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The Origins of the Underline As Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: a Case Study in Skeuomorphism
The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Romano, John J. 2016. The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33797379 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism John J Romano A Thesis in the Field of Visual Arts for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2016 Abstract This thesis investigates the process by which the underline came to be used as the default signifier of hyperlinks on the World Wide Web. Created in 1990 by Tim Berners- Lee, the web quickly became the most used hypertext system in the world, and most browsers default to indicating hyperlinks with an underline. To answer the question of why the underline was chosen over competing demarcation techniques, the thesis applies the methods of history of technology and sociology of technology. Before the invention of the web, the underline–also known as the vinculum–was used in many contexts in writing systems; collecting entities together to form a whole and ascribing additional meaning to the content. -
Japanese Language and Culture
NIHONGO History of Japanese Language Many linguistic experts have found that there is no specific evidence linking Japanese to a single family of language. The most prominent theory says that it stems from the Altaic family(Korean, Mongolian, Tungusic, Turkish) The transition from old Japanese to Modern Japanese took place from about the 12th century to the 16th century. Sentence Structure Japanese: Tanaka-san ga piza o tabemasu. (Subject) (Object) (Verb) 田中さんが ピザを 食べます。 English: Mr. Tanaka eats a pizza. (Subject) (Verb) (Object) Where is the subject? I go to Tokyo. Japanese translation: (私が)東京に行きます。 [Watashi ga] Toukyou ni ikimasu. (Lit. Going to Tokyo.) “I” or “We” are often omitted. Hiragana, Katakana & Kanji Three types of characters are used in Japanese: Hiragana, Katakana & Kanji(Chinese characters). Mr. Tanaka goes to Canada: 田中さんはカナダに行きます [kanji][hiragana][kataka na][hiragana][kanji] [hiragana]b Two Speech Styles Distal-Style: Semi-Polite style, can be used to anyone other than family members/close friends. Direct-Style: Casual & blunt, can be used among family members and friends. In-Group/Out-Group Semi-Polite Style for Out-Group/Strangers I/We Direct-Style for Me/Us Polite Expressions Distal-Style: 1. Regular Speech 2. Ikimasu(he/I go) Honorific Speech 3. Irasshaimasu(he goes) Humble Speech Mairimasu(I/We go) Siblings: Age Matters Older Brother & Older Sister Ani & Ane 兄 と 姉 Younger Brother & Younger Sister Otooto & Imooto 弟 と 妹 My Family/Your Family My father: chichi父 Your father: otoosan My mother: haha母 お父さん My older brother: ani Your mother: okaasan お母さん Your older brother: oniisanお兄 兄 さん My older sister: ane姉 Your older sister: oneesan My younger brother: お姉さ otooto弟 ん Your younger brother: My younger sister: otootosan弟さん imooto妹 Your younger sister: imootosan 妹さん Boy Speech & Girl Speech blunt polite I/Me = watashi, boku, ore, I/Me = watashi, washi watakushi I am going = Boku iku.僕行 I am going = Watashi iku く。 wa. -
Forensic Investigation of User's Web Activity on Google Chrome Using
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.16 No.9, September 2016 123 Forensic Investigation of User’s Web Activity on Google Chrome using various Forensic Tools Narmeen Shafqat, NUST, Pakistan Summary acknowledged browsers like Internet Explorer, Google Cyber Crimes are increasing day by day, ranging from Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera etc. but should confidentiality violation to identity theft and much more. The also have hands on experience of less popular web web activity of the suspect, whether carried out on computer or browsers like Erwise, Arena, Cello, Netscape, iCab, smart device, is hence of particular interest to the forensics Cyberdog etc. Not only this, the forensic experts should investigator. Browser forensics i.e forensics of suspect’s browser also know how to find artifacts of interest from older history, saved passwords, cache, recent tabs opened etc. , therefore supply ample amount of information to the forensic versions of well-known web browsers; Internet Explorer, experts in case of any illegal involvement of the culprit in any Chrome and Mozilla Firefox atleast, because he might activity done on web browsers. Owing to the growing popularity experience a case where the suspected person is using and widespread use of the Google Chrome web browser, this older versions of these browsers. paper will forensically analyse the said browser in windows 8 According to StatCounter Global market share for the web environment, using various forensics tools and techniques, with browsers (2015), Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and the aim to reconstruct the web browsing activities of the suspect. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer make up 90% of the browser The working of Google Chrome in regular mode, private usage. -
Web Technologies [R18a0517] Lecture Notes
