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IUPAC Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)*

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IUPAC Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)* Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 84, No. 5, pp. 1113–1295, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-11-06-03 © 2012 IUPAC, Publication date (Web): 16 February 2012 IUPAC glossary of terms used in immunotoxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)* Douglas M. Templeton1,‡, Michael Schwenk2, Reinhild Klein3, and John H. Duffus4 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; 2In den Kreuzäckern 16, Tübingen, Germany; 3Immunopathological Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine II, Otfried-Müller-Strasse, Tübingen, Germany; 4The Edinburgh Centre for Toxicology, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Abstract: The primary objective of this “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology” is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to immunotoxicology but are not themselves immunologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to under- stand the literature of immunology without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical immunology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnos- ing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the immune system. The glossary consists of about 1200 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and Annexes of common abbre- viations, examples of chemicals with known effects on the immune system, autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, and therapeutic agents used in autoimmune disease and cancer. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regu- latory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment. Keywords: biomedical applications; chemistry education; immune sensitization; immuno- suppression; immunotoxicology; IUPAC Chemistry and Human Health Division; toxicology; toxicity testing. CONTENTS PREFACE MEMBERSHIP OF SPONSORING BODY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ALPHABETICAL ENTRIES REFERENCES *Sponsoring body: IUPAC Chemistry and Human Health Division: see more details on page 1115. ‡Corresponding author: address: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ont. M5S 1A8, Canada; E-mail: [email protected] 1113 1114 D. M. TEMPLETON et al. ANNEX I: ABBREVIATIONS ANNEX II: LIST OF CHEMICALS WITH KNOWN EFFECTS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ANNEX III: SOME MOST RELEVANT AUTOANTIBODIES IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE ANNEX IV: THERAPEUTIC AGENTS (MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES OR FUSION PRO- TEINS) FOR HUMAN AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS AND TUMORS PREFACE A major goal of IUPAC is to promote “regulation, standardization, or codification” globally in relevant areas of chemistry. To this end, the Chemistry and Human Health Division, recognizing the importance of toxicology to chemists, produced the “Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology, 2nd ed.”, in 2007 [i]. That glossary was intended to provide clear and concise definitions for a range of terms in toxicology and toxicokinetics, primarily for chemists who find themselves working in toxicology or requiring a working knowledge of the subject. It was also recognized that other scientists, regulators, and managers must from time to time interpret toxicological information, and it was hoped that the glossary would also provide them with ready access to internationally accepted definitions of relevant terms. A number of subspecialties broaden the scope of toxicology, and in 2009 the Division expanded the collection of available definitions with publication of “Glossary of Terms Used in Ecotoxicology” [ii]. Several years ago, the Division initiated a project to evaluate mechanisms by which metals cause immune sensitization in individuals, and subsequently to evaluate critically various immunological tests for their reliability in determining clinical sensitization to various metals. This project resulted in a series of IUPAC technical reports [iii–vii]. During the course of this work, it became evident that immunotoxicology rests upon a specialized vocabulary that incorporates terms from both immunology and toxicology, sometimes combining them in unique ways. Thus, it was decided to expand further the list of definitions available to the chemical community and other interested parties by producing a “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology”. The present document is the result. In order to mini- mize the reader’s time in consulting additional texts, terms from [i] were included when it was felt that they were used with particular frequency in immunotoxicology. The authors have also exercised judg- ment in deciding which