two weeks and their development was slow. The hot dry weather destroyed the corn and the sunflowers produced only small seed heads. The buckwheat was planted in response to the drought. It germinated shortly after planting and produced a good seed crop.

The refuge staff conducted the primary tillage operations while adjacent landowners field cultivated and planted the food plot at no cost. Seed was donated to the refuge by the Cenex Corporation and the Interstate Seed Company. No chemicals were used in producing these crops, i The food plot was intended to attract several species of wildlife, making them more visible to the visiting public, while providing an adequate supply of high energy food. Songbirds, pheasants and deer were observed using the area throughout the growing season, fall and winter. Sharp-tailed grouse and Hungarian partridge were also observed using the area in late winter. After most of the crops had lodged under wet snow and ice deer would trample an area down exposing the cultivated high energy food and weed seeds. Birds were than able to glean any seeds thus exposed but not consumed by the deer. < 25

5. Grasslands

Refuge grasslands are managed under a variety of strategies as outlined in the Grassland Management Plan that was implemented in 1986. The objectives of this plan are to: 1) Provide tall residual vegetation for cover. 2) Suppress the growth and expansion of tame (exotic) grass species.

3) Increase native grass and forb vigor and diversity (manage native plant communities toward climax). 4) Promote native grass and forb seedling development. 5) Meet habitat requirements for species of special emphasis. Grazing and haying are the management techniques that were employed during 1988. These activities are discussed in the applicable sections of this narrative. (Sections F. 7 & 8). A new and extensive grassland monitoring program was implemented on the refuge in 1987. Monitoring under this program continued in 1988, however, species composition and photo point information was not collected this year. A total of 16 vegetative transects have been established to date. Visual obstruction readings (VOR) were recorded along each of the transect lines in late April/early May, and late May/early June. The even numbered vegetative transects were surveyed again in late July. A total of 160 readings were recorded along each transect line each time it was surveyed.

The average VOR for all transects during the late April/early May period was 0.81 decimeters (dm) with approximately 9% of the readings being 1.5 dm or greater. The average VOR for all transects during the late May/early June period was 1.12 dm with approximately 22% of the readings being 1.5 dm or greater. (See Table 7). The refuge's goal is to increase the late May/early June average VOR to a minimum of 1.5 dm on 50% or more of the refuge grasslands.

The average VOR for all even numbered transects during the late July period was only 0.70 dm with approximately 5% of the readings being 1.5 dm or greater. These readings demonstrated the adverse effects refuge grasslands suffered because of the drought. Table 7. 1988 Late May/Early June VOR Readings

Date Last Survey Avg % VOR VT # GMU # Current Management Treatment Date VOR > 1.5 dm

1 1 Rest Rotation Grazing 05/31/86 05/25/88 0.82dm 5.0% 2 2 Switchback Grazing 06/30/851 05/25/88 0.98dm 10.0% 3 15 Fall Wetland Grazing 10/19/86 05/25/88 1.31dm 35.0% 4 4 Spring Crowd Grazing 10/31/852 05/26/88 2.20dm 55.0% 5 3 Prescribed Burning 04/24/86 05/26/88 1.02dm 12 .5% 6 5 Rest Rotation Grazing 05/25/88 05/26/88 0.80dm 0.0% 7 N/A Unmanaged Unknown 3 05/27/88 1.07dm 17.5% 8 6 Rest Rotation Grazing 07/09/87 06/02/88 0.67dm 5.0% 9 7 Various Techniques 04/07/87^ 05/27/88 1.47dm 32.5% 10 8 & 9 Rest Rotation Grazing 07/07/87 05/27/88 1.03dm 15. 0% 11 10 Rest Rotation Grazing 09/11/87 06/04/88 0.39dm 0.0% 12 11 & 12 Rest Rotation Grazing 09/05/87 06/04/88 0.78dm 12.5% 13 14 Rest Rotation Grazing 07/29/87 06/04/88 1.20dm 25.0% 14 16 Rest Rotation Grazing 05/21/86 06/04/88 0.43dm 5.0% 15 N/A Haying Unknown 06/04/88 2.61dm 97.5% 16 17 Spring Crowd Grazing 06/30/81 06/04/88 1.16dm 17.5%

-LvJ XAXj •_ j..1 xzi o_ am- 'Z•3 1± rn DC £O'S^

1. 60 day grazing, ending on stated date, as specified in the 1981 Grazing Plan.

2. 120 day grazing (May - June and September - October) , ending on stated date,i as specified in the 1981 Grazing Plan.

3. Unknown treatment, last managed prior to 1980.

4. Burned by wildfire on stated date. CTir\i 27

7. Grazing

Grazing was employed as a management tool on 13 grassland management units (GMU's) in 1988. A total of 5,365 acres were grazed providing forage for 621.25 animal units (AU's). For this refuge's purposes, 1 yearling cow equals 0.75 AU, 1 adult cow equals 1.0 AU, 1 cow plus suckling calf equals 1.2 5 AU, 1 bull equals 1.25 AU, and 5 adult goats equal 1.0 AU. One animal unit grazing on the refuge for 30.4 days is considered to be one animal unit month (AUM).

A deferred rest rotation grazing system was employed on eight areas. Under this system a GMU or combination of GMU's is divided into several pastures. Half of these pastures are grazed each year. Livestock are moved through the pastures in an attempt to better utilize forage and lessen adverse animal impacts. The refuge's rest rotation grazing system was designed to provide residual vegetative cover and to maintain or improve plant vigor while favoring native grasses over exotics. Under this system each GMU was grazed from May 1 through September 15 this year. Stocking rates under this system were designed to remove 50% of the available vegetation. Three areas were grazed under this refuge's Emergency Grazing Program. This station had prepared an inventory of all refuge lands available for grazing during a drought emergency. Upon Governor Sinner's declaration of a drought disaster in Renville and Ward counties, the refuge opened these areas for grazing.

On June 21, 1988, a news release announcing the availability of refuge emergency grazing permits was written and sent to the .local media. On the same day an emergency grazing information packet was mailed to all individuals that had expressed interest in grazing on refuge lands. The information packet contained a cover letter (discussing the emergency grazing program), a copy of the special use conditions, and a series of maps showing the location of each grazing unit.

A total of 13 people made application for at least one of the three grazing units. No previous landowners expressed interest in grazing on the refuge. On June 30, 1988 at 3:00 pm, a public drawing was held to select a permittee for each emergency grazing unit.

The emergency grazing areas were not divided into smaller pastures so no moving of cattle was required. Grazing under this program occurred from July 1 through September 15. Stocking rates under this system were also designed to remove 50% of the available vegetation. 28

One area was grazed using a switchback grazing system. This area was used as the test site for the refuge's experimental leafy spurge control program using goats. See the pest control section (F.10) of this narrative. The impacts grazing had on refuge habitats are outlined in the grasslands section (F.5) of this narrative.

Table 8. 1988 Grazing Program

# of Days GMU Acres # of # Of # Of Range of Cattle In #. Grazed Pastures AU'S AUM'S AUs/Acres Pasture

01 725 6 90.00 405.00 0.60-1.29 08 - 28

02 250 2 41.50 146.08 0.32-0.35 49 - 58 05 320 5 45.00 202.50 0.50-1.50 13 - 39 05* 375 1 31.25 78.13 0.08 77 06 540 5 60.00 270.00 0.39-0.75 17 - 49 07* 495 1 41.25 103.13 0.08 77 08&09 300 7 48. 00 216.00 0.69-3.20 06 - 31

10 690 5 64.00 288.00 0.33-0.71 18 - 43

11&12 465 11 74.00 333.00 1.23-2.96 04 - 17

14 255 5 28.00 126.00 0.35-0.70 19 - 37 16 635 5 72.00 324.00 0.41-0.65 20 - 46

17* 315 1 26.25 i 65.63 0.08 77

TOTAL 5365 54 621.25 2257.47 0.08-2.96 04 - 77

* Emergency Grazing Unit 29

8. Having

A total of 12 Special Use Permits were issued for haying on refuge lands in 1988. Four permits were issued to allow livestock owners to remove hay from refuge trails, public roads that cross refuge lands, and public use areas. A fifth area was offered for haying under this program but was not hayed by anyone this year. The other eight permits were issued under this station's Emergency Hay Program. A total of 405 acres were hayed with 1,134 large round bales, totaling 465.75 tons, being removed.

There was no charge for the hay removed from trails, roads, and public use areas. This haying saved the refuge considerable time, money, and effort by completing a task that would normally be accomplished by refuge personnel. However, most livestock owners are reluctant to hay refuge trails and road shoulders because of the relatively small areas and the problems and hazards associated with roadside mowing.

Under the refuge's Emergency Hay Program, this station prepared an inventory of all refuge lands available for haying during a drought emergency. Upon the Governor's declaration of a drought disaster in Renville and Ward counties, the refuge opened these lands to haying. On July 8, 1988, a news release announcing the availability of refuge emergency haying permits was written and sent to the local media. On the same day an Emergency Haying Information packet was mailed to all individuals that had expressed interest in haying on refuge lands. The information packet contained a cover letter (discussing the emergency hay program), a copy of the special use conditions, and a series of maps showing the location of each haying unit. All haying units were outlined with colored flagging so that interested parties could inspect the areas before entering the public drawing. No previous landowners expressed interest in haying on the refuge. On July 19, 1988 at 3:00 pm, a public drawing was held to select a permittee for each emergency hay unit. A total of 32 people made application for at least one of the eight haying units.

