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Effect of Sight Barriers in Pens of Breeding Ring-Necked Pheasants (Phasianus Colchicus): I

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Effect of Sight Barriers in Pens of Breeding Ring-Necked Pheasants (Phasianus Colchicus): I Effect of sight barriers in pens of breeding ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus): I. Behaviour and welfare Charles Deeming, Jonathan Cooper, Holly Hodges To cite this version: Charles Deeming, Jonathan Cooper, Holly Hodges. Effect of sight barriers in pens of breeding ring- necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus): I. Behaviour and welfare. British Poultry Science, Taylor & Francis, 2011, 52 (04), pp.403-414. 10.1080/00071668.2011.590796. hal-00732523 HAL Id: hal-00732523 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00732523 Submitted on 15 Sep 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. British Poultry Science For Peer Review Only Effect of sight barriers in pens of breeding ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus): I. Behaviour and welfare Journal: British Poultry Science Manuscript ID: CBPS-2010-256.R1 Manuscript Type: Original Manuscript Date Submitted by the 02-Dec-2010 Author: Complete List of Authors: Deeming, Charles; University of Lincoln, Biological Sciences cooper, jonathan; University of Lincoln, Biological Sciences Hodges, Holly; University of Lincoln, Biological Sciences Keywords: Pheasant, Sight barriers, Behaviour, Welfare E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cbps Page 1 of 36 British Poultry Science Edited Hocking 1 1 29/04/2011 2 3 Effect of sight barriers in pens of breeding ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus 4 5 colchicus ): I. Behaviour and welfare 6 7 8 D. C. DEEMING, H. R. HODGES and J. J. COOPER 9 10 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK. 11 12 13 14 Correspondence: D.C. Deeming, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lincoln, 15 16 Riseholme Park,For Lincoln, PeerLN2 2LG, UK. Review E-mail: [email protected] Only 17 18 19 Running head: Sight barriers and behaviour 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Accepted for publica ti on : 15 January 2011 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Bibliography: 40 41 Delete Deeming and Wadland 2001 42 43 Taber should be 1949, not 1959 (Taber, not Tabor again) 44 Add: Cooper, J. & Hodges, H. (2010). Effect of tree cover on ranging behaviour of free range hens. 45 46 Proceedings of the 44th Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology - Coping in large 47 48 groups. Lidfors, L., Blokhuis, H. and Keeling, L. (eds) Wageningen Academic Publishers, Holland, p.75 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cbps British Poultry Science Page 2 of 36 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Correspondence: D.C. Deeming, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lincoln, 13 14 Riseholme Park, Lincoln, LN2 2LG, UK. E-mail: [email protected] 15 16 For Peer Review Only 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cbps Page 3 of 36 British Poultry Science 3 1 2 3 Abstract 1. The study investigated the effects of providing sight barriers in breeding pens on 4 5 pheasant mortality, feather damage and behaviour. 6 7 2. Data were collected from 11 conventional pens (control) and 11 pens with additional sight 8 9 barriers (barrier) over the course of a ten week breeding season. Each pen contained 8 males 10 11 and 56 females at the beginning of the season. 12 3. There was a higher rate of mortality in males (6.25%) than females (2.11%) that was 13 14 unaffected by treatment. 15 16 4. Feather damageFor increased Peer over the breedingReview season and bothOnly male and female pheasants 17 18 showed better feather condition in the pens with barrier at the end of the season. 19 5. The pheasants spent most of their time walking or standing. Providing barriers increased 20 21 perching, but reduced preening. 22 23 6. The provision of sight barriers had no effect on the incidence of courtship and mating, but 24 25 did reduce aggressive interactions such as pecking and chasing. 26 7. Thestudy provides baseline data on the behaviour of breeding pheasants under these 27 28 husbandry conditions, and suggests that barriers may improve pheasant welfare by reducing 29 30 potentially harmful aggressive interactions, without affecting activity patterns or reproductive 31 32 behaviour. 