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Effect of Black Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill) Flour Intervention On Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 476-492 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 9 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.061 Effect of Black Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Flour Intervention on Blood Pressure, Fasting Blood Glucose Level and Lipid Profile of Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women Neetu Dobhal* and Rita Singh Raghuvanshi Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, , Pantnagar (263145), District- Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Postmenopausal women have increased risk of developing hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, obesity, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis due to loss of ovarian function and subsequent estrogen deficiency. The aim of present investigation was to assess the effect of black soybean flour intervention on blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, haemoglobin and lipid profile of the postmenopausal women. A study having experimental design with pre and post observations including 46 K e yw or ds postmenopausal women of 45-55 years was conducted. The selected women were Black soybean, randomly divided into 2 groups. Experimental group A and B received 50g of raw and Postmenopausal germinated black soybean flour per day, respectively, for consecutive 90 days. Information women, Lipid on general characteristics, anthropometric measurements and nutrient intake was collected. profile, Blood Blood pressure was measured and blood was analyzed for haemoglobin, fasting blood pressure, Blood glucose and lipid profile parameters twice in the study, once at the beginning and second at glucose th the 90 day of intervention to analyze the effect of black soybean flour intervention on the parameters. The findings of study revealed that subjects of both the experimental groups Article Info were found comparable for their consumption of all the nutrients except dietary fibre (p<0.05). The dietary intervention of both raw and germinated black soybean flour to two Accepted: 07 August 2020 groups led to non-significant increase in their haemoglobin levels but significant Available Online: improvement (p<0.05) in their blood pressure and lipid profile parameters (decrease in TC, 10 September 2020 LDL-C and TG and increase in HDL-C) was recorded. A marked improvement was observed in the fasting blood glucose levels of prediabteic and diabetic subjects of the study. Present investigation proved the beneficial effect of black soybean flour supplementation on fasting blood glucose levels, blood pressure and lipid profile parameters in postmenopausal women. Hence, it is concluded that black soybean have potential use in the management of dyslipidemia and hypertension in menopausal women. There is a need to popularize and commercialize black soybean and its products by improving its processing and designating the product as functional food/nutraceutical. 476 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 476-492 Introduction management of menopause is routine practice (Deviga et al., 2016) but in India, it still needs Non-communicable diseases are the vital special attention and treatment. causes of morbidity and mortality in India and hypertension is one of the most important risk Soybean being rich in phytoestrogens might factors for CVD and non-communicable play an important role in the treatment of diseases (Gupta and Xavier, 2018). Abnormal menopausal health problems. A study blood concentrations of lipids i.e. reported that is flavones present in soybeans, dyslipidemia is one of the most significant have both estrogen and antiestrogen action, modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular cell proliferation inhibition property and disease. Although medicines are effective in serum cholesterol reducing ability, which are reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol relevant attributes to reduce the risks of non- levels, the best approach for prevention and communicable chronic diseases such as management of CVD is to modify dietary and CVDs, cancer, osteoporosis, and menopausal lifestyle patterns (Vanessa et al., 2014). symptoms (Penha et al., 2007). Hypertension is directly responsible for 57% strokes and 24% of all CHD-related deaths in Various studies have reported the beneficial India (Gupta et al., 2018). More that 25% of role of soybean consumption in the adult female population is hypertensive management of dyslipidemia (Yang et al., worldwide (Kearney et al., 2005), among 2017), atherosclerosis (Cano et al., 2010) and which postmenopausal women are at higher hypertension (Kou et al., 2017) by using risk of cardiovascular problems (Bhagat et al., either the soy extracted isoflavones or isolated 2010; Tandon et al., 2010). soy protein. Menopause is a natural transition experienced Black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), is by every woman and occurs when the ovaries one of the major crops grown in 5734 hectare stop releasing egg every month and area of Uttarakhand, a hilly state of India, menstruation stops. It indicates the end of with the productivity and yield of 9.82q/ha reproduction ability of woman. Loss of and 5636t, respectively (Hipparagi et al., ovarian function and subsequent estrogen 2017). It is locally known as Bhatt. Chen et deficiency increases the risk of developing al., (2017) and Ganeshan and Xu (2017) have hypertension (Zhoua et al., 2015), reported the antioxidant, hypolipidemic and cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative estrogenic activity of black soybean. disorders, obesity, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis (Chedraui et al., 2010). Despite of having numerous health benefits, black soybean is consumed on a very limited Postmenopause is the time after menopause scale in India. This may be attributed to its and lasts for more than one third of women‟s black colour and beany flavour which is life. Karita et al., (2008) and Hong and Kim generally not liked by people. Therefore, the (2017) reported the higher prevalence of present study was undertaken to assess the dyslipidemia in the postmenopausal women therapeutic effect of whole black soybean than the premenopausal women. Women‟s flour intervention in improving blood health problem during postmenopause pressure, fasting blood glucose levels and changes her life style in various ways like lipid profile of hypertensive postmenopausal physical, emotional, social and financial women. quality of life. In the developed countries, 477 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 476-492 Materials and Methods Sample size estimation Locale and year Sample size for the present research was calculated using the formula given by The present investigation was conducted in Dhulkhed et al., (2008) at 80% precision and Udham Singh Nagar district 95% level of confidence, which came to 46. of Uttarakhand in 2018. For selection of subjects, a list of total 157 postmenopausal women was prepared from Material procurement and flour the localities of district Udham Singh Nagar, development Uttarakhand and they were assessed for their eligibility in the study. Out of 157, 27 women The VL-63 variety of black soybean was were excluded as they didn‟t meet the obtained from Tarai Development inclusion criteria. Among remaining 130, fifty Corporation (TDC), Haldi, District U.S. women were randomly selected using random Nagar (Uttarakhand). The seeds of black number tables (Fig. 1). soybean were cleaned manually to remove foreign materials, broken and immature Ethical considerations soybeans. Two types i.e. raw and germinated flours were developed from black soybean. Subjects were explained about the objectives Germinated flour was developed by washing of study and a fully informed written consent of black soybeans in clean water, followed by was taken from each subject. A formal overnight soaking and draining. Germination approval was also taken from the University was carried out for next 72 hours at 32±20C in Ethics Committee for Human Research incubator. Germinated grains were oven-dried (UECHR) G.B. Pant University of at 65±20C till completely dried, followed by Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, grinding into flour. Flour was sieved through Uttarakhand. 60 mesh sieve and stored the flour in dry and air tight containers for further use. Study tool Subject selection A structured interview schedule was developed for obtaining information on socio- Subjects were included in the study on the demographic parameters like religion, basis of criteria like age within 45-55 years education, occupation, family type and family with absence of menses (for at least 12 size etc. Anthropometric measurements months but not more than 5 years), with included height and weight measurement and diagnosed hypertension (BP≥120/80 mmHg) BMI was calculated. Information on physical and willing to participate in present research. workout of subjects and family history of the Women receiving hormone replacement hypertension, presence of diabetes mellitus, therapy for treatment of menopausal medication and treatment was also collected, symptoms or with history of any degenerative using a structured questionnaire. Nutrient diseases such as stroke, congestive heart intake of the subjects was assessed using 24- failure, malignant tumours, myocardial hour dietary recall method. Blood pressure infarction and hepatitis were excluded. (BP) of subjects was taken with an automated Women with known allergy to soybean and blood
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