Permittee's were charged $17.30 per ton for the hay removed. A deduction of up to $8.65 per ton could be earned by the permittee for completing needed maintenance work (fence repair, removing rock piles or vegetation from wetlands, removing nuisance trees, etc.) in the emergency haying unit. Six of the eight permittees performed maintenance projects to reduce their fee. 30

Table #9. 1988 Hay Program

Acres Of Number Average Weight Total Recipient Land Of Bales Of Bales Weight

Renville County

Burton Clark 10 6 1,OOOlbs. 6,OOOlbs.

Wayne Hellebust 10 N/A N/A Never Cut

Roger Yale 15 11 1,OOOlbs. 11,OOOlbs. Richard Johnson* 20 62 9461bs. 58,6521bs.

Harold Yale Jr* 45 71 9201bs. 65,3201bs.

Burton Clark* 30 117 1,1301bs. 132,2101bs. Jarold Nelson* 20 52 8351bs. 43,4201bs.

Calvin Nelson* 140 428 8171bs. 349,6761bs. Knute Ostlund* 25 132 5261bs. 69,4321bs. Sub-Total -315- 879 8371bs.— —735,7101bs.

Ward County

Richard Pritschet 20 8 1,OOOlbs. 8,OOOlbs.

Orvin Helseth* 45 195 7151bs. 139,4251bs.

Don Degree* 25 52 9301bs. 48,3601bs. Sub-Total -90- 255 768lbs.— —195,7851bs.

Refuge Total -405- 1,134 82libs.— —931,495^8. (465.75Tons)

*Einergency Hay Unit. r 31

9. Fire Management

Prescribed burning was first conducted in 1973 at Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge. Since that time fire has increasingly been used as a habitat management tool on the refuge. Carefully planned and executed burns remove accumulated litter, fertilizes the soil, promotes vigorous plant growth and stimulates seed production. No management tool is as efficient and thorough as prescribed burning.

The refuge planned to conduct prescribed burning operations on four areas in 1988. However, because of the continuing drought no burns were conducted this year. Refuge personnel felt that more harm than good may result by burning refuge grasslands under these conditions. Refuge presuppression activities included the mowing and maintaining of 60 miles of refuge trails as firebreaks. In addition, refuge fire fighters completed the yearly physical fitness test (step test) and received refresher training. Both summer intern students successfully completed a 16-hour Basic Fire Fighting Training Workshop which covered fire fighting courses S-130 and S-190. This brought the refuge's fire fighting team to a total of seven members; four permanent and three temporary. Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge also, entered into Cooperative Agreements with the Carpio, Lansford, Mohall and Tolley Fire Departments. Under these agreements, each fire department will, upon request, assist the refuge with fire suppression activities. In return, the refuge will, upon request, assist each fire department with fires on private land adjacent to the refuge.

Amazingly, no wildfires were reported on the refuge during 1988.

10. Pest Control

Leafy Spurge is the primary weed of concern on the refuge. The main infestation is located in Ward County. More than 300 acres of refuge land is currently infested by this noxious weed. Spraying is the main control technique employed at this time. A mixture of Banvel and 2,4-D was used to treat 190 acres in 1988. Attempts at controlling leafy spurge with herd effect (trampling) was tried on small patches located within grazing areas. Salt blocks were placed in these areas to attract and concentrate the animals on the spurge. Results are unknown at this time. 32

An experimental leafy spurge control program using grazing animals was initiated in 1988. The purpose of the program was to attempt to control spurge with the use of Angora and/or Spanish goats. The objectives of this year's program were: 1) to find a person willing to buy and maintain goats for the experimental program; 2) to determine what type and amount of fencing is required to contain goats in the experimental area; and 3) to determine what effects predators would have on the goats.

The experimental area contained approximately 250 acres of native prairie. An estimated 40-50 acres were infested with leafy spurge. The terrain is hilly. Several deep, wooded, spurge infested coulees are located in the area. Spraying is next to impossible in these coulees.

After hearing of our ideas for controlling leafy spurge, Arvid Carlson expressed an interest in participating in the experimental program. As an incentive for purchasing the goats, Carlson was given free grazing for 30 cow/calf pairs and one bull. The cattle were placed in the same pasture as the goats. Three different fencing arrangements were used to enclose the experimental area. Four strands of barbed wire only were used along the west boundary. Three strands of electric wire only were used along the north and south boundaries. Four strands of barbed wire reenforced with three strands of electric wire were used along the east boundary. Varying numbers of goats escaped their enclosure on three different occasions. The first escape occurred when a gate was inadvertently left open or the closure device failed. The second escape occurred when the electric fence failed because of a poor ground. The third escape occurred when the goats walked through the barbed wire only fence. In no case did the goats escape through the barbed wire/ electric wire combination. All animals that had escaped their enclosure were eventually recovered by our permittee. Any animal that escaped the enclosure was replaced by another goat so that our stocking rate (20 goats) remained constant. None of the goats were injured or destroyed by predators.

The results of the 1988 program were very encouraging. The stocking rate used was too low but control of the noxious weed appeared to be good. Only three plants were observed with seeds. Plant consumption was highest in those areas where the goats spent more time, such as, areas close to water. In far corners of the pasture only the yellow bracts of the plant were consumed. Removing the bracts prevents spurge from going to seed. Local County Weed Board members were favorably impressed with the project when they toured the experimental area. The refuge plans to continue the program in 1989. FIGURE 17. THIS FENCE LINE TELLS THE STORY (8-88-PNW) 34

FIGURE 18. GRAZED SPURGE STEMS. THESE DID NOT PRODUCE SEED. (8-88-PNW)

One interesting observation occurred after the goats were removed from the experimental area. Several young spurge plants were observed growing from root stock or seed in the fall. Several hundred geese were observed grazing on the tender young vegetation found in the area after the livestock had been removed. Upon further investigation it was discovered that all of the tender young spurge plants had been consumed by the geese. Leafy spurge could not be found in the areas where geese had been observed feeding.

Small patches of willow and cattails, totaling two acres, were sprayed in public use areas. The infested shorelines were choked with vegetation and prevented access to the water by visiting fishermen.

Refuge personnel also experimented with controlling weeds in parking areas and along sidewalks using fire. The Red Dragon; a hand held, high BTU output torch; was used to sterilize the soil around parking barricades and sidewalks. The intense heat caused some scorching of paint but surprisingly good results were obtained with a single treatment. FIGURE 19. EXPERIMENTAL WEED CONTROL USING FIRE. (5-88-DCA)

11. Water Rights

The annual spring coordination meeting with the Eaton Irregation District was held March 31 at Towner, North Dakota. At that time their gates were down, but they were badly deteriorated and leaking. It was estimated on the day of the meeting that approximately 75-80 cfs was leaking, with approximately 5 feet of head. Verendrye, Karlsruhe, and Bantry recorded flows of 54, 25 and 80 cfs on that day.

From March 1 to April 30, 7120 acre feet of water was recorded as passing the Bantry gauge. The combined flows from Karlsruhe (1155 acre feet) and Verendrye (3900 acre feet) were 5055 acre feet. The difference of 2065 acre feet is not readily explained because no water was diverted onto the Eaton meadows this year.

Construction to repair their mainstem dam was started in December and should be completed by spring runoff. The new dam will have radial gates instead of corrugated metal pipes and screw gates.

During June we received several inquires from senior and junior water right holders about when we were going to give them water. By that time we had released what had entered the refuge. This satisfied the state's water right laws. These releases occurred because the gates at Dam 96 leaked 1-2 cfs. A meeting was held in Minot on July 6 with water right users and State Water Commission officials. Water right laws and anticipated water releases from the refuge was discussed. 36

G. WILDLIFE

2. Endangered and/or Threatened Species

Bald eagles are the only endangered species that use the refuge. Most of their activities occur during the spring and fall migrations. As many as 10-15 birds can be seen on the refuge during any given time during these movements. No whooping cranes, peregrine falcons, or piping plovers were sighted or reported in the immediate area of the refuge.

3. Waterfowl

Even though approximately 50 mallards over wintered on the Souris River near Silver Bridge, Canada geese were the first new arrivals in the spring. They were first recorded on the refuge on February 27.

Snow geese appeared on March 16 with 125 being sighted on B Pool. By the end of March many other species of waterfowl had arrived as most of the ice was off the lake and ponds. A rare sighting of a pair of white-fronted geese occurred in May. It was hoped they might try to nest on the refuge but were not seen after May 20.

The first brood of Canada geese was observed on May 8. Most of the geese had hatched by June 1. Production for the refuge was estimated to the 200 goslings.

Refuge personnel and volunteers conducted three nest dragging operations on 410 acres of refuge land. Nest searches occurred at approximately three week intervals. Eighty-two nests were discovered of which 77 could be used for nesting success calculations. An additional 12 nests were discovered incidental to other refuge activities. Nine were used in calculating duck nesting success. Of the 86 nests used, 65 hatched, 20 were abandoned or destroyed, and one's fate was unknown. The apparent nest success for all habitat was 76.47% with Mayfield success being 62.35%. Individual habitat summaries are outlined in table 10.