33 34 35 INTRODUCTION 36 37 38 39 The pheasant production and shooting industries provide the equivalent of 70,000 full time 40 41 jobs in the UK and generates £1.6 billion (PACEC, 2006). The industry is also important in 42 43 44 managing and conserving rural areas, due to the scrubland and copses typically used for 45 46 pheasant release (see Burger, 1966; Grahn, 1993). Pheasant rearing may involve up to 35 47 48 million birds being released into the British countryside every year (Farm Animal Welfare 49 50 51 Council, 2008). However, the conditions that pheasants experience in captive environments 52 53 (e.g . Pennycott, 2000) prior to release will differ significantly ( e.g . group size and availability 54 55 of cover) from that of their natural situation ( e.g. Taber 1949). Despite the large number of 56 57 58 birds used to produce stock for release into the countryside, there is relatively little research 59 60 directed to exploring the behavioural requirements of breeding and growing pheasants in E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cbps British Poultry Science Page 4 of 36 4 1 2 3 captivity and how this impacts on their welfare. By contrast, there has been considerable 4 5 6 interest in the breeding behaviour of wild ring-necked pheasants in terms of the function of 7 8 sexual displays ( e.g . Collias and Taber, 1951; Schenkel, 1956, 1958; Heinz and Gysel, 1970) 9 10 11 and more recently as a model species to test theories of sexual selection ( e.g. von Schantz et 12 13 al ., 1989; Mateos, 1998). 14 15 16 For Peer Review Only 17 18 There may be several welfare issues associated with current methods of pheasant 19 20 husbandry in general and breeding stock in particular. Birds are typically kept in semi- 21 22 intensive conditions in pens open to the elements with larger numbers of con-specifics at 23 24 25 higher stocking densities than would occur naturally (Ridley and Hill, 1987; Grahn et al ., 26 27 1993a; Leif, 2005). They are therefore exposed to extremes of weather and potential 28 29 infectious agents from wild birds and their droppings (Pennycott, 2000). There is 30 31 32 considerable variation in the management of these birds particularly during breeding (review 33 34 by Deeming, 2009) – group sizes vary from small (7 or 8 hens with a single cock) through to 35 36 37 hundreds of birds in a single pen (~300 birds, e.g. Deeming and Wadland, 2002). The 38 39 competence of stockmen may also vary from farm to farm, with potential costs for the birds’ 40 41 health and welfare (FAWC, 2008). 42 43 44 During the breeding season wild ring-necked pheasants are territorial, guarding harems 45 46 of females from potential rivals and engaging in threats, displays, such as calling and wing- 47 48 flapping, and aggressive acts, such as chasing, sparring and pecking (Taber, 1949; Ridley and 49 50 51 Hill, 1987; Mateos, 1998). Non-territorial males are also reported who do not display or fight 52 53 but nevertheless may mate with unaccompanied females (Burger, 1966). At the end of the 54 55 breeding season males cease territorial behaviour and mate guarding, and become more 56 57 58 tolerant of other males. However, in enclosed multi-male pens it may not be possible 59 60 establish stable harems or territories, leading to more male-male intimidation and/or fighting, E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cbps Page 5 of 36 British Poultry Science 5 1 2 3 and greater disturbance of courtship between males and females. 4 5 6 Increased stocking density can lead to other undesirable responses including more 7 8 aggressive pecking and feather pecking. Aggressive pecking in pheasants is generally 9 10 11 directed at the head region and is of short duration (Hoffmeyer, 1966). Aggressive pecking 12 13 can be involved in the establishment of hierarchies and/or be associated with competition for 14 15 resources and can be elevated at higher stocking densities due to increased competition for 16 For Peer Review Only 17 18 resources, reduced inter-bird distances and difficulties in establishing stable hierarchies 19 20 (Hoffmeyer, 1966). By contrast, feather pecking involves gentler pecks to any area of the 21 22 body such as back, chest and wings, and can involve plucking and ingestion of feathers 23 24 25 (Hoffmeyer, 1966). The behaviour appears to be a form of redirected foraging behaviour 26 27 because providing foraging substrates reduces feather damage and deficiencies in specific 28 29 nutrients may increase the behaviour (Hoffmeyer, 1966).
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