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Geology of the Souris River Area North Dakota

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Geology of the Souris River Area North Dakota Geology of the Souris River Area North Dakota GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 325 Prepared as a part of a program of the Department of the Interior for develop­ ment of the Missouri River basin Geology of the Souris River Area North Dakota By RICHARD W. LEMKE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 325 Prepared as a part of a program of the Department of the Interior for develop­ ment of the Missouri River basin UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1960 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. S EATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. CONTENTS Page Abstract._--____-_--_---___________-_______________ 1 Descriptive geology Continued Introduction ___---_-----_________._________________ 3 Recent deposits. ________________________________ 93 General location and purpose of work__--__________ 3 Landslide deposits. _ _______________-_---__-_- 96 Methods of study.______________________________ 4 Dune sand. ________________________________ 99 Acknowledgments.. _____________________________ 4 Alluvium. ----_---___-_-----_-----__---_---- 101 Geography. ________________________________________ 5 Structure of Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks _ ______ 104 Location and extent of area______________________ 5 Direct evidence of structure in Souris River area-___ 104 Climate. _______________________________________ 5 Structure shown by lignite bed in southeastern Culture- ____-____________-_____-_--_-__--_--_- 5 part of Ward County ___ _________________ 104 Population._----__-_---____________________ 5 Dip of Fort Union formation sandstone bed Transportation-____-...--_______-_-___-_.___ 6 near Velva_ ______________________---_-_-- 104 Industry. -___---____-________..____________ 6 Direct evidence of structure in adj acent areas ________ 104 General setting.____________________________________ 6 Area near Lignite. ____________-__---__----_- 104 Physiographic provinces---_._-__________________ 6 Nesson anticline _____-----__--------------- 105 Topography. ___________________________________ 6 Structure in Knife River area. ________________ 105 Max moraine-______________________________ 6 Fault block and other structure in southern Ground-moraine plain,______________________ 7 Saskatchewan, Canada---,,-,,---,--- ______ 105 Glacial Lake Souris area_____________________ 7 Dip of lignite bed southeast of mapped ar ea_ . _ _ . _ 105 Drainage. ---____-_-__.--.____-_______________-_ 7 Deformation of Colgate member of Fox Hills (?) Previous published work_________________________ 9 sandstone southeast of Souris River area. _ _ _ _ _ 105 Descriptive geology.________________________________ 9 Problematical and indirect inference of structure Rocks of pre-Late Cretaceous age_________________ 11 within and adj acent to the mapped area. ---------- 106 J. H. Kline 1 welL._________________________ 11 Steep dip of lignite bed west of mapped area. _ _ _ _ 106 Des Lacs Western, Blum 1 well. ____________ 19 Inferred structure in Kidder County----------- 106 Other wells.-.--..___________________________ 20 Structure inferred from the location of springs Summary: rocks of pre-Late Cretaceous age.-_- 22 and artesian wells, . _________--_--_---_---_ 106 Upper Cretaceous rocks__..____________-_________ 22 Disturbed Fort Union strata on west flank of Pierre shale (not exposed)____________________ 22 Turtle Mountains------------------------- 106 Fox Hills sandstone.________________________ 23 Possible significance of bedrock high under the Hell Creek formation--------_-___-_-________ 27 Max moraine..--------------------------- 106 Tertiary rocks._________________________________ 28 Erosional features that may be structurally Cannonball member of the Fort Union forma­ controlled- __________-__-___-_------------ 107 tion, _ ___________________________________ 28 Possible structure of the Bottineau County gas Tongue River member of the Fort Union forma­ field..- ___.____.__-----------_---------- 107 tion. -----_-----.__-_-_._________________ 32 Possible structure based on topographic position Pleistocene deposits..__.____._-..___.____________ 38 of formations..-- _---_------_------------- 107 Glacial drifts in North Dakota._._.._.________ 38 Summary of evidence of structure in Souris River Possible criteria for differentiation of Wisconsin area and adjacent areas.--------------------,-- 108 substages._______________________________ 38 Pre-Pleistocene and Pleistocene drainage- - ------------- 108 Pleistocene deposits in Souris River area______ 42 Summary history of Pleistocene deposits... ------------- HI Max moraine.