Two brood surveys were conducted on the refuge this year. Each survey covered all six habitat units that are outlined in the Refuge's Wildlife Inventory Plan. The first survey began on July 7, while the second survey was completed on August 18. A total of 580 duck broods were observed. The resulting information was used to estimate the refuge's duck production. (See table 11). Duck production increased by approximately 2,200 birds over 1987. 37

Table 10. 1988 Duck Nesting Success

1. All Nests Total Nests 86 Number of successful clutches (Ns) 65 Number of unsuccessful clutches (Nu) 20 Total exposure days (E) 1447.9 Mean age of clutches at hatching (h) 34 Apparent Nest Success (PI)=Ns/(Ns+Nu) = 65/(65+20) + 76.47% Mayfield Exposure Method (P2) = (1-Nu/E)h = (1-20/1447.9)34 = 62.35% 2. Seeded Nesting Cover Total Nests 59 Number of successful clutches (Ns) 46 Number of unsuccessful clutches (Nu) 13 Total exposure days (E) 997.2 Mean age of clutches at hatching (h) 34 Apparent Nest Success (PI) = Ns/(Ns+Nu) = 46/(46+13) = 77.97% Mayfield Exposure Method (P2) = (1-Nu/E)h = (1-13/997. 2)34 = 64.09%

3. Native Prairie Total Nests 18 Number of successful clutches (Ns) 13 Number of unsuccessful clutches (Nu) 5 Total exposure days (E) 305.6 Mean age of clutches at hatching (h) 34 Apparent Nest Success (PI) = Ns/(Ns+Nu) = 13/(13+5) = 72.22% Mayfield Exposure Method (P2) = (1-Nu/E)h = (1-5/305.6)34 = 56.99%

4. Incidentals Total Nests 9 Number of successful clutches (Ns) 6 Number of unsuccessful clutches (Nu) 2 Total exposure days (E) 145.1 Mean age of clutches at hatching (h) 34 Apparent Nest Success (PI) = Ns/Ns+Nu) = 6/(6+2) = 75.00% Mayfield Exposure Method (P2) = (1-Nu/E)h = (1-2/145. 1)34 = 62. 35% 38

Table 11. 1988 Estimated Duck Production

Total Total Stan­ Observed Number dard Total Species Broods O.C.F.1 Broods F.A.V.2 Production

Mallard 167 X 2.20 _ 367 X 6 _ 2,202 Gadwall 80 X 1.41 = 113 X 6 = 678 Wigeon 52 X 2.06 = 107 X 6 = 642 GW Teal 7 X 2.32 = 16 X 7 = 112 BW Teal 107 X 2.26 = 242 X 7 = 1,694 Shpveler 8 X 2.84 = 23 X 6 = 138 Pintail 12 X 3 .48 = 42 X 6 = 252 Redhead 5 X 1.30 = 7 X 6 = 42 Canvasback 8 X 1.00 = 8 X 5 = 40 Scaup 7 X 1.00 = 7 X 6 = 42 Ruddy Duck 7 X 1.48 = 10 X 4 = 40 Wood Duck 19 X 2. 15 = 41 X 6 = 246 Bufflehead 2 X 2. 15 = 4 X 6 = 24 Hooded Merganser 3 X 2.15 = 6 X 6 = 36 Unknown 96 X 2. 15 = 206 X 6 = 1,236

Total 580 — -1199 7,424

1. O.C.F. = Observability Correction Factor. 2. F.A.V. = Flight Age Values.

With drought conditions widespread throughout the state most waterfowl in the area had concentrated on the refuge by mid September. A peak population of 60,000 ducks was estimated to be using the refuge at that time. Good numbers of mallards, gadwalls, teal and wood ducks were observed. Pintails and canvasbacks were noticeably lacking. Goose numbers continued to build during October while duck use declined. A record number of snow geese (250,000) were observed on the refuge in late October. This high population is more than double our normal fall migration population. Canada geese numbered about 4,000 birds while swans peaked at 1500 birds. FIGURE 20. LOW WATER LEVELS MADE IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR SNOW GEESE. (11-88-DCA)

FIGURE 21. DIVERSITY OF WATERFOWL USING MUD FLATS (11-88-DCA) 40

4. Marsh and Water Birds

Several species of birds use the refuge and nest here. Included are the great blue heron, cormorant, Virginia rail and sora rail, American bittern, black-crowned night heron and, western, eared, horned and pied-billed grebes.

5. Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns and Allied Species

Several species of gulls, including Franklin's, Bonaparte's, ring-billed, California and herring, used the refuge. No nesting of any of these species occurred. Many other species of shorebirds use the refuge including the semipalmated plover, killdeer, American avocet, yellowlegs species, marbled godwit, white-rumped, Baird's stilt and pectoral sandpipers.

6. Raptors

Several species of hawks and owls used the refuge during the year. Along with bald eagles, golden eagles are a common visitor to the refuge during spring and fall migrations.

7. Other Migratory Birds

The annual Christmas bird count was held on December 30. Nine active birders, including refuge staff, braved sub-zero temperatures to record 2758 birds of 27 species. The following list indicates the species and number found.

Merlin 1 Black-billed Magpie 45 Gray Partridge 215 Black-billed Chickadee 68 Ring-necked Pheasant 3 3 White-breasted Nuthatch 6 Sharp-tailed Grouse 151 American Robin 12 Rock Dove 112 Bohemian Waxwing 14 3 Eastern Screech-Owl 2 Northern Shrike 1 Great Horned Owl 4 European Star1 ing 22 Snowy Owl 1 American Tree Sparrow 24 Short-eared Owl 1 Dark-eyed (Slate-col)Junco...1 Hairy Woodpecker 4 Rusty Blackbird 21 Downy Woodpecker 9 Common Grackle 2 N.(Yellow-shafted)Flicker...2 i Common Redpoll 1 Horned Lark 12 House Sparrow 1860 Blue Jay 5

8. Game Mammals

An extremely mild winter and lack of snow cover did not permit an annual big game survey of the refuge to be conducted. It is felt the herd is being maintained at approximately 3 00 head using the refuge during the winter. Large deer yards and depredation did not materialize because of the weather. Use of oat food bales was light. 41

FIGURE 22. TYPICAL USE OF OAT FOOD BALES. (1-88-GWM)

Five moose were observed on the refuge during the year. One was near highway 5 while four were seen between Lake Darling dam and Bakers Bridge. Two of these, a cow and her calf, were sighted by refuge personnel several times in an area immediately below the headquarters. Unfortunately, the cow was shot during deer season by a "hunter" who mistook her for a deer in heavy timber. Reports from local residents indicate that the calf was apparently wounded by a poacher and either was taken by the subject or died of the wound and was not found.

10. Other Resident Wildlife

The winter months of 87/88 proved to be extremely beneficial for resident wildlife. A lack of snow cover and mild temperatures were key factors in bird survival.

However, drought conditions in 1987 and 1988 created poor nesting cover in many areas and reproduction was poor for upland birds. Sharp-tailed grouse lek surveys saw a decline of 18% from 1987-88. A notable decrease in gray partridge was observed in the area. Partridge and ring-necked pheasant surveys are not conducted on the refuge.

As we move into 1989, it is anticipated there will be some winter mortality of birds based on the heavy snow cover and below normal temperatures the refuge had experienced by year's end. 42

11. Fisheries Resources

In an effort to gather additional data on the walleye and northern pike populations in Lake Darling, Frank Pfeifer, fisheries biologist from Valley City NFH initiated a tagging study. The goal was to tag 1000 pike and 1000 walleye. The northern pike goal was met but because of inclement weather and poor movement of walleye during the spawn only 195 walleye were tagged. The fish were tagged with a small plastic tag and wire attached near the dorsal fin.

FIGURE 23. PUTTING TAG ON NORTHERN PIKE. (4-88-DCA)

In addition to tagging, a spawning operation was also done in the lake. Plans were to take both pike and walleye eggs but because of weather conditions only 72 quarts of pike eggs were obtained. No walleye eggs were taken.

It has been several years since eggs were removed from Lake Darling but due to low water levels, poor hatching success and availability of adult fish in other State lakes it was decided to take eggs in Lake Darling again. Results from the Garrison Dam Hatchery indicate hatching success was guite high from Lake Darling eggs. Results indicate that the pike eggs had a 94% eye up, which is above normal.

Volunteers from the Happy Hookers Fishing Club, Minot State University and several area schools assisted the Service during both these operations. FIGURE 25. VOLUNTEER WEIGHING AND MEASURING FISH (4-88-DCA) 44

FIGURE 26. THE END RESULTS. LAKE DARLING WHOPPER WALLEYES, (12 POUNDS 8 OUNCES AND 13 POUNDS 5 OUNCES). (4-88-DPK) Low water levels and very little spring runoff are suspected to have lead to poor natural reproduction of both pike and walleye in the lake. If the drought continues and conditions such as low water, heavy snow cover and cold temperatures persist throughout the 1988-89 winter a winter-kill will be inevitable.