terms from basic immunology should be included for the reader’s convenience. In general, American spelling has been adopted for the entry terms, thus hemolytic anemia, edema, and tumor (not haemolytic anaemia, oedema, and tumour). Further, somewhat arbitrary deci- sions must be made in listing alternative forms of terms as the main entry (e.g., heterophilic antibody vs. heterophile antibody). In particular, many terms begin with immune or immuno- (e.g., immune elim- ination as part of the process of immunoediting). We have generally tried to use the form we find to be in most common usage, but if a desired entry is not found under one construction, it should be sought under the other. Many definitions have been compiled from earlier sources, with or without modification, as indi- cated in the citation. When no citation is given, the term is newly defined. When a citation is given, the definition is more or less a quotation from the original. With the qualification “After”, the general con- cept of the original has been retained with some rewording, often for consistency with IUPAC guide- lines for glossaries. “Modified from” implies a concept specific to the source is retained but put into original wording. When a citation is indented following a Note, it refers only to the Note. The document has been put together with invaluable input from many colleagues and expert reviewers. Where flaws remain, they are the responsibility of the authors. i. J. H. Duffus, M. Nordberg, D. M. Templeton. Pure Appl. Chem. 79, 1153 (2007). ii. M. Nordberg, D. M. Templeton, O. Andersen, J. H. Duffus. Pure Appl. Chem. 81, 829 (2009). iii. D. M. Templeton. Pure Appl. Chem. 76, 1255 (2004). iv. R. Klein, M. Schwenk, R. Heinrich-Ramm, D. M. Templeton. Pure Appl. Chem. 76, 1269 (2004). v. R. Klein, M. Schwenk, D. M. Templeton. Pure Appl. Chem. 78, 2155 (2006). © 2012, IUPAC Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 84, No. 5, pp. 1113–1295, 2012 Glossary of terms used in immunotoxicology 1115 vi. M. Schwenk, R. Klein, D. M. Templeton. Pure Appl. Chem. 80, 1349 (2008). vii. M. Schwenk, R. Klein, D. M. Templeton. Pure Appl. Chem. 81, 153 (2009). MEMBERSHIP OF SPONSORING BODY Membership of the Chemistry and Human Health Division Committee of during the preparation of this report (2009–2011) was as follows: President: D. M. Templeton (Canada, 2008–2011); Secretary: M. Schwenk (Germany, 2010–2011); Members: O. Andersen (Denmark, 2008–2011); S. Bachurin (Russia, 2010–2013); D. Buckle (UK, 2010–2013); X. Fuentes-Arderiu (Spain, 2008–2011); P. Illing (UK, 2010–2013); Y. Martin (USA, 2010–2013), T. Nagano (Japan, 2010–2013); F. Pontet (France, 2008–2013). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the helpful suggestions of Profs. Ian Kimber, Jack Uetrecht, Charlotte Esser, and Ulrich Sack, who read carefully a draft of the document. We also thank members of the IUPAC ICTNS for their thorough reading, and the very astute comments of the anonymous external reviewers. The aggregate of these inputs has resulted in a document superior to that which could have been achieved by the authors alone. ALPHABETICAL ENTRIES ␣:␤ T cell Lymphocyte whose T-cell receptor (TCR) is a heterodimer of an α chain and a β chain. Note: α:β T cells represent the majority of thymocytes in the thymus and T cells in the periph- ery. See also α:β T-cell receptor, γ:δ T cell. ␣:␤ T-cell receptor T-cell receptor (TCR) consisting of a heterodimer of two different glycoprotein chains, designated α and β, assembled into an α:β heterodimer. ␣-fetoprotein (AFP) Serum protein, related to serum albumin in evolution, abundant in the fetus and reoccurring in the serum in liver cancer. Note: It has various immunomodulating and immunosuppressive effects. ABL oncogene Gene resulting from a chromosomal translocation (9;22) that fuses sequences from the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene with the ABL gene. Note 1: This translocation creates the Philadelphia chromosome, found in most human patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Note 2: The fusion protein encoded by BCR-ABL possesses unregulated tyrosine kinase activ- ity. Note 3: The term ABL derives from the Abelson murine leukemia virus, from which the gene was first isolated. © 2012, IUPAC Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 84, No. 5, pp. 1113–1295, 2012 1116 D. M. TEMPLETON et al. ABO blood group system System of antigens expressed on erythrocytes and used for typing human blood for transfusion. Note: Individuals who do not express A or B antigens on their erythrocytes naturally form antibodies against them. See also blood group. abzyme Antibody or antibody construct with catalytic activity. accessory cell Cell that assists in the adaptive immune response but does not directly mediate specific antigen recog- nition. Note 1: Such cells include phagocytes,
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