WEB TECHNOLOGIES [R18A0517] LECTURE NOTES B.TECH III YEAR – II SEM(R18) (2020-21) DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India) Recognized under 2(f) and 12 (B) of UGC ACT 1956 (Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE - Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade - ISO 9001:2015 Certified) Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via. Hakimpet), Secunderabad – 500100, Telangana State, India III Year B. Tech. CSE –II Sem L T/P/D C 4 1/- / - 3 (R18A0517) WEB TECHNOLOGIES Objectives: Giving the students the insights of the Internet programming and how to design and implement complete applications over the web. It covers the notions of Web servers and Web Application Servers, Design Methodologies with concentration on Object-Oriented concepts, Client-Side Programming, Server-Side Programming, Active Server Pages, Database Connectivity to web applications, Adding Dynamic content to web applications, Programming Common Gateway Interfaces, Programming the User Interface for the web applications. UNIT I: Web Basics and Overview: Introduction to Internet, World Wide Web, Web Browsers, URL, MIME, HTTP, Web Programmers Tool box. HTML Common tags: List, Tables, images, forms, frames, Basics of CSS and types of CSS. Client-Side Programming (Java Script): Introduction to Java Script, declaring variables, functions, Event handlers (onclick, onsubmit, etc.,) and Form Validation. UNIT II: Server-Side Programming (PHP): Declaring Variables, Data types, Operators, Control structures, Functions, Reading data from web form controls like text buttons, radio buttons, list, etc., Handling File Uploads, Handling Sessions & Cookies. Introduction to XML: Document type definition, XML Schemas, Document Object model, Presenting XML , Introduction to XHTML, Using XML Processors: DOM and SAX. -
UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics
UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics Title Relationship between Perceptual Accuracy and Information Measures: A cross-linguistic Study Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7tx5t8bt Author Kang, Shinae Publication Date 2015 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Relationship between perceptual accuracy and information measures: A cross-linguistic study by Shinae Kang A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Keith A. Johnson, Chair Professor Sharon Inkelas Professor Susan S. Lin Professor Robert T. Knight Fall 2015 Relationship between perceptual accuracy and information measures: A cross-linguistic study Copyright 2015 by Shinae Kang 1 Abstract Relationship between perceptual accuracy and information measures: A cross-linguistic study by Shinae Kang Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Keith A. Johnson, Chair The current dissertation studies how the information conveyed by different speech el- ements of English, Japanese and Korean correlates with perceptual accuracy. Two well- established information measures are used: weighted negative contextual predictability (in- formativity) of a speech element; and the contribution of a speech element to syllable differ- entiation, or functional load. This dissertation finds that the correlation between information and perceptual accuracy differs depending on both the type of information measure and the language of the listener. To compute the information measures, Chapter 2 introduces a new corpus consisting of all the possible syllables for each of the three languages. The chapter shows that the two information measures are inversely correlated. -
Student Handbook 201 Emily Dickinson Elementary &
Lake Washington School District Lake Washington Parent & Student Handbook 201 Emily Dickinson Elementary & Explorer Commu9-2020 nity School Washington Achievement Award Winner Emily Dickinson Elementary • Explorer Community School 7040 208th Ave N.E. Redmond, WA 98053 Phone: (425) 836-4658 • Fax: (425) 836-4658 Safe Arrival Attendance Line: (425) 936-2531 Principal: Barbara Pridgeon Associate Principal: Heidi Lane Dickinson School Mascot: Dragons Dickinson School Colors: Green and Yellow Explorer School Mascot: Eagles Explorer School Colors: Blue and White 2019-20 Student Rights & Responsibilities - Updated 7/31/2019 | Page A1 Lake Washington School District Lake Washington EMILY DICKINSON ELEMENTARY DAILY SCHEDULE MONDAY, TUESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY 9:00-9:15 Student Drop Off 9:15 AM Line-up Bell 9:20 AM Instruction Begins 3:50 PM School Ends 4:00 PM All Students Off Campus WEDNESDAY 9:00-9:15 Student Drop Off 9:15 AM Line-up Bell 9:20 AM Instruction Begins 2:20 PM School Ends 2:30 PM All Students Off Campus HALF-DAY (For Conferences/No Lunch Served) 9:05-9:15 Student Drop Off 9:20 AM Instruction Begins 12:20 PM School Ends 12:30 PM All Students Off Campus Recess and Lunches 11:40-12:05 K-2 Lunch 12:05-12:35 K-2 Recess 12:15-12:35 3-5 Lunch 12:35-1:05 3-5 Recess 12:15-12:35 Explorer Lunch 12:35-1:05 Explorer Recess 2019-20 Student Rights & Responsibilities - Updated 7/31/2019| Page A2 Lake Washington School District Lake Washington EXPLORER COMMUNITY SCHOOL DAILY SCHEDULE MONDAY, TUESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY 8:50-9:00 Student Drop Off 9:05 -