Fifty thousand smallmouth bass and 48,000 walleye fingerlings were stocked into Lake Darling during June. The bass were delivered by the Valley City National Fish Hatchery, while the walleye came from the Garrison National Fish Hatchery. Valley City National Fish Hatchery delivered 17,000 three to six inch perch to the refuge. The perch were collected at Spiritwood Lake and should greatly supplement Lake Darling's natural production. f 45

FIGURE 27. ADULT PERCH STOCKING FOR LAKE DARLING. (5-88-DCA) A small fish kill involving 15-20 fish was reported north of Logan on the Souris River by a local farmer. It is unknown whether the cause was low water, depleted oxygen, or the result of Minot's sewage effluent discharge. An attempt by Frank Pfeifer to trap suckers, pike and walleye under the ice failed. Only one sucker was caught. The fish were to be sent to the State Health Lab for mercury analysis. Several fish were collected during the spring and sent in for analysis. In addition, eight northern pike were donated from a fishing derby conducted by the Fifth Fighter Interceptor Squadron from Minot Air Force Base. Results from the lab analysis indicate that mercury levels in all species tested were well below the limits set by the Food and Drug Administration.

12. Wildlife Propagation and Stocking

The Town and Country Sportsman's Club of Minot stocked 140 pheasants on or adjacent to the refuge. Even though pheasants are not hunted on the refuge many birds are harvested along the refuge boundary. A combination of refuge habitat and surrounding agricultural land provides some good hunting. Several sightings of wild turkeys are reported each year. Most of these birds have probably been raised by local landowners and eventually find their way onto the refuge. 46

15. Animal Control The 1988 predator management program was intended to reduce predator populations and stimulate increased waterfowl production. Predator management was executed using two different avenues, permittee trapping and force account trapping and/or incidental shooting. The refuge was divided into four trapping units. Four trapping permits were issued under a bid system with each trapping unit going to the highest bidder. A $7.00 rebate was given for each skunk trapped and for each mink and raccoon taken in March and April. A $20.00 rebate was given for each fox trapped in March and April. Up to 80 percent of the permittee's bid could be recovered under the rebate system by those trappers taking 10 or less adult fox in March and April. For those trappers taking 11 or more adult fox during the rebate period an additional ten percent of their bid could be recovered. Refuge trapping application packets were sent to 24 people expressing interest in trapping refuge land. Seven people actually submitted bids for the four trapping units. The refuge trapping season for all species opened in conjunction with the State seasons and continued through April 30, 1988, except for badger and weasel which closed with the State season. Permission was obtained from the North Dakota Game and Fish Department (Permit #3585) to take fox, mink, and raccoon after the close of the State season for these species. A total of 500 predators (3 badger, 110 fox, 67 mink, 134 raccoon, 184 skunk, and 2 weasel) were reportedly trapped on the refuge by the permittees. Force account trapping duties were assigned to Range Technician, Peter Wax. Trapping began on June 7 and continued through July 15. Nine live traps were set using fish, fish oil, chicken, or rabbit for bait. Only two raccoon and one skunk were caught during the 351 trap nights. Five ducks were accidentally caught and found dead in these traps, iRefuge personnel took two mink, four raccoon, and one skunk by incidental shooting while conducting other refuge duties. A total of ten predators (2 mink, 6 raccoon, and 2 skunk) were taken on the refuge by refuge personnel. Under the 1988 Predator Management Program a total of 510 predators (3 badger, 110 fox, 69 mink, 140 raccoon, 186 skunk, and 2 weasel) were removed from the refuge. 47

16. Marking and Banding

Canada geese are the only species banded on the refuge. Night banding with the use of airboats and spotlights still proves to be the most efficient method of trapping geese in some of the heavily vegetated pools on the refuge. A total of 110 birds were trapped and banded in 1988.

17. Disease Prevention and Control

A small outbreak of avian botulism was discovered on August 16. Six ducks, one coot, and one grebe were collected and sent to the National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, Wisconsin. The lab confirmed that the ducks were infected with botulism. The area was checked frequently throughout the month but no other sick or dead birds were observed. Considering the low water levels and high temperatures throughout a good share of the summer we feel fortunate to have lost these few birds.

H. PUBLIC USE

1. General

Upper Souris NWR continues to be a focal point for outdoor related activities in this area. Many visitors from surrounding towns and Minot Air Force Base make the refuge a very popular recreational area. Even though activities are limited to wildlife oriented outings, visits to Upper Souris NWR numbered 66,100 in 1988. Low water levels, drought conditions and poor fishing accounted -for the reduction from 84,820 visits in 1987. The close proximity to higher population areas puts greater demands on the refuge to allow public access. Activities that have been determined to be compatible are allowed.

Several television and radio interviews were given to local stations concerning wildlife, public use and refuge programs. News releases were sent to area newspapers concerning regulations, changes and information relevant to refuge programs. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation visited the refuge to obtain footage and interview the refuge manager about the Souris River Flood Control Project. Upper Souris continued to coordinate speakers for the bimonthly Newcomers Briefings held at Minot Air Force Base. This program has proven quite beneficial in helping reduce violations by military personnel. However, our part of the program was terminated in an effort to save time. This lack of information dissemination may result in increased illegal activities. 48

2. Outdoor Classrooms-Students

The refuge served as hosts for outdoor activities and tours for students from area schools, Minot State University, Boy Scouts, Cub Scouts, and Minot Air Force Base. Most groups wanted the staff to serve as tour guides. However, whenever possible the "tourists" were exposed to environmental activities and projects.

National Wildlife Week slide shows were presented to students in area schools.

Staff members served as judges for the Regional Science Fair held in Minot.

The refuge staff also visited and spoke to students in area schools, hunter safety classes and civic groups.

3. Outdoor Classrooms - Teachers

Upper Souris hosted portions of a "Wild II" Project Wild Workshop. Other parts of the workshop were held at J. Clark Salyer NWR and on private land.

FIGURE 28. FISHERIES BIOLOGIST FRANK PFEIFER CONDUCTING SHORT COURSE IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT. (6-88-DCA) 49

Duane Anderson assisted Dr. Dennis Disrud from Minot State University in coordinating, administering, and teaching. It was fortunate that the workshop could be coordinated with some test netting operations being conducted by Frank Pfeifer. Workshop participants were exposed to some highlights of fisheries management and water quality studies. Wild II is quite different then most workshops in that it is a short course in fish and wildlife management. Thirty-five teachers participated.

FIGURE 29. AREA TEACHERS EXAMINE AQUATIC LIFE (6-88-DCA)

4. Interpretive Foot Trails

Four foot trails exist on Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge. None of these are maintained, except for the Pelican Hiking Trail. Portions of this trail are part of the Prairie-Marsh Scenic Drive and have interpretive signs along that portion of the trail.

5. Interpretive Tour Routes

The five mile auto tour route, which has 13 interpretive stops, is used quite extensively by the visiting public. The native grass display, which is one of the stops on the route, has undergone some changes and new seedings. This project will be finished in 1989. The prairie within the confines of the route was prescribed burned in the summer of 1986 and hopefully will rejuvenate native grass stands that exist along the tour route. 50

6. Interpretive Exhibits/Demonstrations

Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge again sponsored a booth at the North Dakota State Fair. This year's theme was "Wildlife and Agriculture Can Coexist". A news release, prior to the fair, induced many people to stop by our exhibit to discuss wildlife enhancement measures and to purchase duck stamps. Wildlife Biologist, Ron Stromstad, received 30 to 50 referrals for extension projects, and 120 duck stamps were sold.

FIGURE 30. 1988 NORTH DAKOTA STATE FAIR. (7-88-DFK)

Upper Souris and J. Clark Slayer NWR's jointly sponsored an exhibit at the annual Law Day that was held at Dakota Square in Minot. Displays of Federal violations and video tapes of "Operation Goose Creep" were set up and shown.

Personnel participated in a Waterfowl Identification Workshop held at Minot Air Force Base in September. The refuge helped organize and participated in a steel shot seminar and shooting clinic conducted by Tom Roster. The classroom portion was held in Minot with the shooting clinic being put on at the firing range on the refuge.

A North American Waterfowl Plan display was set up for one day at Dakota Square Shopping Center and also at the annual banquet of Ducks Unlimited. 51

8. Hunting

Waterfowl hunters, especially goose hunters, experienced one of the most productive years ever. Duck numbers were down again with almost all birds in the area using refuge waters. Most all wetlands in the area were dry. Goose hunters found that the traditional decoy shooting was quite unproductive because of mild weather. Late season storms and snow provided some excellent hunting in November. A record number 250,000 snow geese were on the refuge in late October. They remained until freeze up in mid November. Many deer hunters, disgruntled by a poor season, were found hunting geese instead of deer.

Gun hunting for deer was at best fair. Again, as in 1987, warm weather and lack of snow cover hampered the efforts of hunters. Many hunters were complaining about a lack of deer in different areas. It is hard to know if deer were scarce or if the complaining hunters were actually "road hunters". The inability to adequately census the herd because of poor snow cover left many biologists making best guess judgments on deer numbers. Deer bow hunters experienced limited success with an estimated 6-8 deer being harvested.