______________________________ 42 Setting prior to glaciation. -_____________-------_- 111 Ground moraine,___________________________ 45 Setting during glaciation- _ _______________________ Ill Overridden ice-contact deposits,______________ 55 Synthesis of glacial history in Souris River area Linear-ridge deposits._ ______________________ 59 and vicinity. ____-_-____-___-------------- HI Diversion-channel deposits.__________________ 66 Glaciation during Mankato substage in Souris River-terrace deposits--._____________________ 71 River area. _____-----------_------------- H2 Kames and eskers. __________________________ 76 Max moraine--.-----------.------------ 113 Kames._.___ ___________________________ 76 Area northeast of Max moraine- ____.___-- 113 Eskers_ _ _______________________________ 80 History of recent deposits..... ----------------------- 117 End moraines in Souris loop area_.,.__________ 82 Economic geology.-.- ------------------------------- H7 Ice-marginal outwash-channel deposits..__.____ 83 Lignite. __-_-_-_---___--------_----------------- H 7 Glaciofluvial deposits, undifferentiated as to Burke County- ___________---___--------_--- 118 origin- _ _----_---_-_______________________ 88 Mountrail County--..--..------------------- H9 Deposits of glacial Lake Souris._.___________ 90 Ward County...---------------------------- 119 IV CONTENTS Economic geology Continued Economic geology Continued Lignite Continued Page Construction materials Continued Page Renville County ----_--_------_---_--______ 123 m ________________________________________ IZol OQ Bottineau County._.__---_-_-_--___--_______ 123 Sodium sulfate____.._-_-_____--__---_------_ 128 McHenry County------_---_--_-___-________ 123 Clay_------------------------------------- 129 McLean County____________________________ 123 Relation of geology to agricultural development._.._ 129 Sheridan County_-.------------_____________ 124 Relation of geology to construction problems. ______ 130 Petroleum______________________________________ 124 Highway construction.______________________ 130 Gas__-----__----_---------__-__-________.__.__ 124 Construction relating to irrigation.____________ 131 Construction materials-___------__--__-__________ 126 Building construction-,.----...------------ _ 131 Sand and gravel-___________________________ 126 References cited.___________________________________ 132 Riprap and building stone._._________________ 128 Index______________________________________________ 135 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates 1, 2, 14, 15, and 16 are in pocket] PLATE 1. Geologic map of the Souris River area (two parts). 2. Contour map of the bedrock surface, Souris River area. Facing page 3. Exposure of the Colgate member of Fox Hills sandstone east of Anamoose, showing miniature badland topography _ 24 4. High-altitude photograph of area southwest of Kenmare in Burke County__--__-__-___-__-_-_-----__------- 40 5. A. View of the Max moraine near western edge of mapped area. B. View of road cut south of Minot, N. Dak., showing deformed lenses of silt beds in till_____.________-----.-- 46 6. A. Exposure in Ward County, showing sand beds offset by many small faults. B. Ice-contact deposit of poorly sorted gravel overlain by till, in gravel pit on northern outskirts of Minot ______ 57 7. High-altitude photograph of area southeast of Velva showing low arcuate ridges and chains of intervening un- drained depressions between the Velva and Lake Hester diversion channels_____-______________---__---_ Backing 59 8. Aerial view of linear ridges and grooves in the southern part of McHenry County_______________---------- Backing 62 9. A. View of a terrace deposit near Greene, Renville County, showing well-rounded coarse gravel in a pit in the valley of the Souris River. B. View of a terrace deposit in Ward County, showing boulder-studded surface______________________________ 71 10. A. View of a typical kame. B. View of material in a kame__________________________________________-___---_____-__----_-------____ 74 11. View of two landslide areas along valley walls of tributaries of the Des Lacs River._______________________ Backing 93 12. View of the slide area along valley wall of the Souris River near the south end of Lake Darling_.____ ______ Backing 96 13. View of northwest-trending dune groups southwest of Denbigh__ _ _________________________----_-----__-- 99 14. Map showing pre-Mankato drainage courses in the Souris River area and adjacent parts of North Dakota. 15. Generalized physiographic map of glacial Lake Souris area and vicinity. 16. Map showing location and names of lignite mines in vicinity of Kenmare. FIGURE 1. Index maps showing general location of the Souris River area, area of geologic mapping, and physiographic sub- Page divisions________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3 2. Bedrock geology of
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