Why Websites Can Change Without Warning
Why Websites Can Change Without Warning WHY WOULD MY WEBSITE LOOK DIFFERENT WITHOUT NOTICE? HISTORY: Your website is a series of files & databases. Websites used to be “static” because there were only a few ways to view them. Now we have a complex system, and telling your webmaster what device, operating system and browser is crucial, here’s why: TERMINOLOGY: You have a desktop or mobile “device”. Desktop computers and mobile devices have “operating systems” which are software. To see your website, you’ll pull up a “browser” which is also software, to surf the Internet. Your website is a series of files that needs to be 100% compatible with all devices, operating systems and browsers. Your website is built on WordPress and gets a weekly check up (sometimes more often) to see if any changes have occured. Your site could also be attacked with bad files, links, spam, comments and other annoying internet pests! Or other components will suddenly need updating which is nothing out of the ordinary. WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE IF SOMETHING HAS CHANGED? Any update to the following can make your website look differently: There are 85 operating systems (OS) that can update (without warning). And any of the most popular roughly 7 browsers also update regularly which can affect your site visually and other ways. (Lists below) Now, with an OS or browser update, your site’s 18 website components likely will need updating too. Once website updates are implemented, there are currently about 21 mobile devices, and 141 desktop devices that need to be viewed for compatibility. -
Haitian Creole – English Dictionary
+ + Haitian Creole – English Dictionary with Basic English – Haitian Creole Appendix Jean Targète and Raphael G. Urciolo + + + + Haitian Creole – English Dictionary with Basic English – Haitian Creole Appendix Jean Targète and Raphael G. Urciolo dp Dunwoody Press Kensington, Maryland, U.S.A. + + + + Haitian Creole – English Dictionary Copyright ©1993 by Jean Targète and Raphael G. Urciolo All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Authors. All inquiries should be directed to: Dunwoody Press, P.O. Box 400, Kensington, MD, 20895 U.S.A. ISBN: 0-931745-75-6 Library of Congress Catalog Number: 93-71725 Compiled, edited, printed and bound in the United States of America Second Printing + + Introduction A variety of glossaries of Haitian Creole have been published either as appendices to descriptions of Haitian Creole or as booklets. As far as full- fledged Haitian Creole-English dictionaries are concerned, only one has been published and it is now more than ten years old. It is the compilers’ hope that this new dictionary will go a long way toward filling the vacuum existing in modern Creole lexicography. Innovations The following new features have been incorporated in this Haitian Creole- English dictionary. 1. The definite article that usually accompanies a noun is indicated. We urge the user to take note of the definite article singular ( a, la, an or lan ) which is shown for each noun. Lan has one variant: nan. -
Download Text, HTML, Or Images for Offline Use
TALKING/SPEAKING/STALKING/STREAMING: ARTIST’S BROWSERS AND TACTICAL ENGAGEMENTS WITH THE EARLY WEB Colin Post A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Art History in the College of Arts & Sciences Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Cary Levine Victoria Rovine Christoph Brachmann © 2019 Colin Post ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have supported me throughout the process of writing this thesis—support duly needed and graciously accepted as I worked on this thesis while also conducting research for a dissertation in Information Science and in the midst of welcoming my daughter, Annot Finkelstein, into the world. My wife, Rachel Finkelstein, has been steadfast throughout all of this, not least of which in the birth of our daughter, but also in her endless encouragement of my scholarship. All three of my readers, Cary Levine, Victoria Rovine, and Christoph Brachmann, deserve thanks for reading through several drafts and providing invaluable feedback. Cary has also admirably served as my advisor throughout the Art History degree program as well as a member of my dissertation committee. At times when it seemed difficult, if not impossible, to complete everything for both degrees, Cary calmly assured me that I could achieve these goals. Leading the spring 2019 thesis writing seminar, Dr. Rovine helped our whole cohort through to the successful completion of our theses, providing detailed and thoughtful comments on every draft. I also deeply appreciate the support from my peers in the course. -
Introduction to Japanese Computational Linguistics Francis Bond and Timothy Baldwin