Upland game hunters on the refuge experienced poor success. A decrease in the refuge grouse population plus restrictions on season length and vehicle restrictions set up by Governor Sinner were the main reasons for a decline in the number of grouse hunters in the area. These restrictions were later lifted when it rained.

9. Fishing

Fishing was at best only fair through much of 1988. Ice fishing was quite good through the early part of the year. Activity and fishing pressure decreased substantially through the summer months. Low water levels, high temperatures and poor access for both shore and boat fishermen all contributed to a rather poor season, especially in late summer.

Fall fishing with frogs didn't prove to be as successful as 1987. Apparently the big (6-8 pound) walleyes that had been active in the previous year had found different areas of the lake to feed in than the public fishing areas. During the warm days of late 1988 activity was quite good but because of heavy snow cover access to the lake was very limited. 52

11. Wildlife Observation

Wildlife observation and photography continue to be a very popular activity on the refuge. Several photography and observation permits were issued to the more avid observers and photographers to utilize the refuge for these purposes. Occasionally visitors to the refuge find birding and photography very productive on the auto tour route and hiking trails. One of the most popular activities is still the opportunity to view dancing sharp-tailed grouse. This is a very popular activity for three to four weeks in April and May, with the three blinds being reserved almost daily.

12. Other Wildlife Oriented Recreation

The two designated canoe routes on the refuge receive good usage, especially the route below Lake Darling Dam. Weekends will usually find several canoeists using the route. No fishing or swimming are allowed. This yields a quiet, peaceful trip to enjoy the outdoors.

14. Picnicking

Picnics still continue to be a popular family oriented outdoors experience on the refuge. Three areas are maintained by the refuge with tables, grills and restrooms available. A fourth area at Grano is maintained by Renville County under a 25 year lease agreement. Most picnickers combine their outing with fishing, or just enjoying the area on a weekend afternoon.

17. Law Enforcement

Law enforcement activities and patrol continue to be a high priority item in managing the public. The high number of visitors to the refuge, especially in the summer, mandate very active enforcement and eduction programs.

Many problems are caused by visitors who went to enjoy the sun, the outdoors and to have a "fling in the park". Many have been Airmen from Minot Air Force Base who are looking for a place to unwind. However, when it comes to hunting and fishing regulations, compliance is better. (Table 15.)

The number of trespassing, littering and illegal vehicle use cases remained about the same as last year. Most of the trespass cases involved people using the refuge after the closing time of 10:00 pm. No gates are available to control after hour use. 53 State game violations that are witnessed off the refuge are turned over to the local Conservation Officer for state prosecution. Violations occurring on refuge and those involving migratory birds occurring off-refuge are prosecuted federally. However, an incident of a cow moose being illegally killed on the refuge was turned over to the state by SA Skar. A refuge deer hunter mistook the moose for a deer when it ran through heavy brush. The hunter turned himself into refuge officers and cooperated throughout the investigation. The hunter received a $300 fine, plus $100 in court costs, three day suspended jail sentence, twelve months probation and was ordered to successfully complete a hunter's safety course before his rifle was returned. The moose was sold to the Minot Eagles Club for $200 and prepared for a fund raising dinner. 54

One unplugged shotgun case involved a weapon in which the plug could be manipulated without dismantling the weapon so it could hold three shells in the magazine. This weapon, a Benelli autoloader model 121-SL-80, 12 gauge, is also capable of holding 4 shells (2 in magazine, 1 in barrel and 1 on the carrier, under the slide) when it came from the factory. The refuge again hosted the annual fall Law Enforcement Refresher and Requalification for Refuge Officers stationed in northern North Dakota. Officer pistol and shotgun qualification and non-officer weapon qualification for predator control purposes were held. A trapshoot and hamburger feed were included in the days activities. A meeting was held in February to resolve problems associated with Mohall farmer, David Leavitt's, captive Canada goose flock. The meeting was attended by Fish and Wildlife Service and North Dakota Game and Fish Department representatives, members of the Town and County Sportsman's Club of Minot, concerned citizen's and Mr. Leavitt. The problems included: potential baiting, the use of a live call flock, adjacent landowners and sportsmen dislike of the state Canada goose closure area, potential for devastating boundary line hunting and the potential for disease outbreaks. The meeting came to an impasse when Mr. Leavitt hastily exited the meeting. Federally, he is not breaking any law as long as he does not hunt over or in the immediate vicinity of his knocked down corn field and captive flock. From the state viewpoint, he is not complying with his permit. The problem still existed this fall but it was not as bad as the fall of 1987. The state removed their Canada goose closure zone from around Mr. Leavitt's property. The refuge resurveyed the boundary adjacent to Mr. Leavitt's that over the years had been illegally posted by an unknown party. Mr. Leavitt is the only person that can control his free-flying captive goose flock and his farming practices, so as not to induce wild waterfowl from "camping on his front door step" and creating a boundary shooting problem and potential disease outbreak.

Vandalism that occurred late last year extended into the early part of this year. Following snow melt we found several signs had been pushed over with a vehicle. During the fall another wooden sign post was pushed over and a few bullet holes appeared in our signs. These incidents still point to a few suspected individuals. One day they will make one mistake too many. • < 55

Table 12. 1988 Violations

# of Total Violation Cases Pine Fines

Federal Prosecution

Littering 07 $35 $245 Trespassing: Closed Area 04 $35 $140 Trespassing: After Hours 22 $35 $770 Trespassing: Minor in Possession 01 $35 $ 35 Vehicle: Careless and Heedless 01 $50 $ 50 Vehicle: Without Valid License 02 $50 $100 Vehicle: Off-Road 03 $50 $150 Fireworks: Unauthorized Use 03 $25 $ 75 Boating: Closed Season 01 $35 $ 35 Boating: No Life Vest (PFD) 01 $35 $ 35 Fishing: Closed Area 01 $50 $ 50 Fishing: Closed Season 01 $50 $ 50 Fishing: Fish House 02 $50 $100 Fishing: Four Poles 01 $50 $ 50 Fishing: Minnows 03 $50 $150 Fishing: No License 02 $50 $100 Fishing: Littering ND Waters 01 $50 $ 50 Hunting: No Stamp Incorrect License 04 $50 $200 Hunting: Protected Species 01 $50 $ 50 Hunting; After Hours (Geese) 02 $100 $200 Hunting: After Hours (Deer) 01 $50 $ 50 Hunting: Unplugged Shot gun1 01 $75 $ 75 Hunting: Improperly Tagged Deer 01 $50 $ 50 Sub-Total 66- —$2,810

State Prosecution2

Fishing: No License 01 $100 $100 Fishing: Misrepresentation 01 $ 75 $ 75 Hunting: Loaded Firearm 02 $ 50 $100 Hunting: Off-Road 01 $100 $100 Hunting; Misrepresentation 01 $150 $150 Hunting: Protected Species 01 $400 $400 Sub-Total •07- •—$925 Total 73- $3,735

1 Represents cases heard in federal court.

Information provided to state officers for prosecution 56

FIGURE 32. BULLET RIDDLED SIGN. (10-88-DCA)

18. Cooperating Associations

Our book sales outlet was finalized during fiscal year 1986 and fully operational during fiscal year 1987. The establishment of our book sales outlet, located at refuge headquarters, is sponsored by the Theodore Roosevelt Nature and History Association, Medora, North Dakota, via a Cooperative Agreement (#1416000685965).

During fiscal year 1988, eleven different products were added to our stock (American West 1989 Engagement Calendar, Project Wild's Wildlife of North Dakota Coloring Book, Indian Recipe Cookbook, A Golden Guide - Star Book, Star and Planet Locator, Wildlife ID Pocket Guide, Crayola Crayons, Topographical Maps: Carpio, Grano, Mouse River Park, and Tolley) to increase sales. We deleted "Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern Central North America" and "Western Rattlesnake Poster" from our inventory that wasn't selling.

Approximately 104 staff hours of Service time were used in the Association's operation. Annual gross sales were $446.19 ($421.65 - total retail and $24.54 - tax) and an estimated 350 visitors utilized the outlet. No donations from the Association were received during the fiscal year. 57

We feel sales could be increased if the outlet was staffed on weekends and holidays. The outlet is currently operational during normal business hours, Monday through Friday - 8:00 a.m. until 4:30 p.m.

I. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

1. New Construction A security fence around the materials storage yard (boneyard and equipment storage) was completed. Putnam Excavating of Fort Yates, North Dakota was the low bidder and did some excellent work on the project.

FIGURE 33. MATERIALS STORAGE YARD SECURITY FENCE. (9-89-DCA)

A new security system was installed in the office. Fire alarms, window bugs and motion detectors were installed by Security Plus of Minot.

A third phase of the security plan involved the installation of garage door openers on 15 overhead doors in the shop complex. Plans for nest year call for the installation of window bars and work on walk-in doors to make them more secure. A small turn out parking area was built at the beginning of the Pelican Nature Trail. Users of the trail had to park their vehicles along the road at the trails beginning prior to construction to the parking area. < 58

A new Kiosk was built at the beginning of the Overlook Viewing Trail. It was designed and built similar to the existing Kiosk at the headquarters and will be a welcome addition for refuge visitors and travelers wishing to obtain information about the refuge.

FIGURE 34. OVERLOOK TRAIL KIOSK. (3-89-DCA)

2. Rehabilitation

Following continued problems with the sewage disposal system at Quarters 1, it was decided to abandon the old system. A new North Dakota Waste Disposal System was installed and has been working properly since.

The first phase of a complete replacement of the water system was started in the fall of 1988.i The replacement of water lines between the office, shop, service building and Quarters 7 was initiated. In addition, two 10,000 gallon fiberglass tanks were installed to replace the existing concrete reservoir. If money is available, the remaining 1 mile of pipeline from the well will be replaced in 1989 unless a good supply of water can be found closer to the headquarters. When completed this should reduce numerous problems of leaking, freezing and running short of water that have been encountered with the 50 year old system. 59

After nearly a years delay the roof top heating unit received its final inspection and was accepted by the government. Problems with air delivery and switches coupled with the fact the contractor lived in Colorado all led to this extended delay. The furnace is functional but we still question if it will sufficiently heat the office without aid of the backup electric strip furnace.

3. Major Maintenance

A large hole was repaired in the dike around Pool A. The hole was located off the east end of the spillway and had been responsible for water seeping from the pool. Repairs were done to the Greene boat ramp. Severe damage by ice movement had made the ramp unfit to use.

Due to low lake levels the ramps at Boat Landing 1 and Grano had to be extended. Even after extension the ramp at Landing 1 became unusable later because of low water. As always, a great deal of time is spent each year maintaining public use areas and facilities. We often wonder what it would be like to manage wildlife more than people.

4. Equipment Utilization and Replacement

Upper Souris NWR was able to pick up three used CJ7 Jeeps in 1988. The vehicles were transferred to the refuge from the Minot Air Force Base after the many hours of negotiations. The Jeeps were scheduled to be shipped to Arizona where they were to be used as bombing targets. The refuge staff felt that the Jeeps were in too good of a condition to be destroyed, and we were in need of two Jeeps for nest dragging and other refuge activities. The Air Force insisted that the vehicles be used as targets, but after many phone calls and trips to the base we were finally given the jeeps. One Jeep will be scavenged for parts to repair the other two. A 1952 Jeep previously used for nest dragging was retired and sold. The refuge was also able to replace two 191 Lindcraft travel trailers that were being used as student housing. The new trailers were obtained from the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration at Fort Gillen, Georgia. These 24' Taurus travel trailers are in good condition and should be greatly appreciated by future summer students. FIGURE 35. HOME SWEET HOME. (12-88-DCA) I 6. Computer System

FIGURE 36. NANCY1S NEW TOOLS (12-88-DCA) 61

On October 1, 1988 we received a IBM Compaq, Personnel Computer. Software trickled in slowly and we were finally up and running by mid November. We had some problems getting set-up, but after we removed the "gremlins" everything seems to be running smoothly (knock on wood). Our Digital Rainbow 100+ computer was transferred to Garrison NFH in December, "gremlins" and all. Good Luck Guys?

J. OTHER ITEMS

3. Items of Interest

The city of Minot made six effluent releases into the Souris River from their sewage treatment lagoons. The following schedule of releases occurred: April 6-29, May 11-17, July 18- Aug 4, Sept 9-16, Oct 4-17 and Nov 14-28. A total of 2,969 acre feet of effluent was released into the river. Minot made one release on July 18 -Aug 4 that coincided with our water releases to J. Clark Salyer Refuge. The remainder of the releases were determined to be of high enough quality by the State Health Department to meet permit requirements with zero or very low flow in the river. The refuge had input into a meeting in Minot on January 26 to discuss the city's plans to deal with sewage effluent in the future. Officials from the North Dakota Health Department were also present. Minot has retained a consulting firm to analyze their alternatives. The final consensus was for Minot to strive for a zero discharge of sewage effluent into the Souris River. Some discussions centered around the possibility that money, to supplement the city's share of the project, may be available through an enhancement proposal that could be administered by the Corps of Engineers.

Minot normally depends on pumping water from the Souris River and the Minot and Sundre Aquifers to supply domestic water to residents of Minot and the Minot Air Force Base. Total withdrawals were 2.656 billion gallons or 8,151 acre feet. This was approximately 1000 acre feet more than in 1987. Withdrawals of 467, 4668, and 3016 acre feet were taken from the Souris River, the Minot Aquifer and the Sundre Aquifer, respectively. On January 10 Duane Anderson relinquished the Presidency of the North Dakota Wildlife Federation (NDWF). Duane had wisely led the NDWF for the past two years. Although Duane's involvement with the NDWF has been reduced, he will remain active in the Federation and has been elected as an Affiliate Representative to the National Wildlife Federation. 62

The old wooden bridge on Highway 28 across Lake Darling at Greene was removed and replaced with a new concrete structure. The causeway to the bridge was raised 4 feet and the center alignment was moved 50 ft. to the north. This necessitated placing approximately 9 acres of fill into Lake Darling and the Service issuing a new Right of Way permit. After several rounds of discussion the project was made compatible with refuge purpose. The Minot Dive/Rescue Team used Lake Darling several times this year for practice. A three day in-service training was held in May. The last day the team participated in a simulated canoe accident involving the drowning of two adults and a baby. Refuge personnel assisted with the exercise. One diving exercise was held at night. This forced the divers to use their compasses for navigation.

FIGURE 37. DIVE RESUE TEAM ON MANEUVERS. (8-88-DFK)

An emergency training exercise was conducted on the refuge by the U.S. Air Force on July 11. A simulated airplane crash complete with moulaged dead and injured people made the simulation very real looking. Refuge personnel assisted the Air Force with first aid and fire fighting operations. FIGURE 38. REFUGE FIREFIGHTERS ASSISTING CRASH VICTIM (7-88-DFK)

FIGURE 39. MEDICAL HELICOPTER ARRIVING ON SCENE (7-88-DFK) FIGURE 40. MEDICAL TEAMS COMPLETING TRIAGE ACTIVITIES (7-88-DFK)

A going away party was held for Refuge Assistant, Donna Dumas, on July 20 at Jake's Spice and Spirit in Minot. Donna and her husband, Pete, were well roasted and a good time was had by all. Donna ended her tour of duty on July 22. She will be missed by the refuge staff. All of us wish her well at her new home in Texas.

FIGURE 41. DONNA DUMAS WITH HER HUSBAND PETE. (7-88-DCA) 65

FIGURE 42. TEXAS HERE WE COME! BOOT BONNET, AND B.S.! (THATS NOT A SALJ SHE 1S HOLDING). (7-88-DCA)

Nancy Smette was selected September 11, to replace Donna. We actually welcomed Nancy to the refuge on July 18 when she began a detail as a Clerk Typist. Nancy transferred from J. Clark Salyer where she was a temporary Clerk Typist. Nancy and her husband, Jason, live in Granville. A steel shot shooting clinic was held at Upper Souris NWR on August 27. The clinic was conducted by Tom Roster and sponsored by the North Dakota Game and Fish Department. Every participant's confidence in shooting steel shot was elevated. Assistant Refuge Manager George W. Maze and his wife Julie became proud parents on September 26. The 7 lb. baby girl was named Susan Michelle. 66

FIGURE 43. FUTURE REFUGE MANAGER LEARNING HOW TO MANAGE PAPERWORK. (12-88-DCA)

4. Credits

Dean F. Knauer wrote sections D.2,4,5; E.5,8; F.2,3,11; H.18; J.3; K. George W. Maze wrote sections A; B; E.2; F.4,5,7,8,9,10; G.3(ducks),15,; 1.4; J. 3. Duane C. Anderson wrote sections E.4,6,7; F.l; G.2,3(geese),4,5,6,7, 8,10,11,12,16,17; H.1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,14; 1.1,2,3; J.3. Nancy L. Smette wrote sections E.l; H.17; 1.6; J.4; L. Editing was by Dean Knauer, Duane Anderson, George and Julie Maze and typing and assembly was by Nancy L. Smette. 67

K. FEEDBACK

Whenever we hand over a Revenue Sharing Check to the county, we receive a smile and a handshake. But it seems like as each year passes, the smiles become smaller and the handshake less sincere. I can't blame them though. I'm even embarrassed to take the check to them.

If we are going to own land and try to be a good neighbor in every respect, then we should try to pay 100 percent of our obligation I know the Service is trying to get this accomplished; I only write this to show our support and need in the field.

I want to congratulate the Regional office staff that have spent hours working on the Souris River Flood Control Project so that the Service would not be "Taken to the Cleaners". The support and dedication of these people up to the level of the Regional Director was welcomed and appreciated. I know we in the field could not have accomplished this job without the dedication of these employees to the wildlife resource.