1 Introduction to Japanese Computational Linguistics Francis Bond and Timothy Baldwin The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief introduction to the Japanese language, and natural language processing (NLP) research on Japanese. For a more complete but accessible description of the Japanese language, we refer the reader to Shibatani (1990), Backhouse (1993), Tsujimura (2006), Yamaguchi (2007), and Iwasaki (2013). 1 A Basic Introduction to the Japanese Language Japanese is the official language of Japan, and belongs to the Japanese language family (Gordon, Jr., 2005).1 The first-language speaker pop- ulation of Japanese is around 120 million, based almost exclusively in Japan. The official version of Japanese, e.g. used in official settings andby the media, is called hyōjuNgo “standard language”, but Japanese also has a large number of distinctive regional dialects. Other than lexical distinctions, common features distinguishing Japanese dialects are case markers, discourse connectives and verb endings (Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyujyo, 1989–2006). 1There are a number of other languages in the Japanese language family of Ryukyuan type, spoken in the islands of Okinawa. Other languages native to Japan are Ainu (an isolated language spoken in northern Japan, and now almost extinct: Shibatani (1990)) and Japanese Sign Language. Readings in Japanese Natural Language Processing. Francis Bond, Timothy Baldwin, Kentaro Inui, Shun Ishizaki, Hiroshi Nakagawa and Akira Shimazu (eds.). Copyright © 2016, CSLI Publications. 1 Preview 2 / Francis Bond and Timothy Baldwin 2 The Sound System Japanese has a relatively simple sound system, made up of 5 vowel phonemes (/a/,2 /i/, /u/, /e/ and /o/), 9 unvoiced consonant phonemes (/k/, /s/,3 /t/,4 /n/, /h/,5 /m/, /j/, /ó/ and /w/), 4 voiced conso- nants (/g/, /z/,6 /d/ 7 and /b/), and one semi-voiced consonant (/p/). -
Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera U Osijeku Filozofski Fakultet U Osijeku Odsjek Za Engleski Jezik I Književnost Uroš Ba
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Croatian Digital Thesis Repository Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet u Osijeku Odsjek za engleski jezik i književnost Uroš Barjaktarević Japanese-English Language Contact / Japansko-engleski jezični kontakt Diplomski rad Kolegij: Engleski jezik u kontaktu Mentor: doc. dr. sc. Dubravka Vidaković Erdeljić Osijek, 2015. 1 Summary JAPANESE-ENGLISH LANGUAGE CONTACT The paper examines the language contact between Japanese and English. The first section of the paper defines language contact and the most common contact-induced language phenomena with an emphasis on linguistic borrowing as the dominant contact-induced phenomenon. The classification of linguistic borrowing thereby follows Haugen's distinction between morphemic importation and substitution. The second section of the paper presents the features of the Japanese language in terms of origin, phonology, syntax, morphology, and writing. The third section looks at the history of language contact of the Japanese with the Europeans, starting with the Portuguese and Spaniards, followed by the Dutch, and finally the English. The same section examines three different borrowing routes from English, and contact-induced language phenomena other than linguistic borrowing – bilingualism , code alternation, code-switching, negotiation, and language shift – present in Japanese-English language contact to varying degrees. This section also includes a survey of the motivation and reasons for borrowing from English, as well as the attitudes of native Japanese speakers to these borrowings. The fourth and the central section of the paper looks at the phenomenon of linguistic borrowing, its scope and the various adaptations that occur upon morphemic importation on the phonological, morphological, orthographic, semantic and syntactic levels. -
World Wide Web Implementation of the Langley Technical Report Server
f NASA Technical Memorandum 109162 World Wide Web Implementation of the Langley Technical Report Server Michael L. Nelson and Gretchen L. Gottlich NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia David J. Bianco Computer Sciences Corporation Hampton, Virginia (NASA-TW-I09162) WORLD WIOF WEB N95-13198 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LANGLEY TECHNICAL REPORT SERVFR (NASA. Langley Research Center) 32 p Unclas G3/61 0028228 September 1994 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia 23681-0001 World Wide Web Implementation of the Langley Technical Report Server Michael L. Nelson ([email protected]) Gretchen L. Gottlich ([email protected]) David J. Bianco ([email protected]) 9/5/94 Abstract On January 14, 1993, NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) made approximately 130formal, "unclassified, unlimited" technical reports available via the anonymous FTP Langley Technical Report Server (LTRS). LaRC was the first organization to provide a significant number of aero- space technical reports for open electronic dissemination. LTRS has been successful in its first 18 months of operation, with over 11,000 reports distributed and has helped lay the foundation for electronic document distribution for NASA. The availability of World Wide Web (WWW) technol- ogy has revolutionized the lnternet-based information community. This paper describes the tran- sition of LTRS from a centralized FTP site to a distributed data model using the _ and suggests how the general model for LTRS can be applied to other