WILDLIFE AND WATERFOWL Waterfowl numbering up to 100,000 can be seen during spring and fall migrations. Tundra swans along with pintails, canvasbacks, redheads, buffleheads and other waterfowl either nest or use the refuge during migration. Up to five species of grebes can be found during the summer. A colony of nesting cormorants and great blue herons is located near the Grano Recreation Area. White pelicans also use the refuge as a loafing area but do not nest here. Serious birders will also be able to find Baird's, LeConte's and sharp-tailed sparrows, as well as Sprague's pipit. White-tailed deer are common on the refuge and an occasional antelope can be seen on the hills above the valley and on the prairie. Rare sightings of elk and moose have also been made. Muskrats are common and careful observation will reveal the tracks of raccoons and mink.

Newly hatched goslings. USFWS photo. White-tailed deer fawn. USFWS photo. refuges in the great waterfowl migration corridor known MANAGEMENT as the Central Flyway. The main purpose of the refuge was to provide relief for the dwindling waterfowl populations of the 1930's. Waterfowl reproduction is still the main objective of managing the grasslands, marshes and water impoundments. Grasslands are periodically grazed, hayed and burned to provide good nesting cover and to increase HISTORY Catch of the day! USFWS photo. wildlife numbers. The 1930's brought drought to the Great Plains and Lake Darling, 10,000 acre lake named in honor of Ding disaster to waterfowl. Populations of ducks plummeted to Darling, is the largest of several water impoundments on all-time lows and conservationists began to act. A flamboyant political cartoonist from Iowa, Jay N. the refuge. Its primary purpose is to furnish a regulated "Ding"Darrmg, became director of the newly formed supply of water to smaller marshes downstream and Bureau of Biological Survey and he chose J. Clark Salyer especially to the larger marshes on the J. Clark Salyer Refuge, 110 miles downstream. The lake was designed as his top aide. to hold a two-year supply of water to safeguard lower Darling helped push the Duck Stamp Act through marshes against the threat of drought. The dam has also Congress in 1934 and, in 1935, Salyer used Duck Stamp made it possible to reduce flooding and to regulate monies to purchase four refuges on the loop of the Souris releases during periods of low flow. Both operations benefit River. people in the valley below the dam. Two groups, the Civilian Conservation Corp and Works The proper management of water permits an active Project Administration, provided large labor forces which fisheries program on the refuge. This is a cooperative effort built dikes, roads, fences and water control structures. The between the refuge and the federal fishery assistance men were hired locally as well as from other states and office at Valley City. Northern pike, walleye, yellow perch as many as 250 men were housed in a military-type camp and smallmouth bass may be caught in the lake and river. known as Camp Maurek. One successful refuge management program has been Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge lies in the the re-establishment of a resident Canada goose flock. beautiful Souris River Valley of northwestern North Dakota These magnificent birds were once common but they and extends for nearly 30 miles along the river. This 32,000 gradually disappeared with loss of habitat due to changes acre refuge, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife in land use. The first "honkers" were re-introduced in 1940 Service, is an important unit in a series of national wildlife and the flock has grown to 250 birds. WILDLIFE AND VISITORS unlawful. These include camping, possession of fireworks RENVILLE COUNTY and firearms (except during refuge hunts), off-road vehi­ MEMORIAL PARK Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge is a special place cle travel, use of all-terrain vehicles, sailing, water skiing, for wildlife and people. Yet, as a wildlife refuge, it is a place swimming, trespassing in closed areas, unleashed pets, where the needs of wildlife come first. To ensure that this open fires, littering, drunk and disorderly conduct, use of happens, regulations have been established to provide minnows above Lake Darling Dam, use of boat motors in wildlife and their habitats with adequate protection from excess of 50 HP on Lake Darling, and collection of animal visitors. Although these regulations may be inconvenient and vegetation material. Please read the hunting, fishing to some or seem overly restrictive, they are necessary to and canoe leaflets for specific regulations and maps that protect wildlife populations and habitat and, in some in­ will help make your outdoor activity more enjoyable. stances to safeguard visitors. Visitors are responsible for knowing refuge regulations. By observing these rules, visitors will make the refuge a ADMINISTRATION AND LOCATION better place for themselves and the wildlife they come to enjoy. The refuge is open daily from 5:00 a.m. to 10:00 The refuge is administered and managed by the U.S. p.m. for your use. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. Head­ quarters are located near the Lake Darling Dam and can p •> '• ^ • be reached by traveling on Highway 52 to Foxholm, N.D. OPPORTUNITIES and then north on County Road 11 for 7 miles or Highway I ) 83 north of Minot and west 12 miles on County Road 6. The refuge offers a wide range of activities by which Office hours are 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday through visitors can become better acquainted with wildlife. Op­ Friday. portunities for viewing and studying wildlife, walking, pic­ ture taking, berry picking, and cross country skiing are Inquiries should be mailed to Refuge Manager, Upper available along the 3.5 mile scenic drive, hiking trails, and Souris National Wildlife Refuge, Foxholm, N.D. 58738. other open public use areas. However, for your safety Phone 701-468-5467. r j COUNTY ROAD 6 these activities are not permitted during the refuge rifle deer season. Canoeing can be enjoyed on several canoe routes. Photo blinds provide concealment for close-up viewing and photographing the extraordinary dance of sharp-tailed grouse in the spring. Picnic tables and grills are provided at several locations. Dogs may be walked if they are on a leash. The "Pack REFUGE SIGNS—AND THEIR MEANING Your Trash Home" program is used on the refuge; litter barrels are not provided. Wildlife interpretive displays and a book sales outlet at NATIONAL the headquarters will furnish visitors with opportunities to WILDLIFE PUBLIC AREA understand the refuge and its management. Fishing and REFUGE FISHING BEYOND hunting are permitted in certain areas under special AREA mis federal and state regulations. Refuge brochures covering SIGN fishing, hunting, canoe trails, the scenic drive, mammals UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY CLOSED and birds are available at the interpretive sites west of the PROHIBITED All publicentry prohibited dam and at headquarters. Please note that activities not listed above are not permitted.

REFUGE BOUNDARY OPEN TO SANCTUARY AREA- PROHIBITED ACTIVITES SIGN-ENTRY BY PUBLIC OFF LIMITS TO PERMISSION ONLY FISHING THE PUBLIC UNLESS Certain activities are not permitted because they are OTHERWISE SPECIFIED U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR either unsafe, are not consistent with refuge goals or are FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

RF-6-62680-1 GPO 850-72 1 Feb. 1987 upper souris

National Wildlife Refuge

HUNTING MAP AND REGULATIONS WELCOME TO UPPER SOURIS NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE! The diversity of wetlands, native grasslands, and woodlands found on the Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge provides excellent wildlife habitat which supportsya variety of game animals. The refuge offers a quality hunting experience for deer, sharp-tailed grouse and gray (Hungarian) par­ tridge. Regulations established by the refuge and the North Dakota Game and Fish Department must be observed in all public hunting areas. Become familiar with all special regulations and the boundaries of hunting units before going afield. Remember, the refuge is open only to the hunting of deer, grouse and partridge and is closed to the hunting of all other species of wildlife.

SPECIAL REGULATIONS Hunting shall be in accordance with all State laws and the following requirements established by the LEGEND refuge. refuge boundary public roads & ALL HUNTING highways towns 1. Vehicle travel is restricted to public roads and refuge recreation area parking lots. Off-road vehicle use is prohibited. 2. A "Pack Your Trash Back Home" program is HUNTING AREAS in effect, so please take all litter home. No garbage receptacles are available. Area open during state season for hunting par­ '/////////. 3. Use of refuge lands is permitted from 5:00 a.m. tridge and grouse (Hunting until 10:00 p.m. Unit I). Refuge Headquarters 4. It is unlawful to carry a loaded firearm in any Area open during special vehicle on refuge lands or roads. refuge split-season on par­ County Road tridge and grouse (Hunting 5. No open fires or camping are permitted, Unit II).

6. The area surrounding refuge headquarters Archery Deer Season Entire Refuge and housing is posted closed to hunting. Deer Gun Season (Special refuge permit required first Entire Refuge 1 Vi days). DEER HUNTING Refuge Headquarters Area 7. The archery and gun seasons on the refuge will Is Posted CLOSED TO coincide with State seasons. HUNTING. 8. A special refuge permit, in addition to State ADMINISTRATION AND LOCATION permit for Unit IIIA2 is required to hunt deer for the first 1 Vi days of the deer gun season on The refuge is administered and managed by the Upper Souris NWR. Thereafter, any person U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the holding a State Unit IIIA2 permit may hunt on Interior. Headquarters are located near the Lake refuge lands for that species and sex of deer as Darling Dam and can be reached by traveling on indicated on the State license. Highway 52 to Foxholm, N.D. and then north on county road 11 for 7 miles or Highway 83 north of 9. It is unlawful to possess a firearm while in the Minot and west 12 miles on county road 6. Office field after your deer tag is filled, except for a hours are 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday through shotgun while hunting upland game birds in Friday. Unit L Inquiries should be mailed to the Refuge Manager, 10. Portable tree stands will be permitted but must Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge, Foxholm, be removed daily. No permanent stands may N.D. 58738. Phone 701-468-5467. be constructed. 11. The entire refuge will be open for deer hunting, with the exception of the closed area around refuge headquarters and residences. Hunters are reminded that State law prohibits hunting within 14 mile of an occupied building.

PARTRIDGE AND GROUSE HUNTING 12. Hunting Unit I is open for grouse and partridge during the regular State season for these species. Hunting Unit I is all refuge lands north of the township road that runs east of the town of Tolley, through the refuge at Dam #41, and continues east to State Highway 28. 13. Hunting Unit II is open with State season, except closed from opening of State waterfowl season to close of State deer gun season. Hunting Unit II includes all refuge lands south of the township road that runs east of the town of Tolley, through the refuge at Dam #41, and continues east to State Highway 28, and refuge lands north of the Lake Darling dam. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 14. Dogs will be allowed while hunting grouse and FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE partridge on the refuge.

15. Blaze orange vests and caps will be required while hunting grouse and partridge in hunting Unit I during the deer gun season.

RF6-62680-6 GPO BSI-SSS August 1986 SOHtftS

National Wildlife Refuge

FISHING INFORMATION Welcome to Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge! In order to provide a popular wildlife related 4. LAKE DARLING Lake is open to BOAT FISHING activity such as fishing, an extensive fisheries management til from the dam north 3 miles to the ranch buildings. program is carried out on the refuge. The Federal fishery State Route 5 BANK FISHING is permitted on the west shore from management biologist from Valley City works closely with the dam north approximately 2 miles. Fishing is not per­ the refuge staff to monitor the size and numbers of fish and mitted from me earthen dam. Restrooms, boat launch­ to recommend which fish to be stocked. With this ing ramps, picnic tables and grills are available. cooperation, Lake Darling and the Souris River provide some of the finest freshwater fishing in the area. 5. LAKE DARLING-GRANO CROSSING BANK FISHING From road right-of-way on both sides of Game fish species present are the northern pike and walleye. crossing and within the boundaries of the Renville An occasional smallmouth bass is caught but no large County Recreation Area. BOA T FISHING on Lake population of this species is present. Darling north from the crossing to Greene Crossing. Non-game fish include the yellow perch, white sucker, and Restrooms, boat launching ramps, picnic tables and brown bullhead. Many species of minnows also inhabit grills are available. refuge waters. 6. LAKE DARLING-GREENE CROSSING BANK FISHING from road right-of-way on both sides of Regulations set forth by the N.D. Game and Fish Dept. and crossing. BOAT FISHING on Lake Darling the refuge must be observed in all public fishing areas. south from the crossing to Grano Crossing. Restrooms and boat launching ramp available. 7. CARTER DAM BANK FISHING Fall fishing only (November 1 to Lake freeze-up) on south side of road near water control structure (east end of dam) and SUMMER AND FALL PUBLIC FISHING AREAS culvert (west end of dam). No facilities are available. General locations of public fishing areas are indicated on 8. HIGHWAY #5 BANK FISHING From road right- the map by numbers 1-11. For exact description of each area LAKE DARLING of-way near bridge and inside loop of river north of the see the special listing shown below. Areas are day use only highway from bridge west to a point where the river open 5 a.m. to 10 p.m. meets the highway. No facilities. 1. BAKER BRIDGE BANK FISHING From road 9. RENVILLE COUNTY MEMORIAL PARK (adjacent right-of-way near bridge and inside loop of river north RANCH BUILDINGS to refuge and administered by the county). Bank and of county road from bridge west to a point where the boat fishing within the boundaries of the park. County county road meets river. The area south of the bridge ordinances and state regulations apply within the park. is private property. Restroom facilities are available. (25 HP limit, 5 MPH limit, no swimming.) Restrooms, Refuge boat launching ramp, picnic tables, grills and overnight 2. SILVER BRIDGE BANK FISHING From road Headquarters . right-of-way and north from bridge 200 yards on west camping are available in the park. County Road 6 shore. Restroom facilities are available. 10. RIVER ABOVE PARK TO NORTH END OF 3. OUTLET FISHING AREA BANK FISHING REFUGE BOA T FISHING with 25 hp motors or less Begins at a point Y* mile below Lake Darling dam and and canoeing. Boat launching ramp in the park. extends for 600 yards. Restrooms, grills, and picnic 11. SWENSON BRIDGE BANK FISHING only from tables are available south on the east river bank. road right-of-way. No facilities. WINTER PUBLIC FISHING AREAS PROHIBITED: REFUGE SIGNS—AND THEIR MEANING See map inside for area descriptions and map numbers 1-11. 3. Use of outboard motors or combination of motors capable of developing more than 50 HP on Lake Darl­ NATIONAL Areas 4-7. Entire lake and river from Lake Darling Dam ing. Motors no larger than 25 HP may be used on the WILDLIFE PUBLIC AREA to Carter Dam open to ice fishing. Fish housed and vehicles river North of Renville County Memorial Park to the REFUGE FISHING NYDND are permitted on the ice. Fish houses must be removed from AREA IMS m the refuge no later than March 1. No snowmobiles or ATV's. north end of the refuge. 4. Use of minnows or other bait fish (alive or dead) in UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY Remainder of refuge is open to ice fishing. No vehicles, Consult Manager for current CLOSED waters above Lake Darling Dam. Commercially pre­ PROHIBITED regulations. All public entry prohibited snowmobiles or ATV's are permitted. Access by walking on served bait fish and once frozen smelt are allowed. ice only. Portable fish houses allowed, but must be removed V V, v . c daily. 5. The taking of minnows, frogs and crawfish and the dig­ OPEN TO SANCTUARY AREA— ging of worms. REFUGE BOUNDARY SIGN—ENTRY BY PUBLIC OFF LIMITS TO 6. Open fires on the ground or on the ice. PERMISSION ONLY FISHING THE PUBLIC UNLESS SPECIAL REGULATIONS OTHERWISE Bank fishing and boat fishing shall be in accordance with 7. Littering. A "Pack your Trash Home" program is in SPECIFIED all state laws and the following refuge requirements: effect. Please take all litter home. Do not leave litter in BBQ grills or in toilets. ADMINISTRATION AND LOCATION 1. Fishing boats are permitted on open areas from the first 8. Camping, swimming, sailing, water skiing, off-road day of fishing season until the 3rd Friday in September. vehicle travel, fireworks, firearms, trespassing in closed The refuge is administered and managed by the U.S. Fish areas and unleashed pets. and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. Head­ 2. Refuge fishing areas are open from 5:00 a.m. to quarters are located near the Lake Darling Dam and can 10:00 p.m. 9. Fishing on canoe route south of Lake Darling Dam. be reached by traveling on Highway 52 to Foxholm, N.D. and then north on county road 11 for 7 miles or Highway 83 north of Minot and west 12 miles on county road 6. Office hours are 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday through Friday. Inquiries should be mailed to the Refuge Manager, Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge, Foxholm, N.D. 58738. Phone 701-468-5467.

Walleye

Northern Pike Mammals of Upper Souris

National Wildlife Refuge The splash of a beaver signalling danger, the white MAMMALS OF UPPER SOURIS To the plains Indians and early pioneers, mammals tail "flag" of a deer dashing through the trees, a NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE were not only a source of food but also fulfilled flash of brown as a mouse eludes danger or the other needs of these early people. Items such as Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel Eastern Gray Squirrel bone chilling cry of a coyote. These are just a few of tools for farming and hunting, sewing materials, Richardson Ground Squirrel Striped Skunk the encounters with mammals that visitors to clothing, materials for shelter and transportation Northern Pocket Gopher Raccoon Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge may be Pigmy Shrew Badger were derived from wildlife. lucky enough to have. * Masked Shrew Least Weasel The presence of mammals assured the plains Upper Souris is located in northwestern North Short-tailed Shrew Long-tailed Weasel Indians and early settlers of food supply, everyday Dakota along the Souris River. It consists of over Boreal Redback Vole Mink materials and an economic return. The fur trade 32,000 acres of combined wetlands, timber and Meadow Vole Porcupine and early trading posts depended on an abun­ grasslands. This diversity of habitat makes possi­ Prairie Vole Muskrat dance of beaver and buffalo. As settlers pushed ble the variety of mammal species that inhabit the Meadow Jumping Mouse Beaver west, cows replaced the buffalo and wild game refuge. Woodchuck Western Jumping Mouse began to disappear from the prairies. Wildlife of the In all, 35 species of mammals are found on the Northern Grasshopper Mouse White-tailed Jackrabbit Upper Souris refuge is a remnant of earlier days refuge. Many of these are quite common and can White-footed Mouse Snowshoe Hare and a reminder of human changes to the be seen almost anytime while others are nocturnal, Deer Mouse Eastern Cottontail landscape. very rare, elusive or go into periods of hibernation. Big Brown Bat Red Fox These factors together with the diverse habitats Little Brown Myotis Coyote In order to see wildlife, choose early morning or make it extremely difficult to observe all species Red Squirrel Pronghorn evening hours for observation. A pair of binoculars within a short period of time. White-tailed Deer is an asset to finding a camouflaged deer or a scurrying pheasant. If you are a photographer a NOTES camera and patience may reward you with some excellent photos.

Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge is ad­ ministered and managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. Headquarters are located near the Lake Darling Dam and can be reached by traveling on HWY. 52 to Foxholm and then north seven miles on County No. 11 or on HWY. 83 then west 12 miles on County Road 6. Office hours are 8:00 a.m. through 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday.