News From Red Hill Published By the Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation — Brookneal, VA

Ribbon Cutting and Grand Opening On April 26th, the long-awaited day finally arrived for the grand unveiling of Red Hill’s newly completed Eugene B. Casey Education and Events Center. Celebrations began Thursday evening with a VIP preview of the building for members of the Patrick Henry Descendants’ Branch and special guests. Friday marked the main event with the official ribbon cutting and a catered party and presentations in (continued on page 2)

Celebrating The Life of In This Issue... Mrs. Edith Poindexter On the morning of March including her son Cole Poindexter, Red Hill Collection 11, 2019, Edith Cabaniss Poindexter, who has inherited her role as Henry Page 3 91, went to be with her husband Geneaologist. Ms. Marstin shared Jack Robinson Poindexter. that Miz P., “told me many times PHDB Reunion Edith Poindexter—or Miz she wanted some of her ashes to be Page 4 P., as she was affectionately known scattered at this place so precious to at Red Hill—was honored at a cel- her. She deserves to be here, she has Living History Series ebration of life ceremony at the Red earned the right to be here, and I am Page 4 Hill Scatter Garden on April 26th. so happy she will always be a part Those gathered together were able of Patrick Henry’s Red Hill. Let our Alexi Garrett Essay to share stories and memories of the hearts find comfort in this and let Page 6 formidable woman and historian us hold onto our memories of her as whose work was so vital to Red Hill precious gifts.” Faces of Red Hill for many, many years. Special music Over the years Miz P. Page 15 was performed for the occasion by worked at Red Hill as Administra- Lloyd Holt, and remarks were made tive Assistant, Curator and Genealo- by Hope Marstin, CEO, and Jack gist, and was an honorary trustee of Schaffer, Board Member. Miz P.’s the Patrick Henry Memorial Foun- ashes were scattered by her family dation. (continued on page 11)

Spring 2019 — Published By the Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation — Brookneal, VA 24528 2

Grand Opening (Cont.) (Continued from page 1)

honor of the occasion. present, along with construction workers The day was well-attended. and several sub-contractors, all of whom Guests included local community leaders enjoyed the chance to see their handiwork from our surrounding region includ- complete and being enjoyed by the public. ing Campbell, Charlotte, Halifax, and Of course, a Red Hill event would not be Appomatox Counties, and the Town of complete without Red Hill Staff, Board Brookneal and City of Lynchburg. Also in members, volunteers, donors, and de- attendance were representatives from the scendants there to cheer on the festivities. Lynchburg Regional Business Alliance, While the day began with rain, Virginia Tourism, the Halifax Chamber, the skies cleared up just in time for the the Brookneal Chamber, and the National ribbon cutting. Hope Marstin, CEO, Park Service. William Cook, President of wielded the scissors, surrounded by Jamerson-Lewis Construction Co. who several Patrick Henry Memorial Founda- built the Center, and architects Stephen tion Board members. Afterward guests Blashfield and Jaclyn Miller from Glave & were invited inside to enjoy the Holmes who designed the building were beautiful new space, decorated especially

with flower arrangements designed by Production Co., who has produced some Celebrations it will be used for VIP seat- the Red Hill Garden Club—including one of Red Hill’s educational film media in the ing during the festivities and for viewing eye-catching floral centerpiece that stood past. the fireworks. Our newest event, Starry over three feet tall! Catered hors d’oeuvres With the Eugene B. Casey Edu- Night Star Gazing will also be held there were enjoyed by everyone. cation and Events Center now officially on July 12th. We look forward to all of the Ms. Marstin welcomed every- open for use, Red Hill is already enjoy- many exciting events that will be possible body with some brief remarks recog- ing the many opportunities available for in the new space in the days and years to nizing several of the representatives programming with the option of such a come! attending and introducing the Board of beautiful, large indoor space. It provided Directors, after which Board Chair Mark the chance to host the luncheon for new Holman shared a few words. There was citizens at our annual Naturalization Cer- also a video presented especially for the emony here on the grounds on May 29th. occasion by Kevin Ernst of Haven Falls During our July 4th Independence Day 3 From the Red Hill Collection Elvira Henry’s Box Miss Susan Dabney graciously donated this interesting item to the Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation in 1947. Unfortunately, not much is known about the piece, which may have belonged to Miss Dabney’s great grandmother, Elvira McClelland Henry, the wife of Patrick Henry’s young- est son, John. The wooden box measures just over 10 inches wide and stands 4 ½ inches tall, with a mirror on the inside of the gold adorned, hinged lid. A few small compartments covered in faded purple velvet contain an as- sortment of small unidentified brass and ivory fittings. Two other com- partments hold two small crystal bottles with glass stoppers. The most curious of the objects within this piece is an empty cardboard box with the inscription, “brooch with Patrick Henry’s hair”. Do you know anything about the history of this piece, or can you identify any of the small pieces contained within the decorative box? If so, please contact Red Hill. You may be able to help further identify and interpret this heirloom treasure.

...invited inside to enjoy the beautiful new space... 4 PHDB Reunion This spring 27 Patrick Henry descen- an eventful time for the descendants touring important Henry-related sites dants from the Patrick Henry Descen- to be a part of several meaningful in Virginia and getting to connect dants’ Branch at Red Hill gathered for occasions taking place at Red Hill, in with one another. The Descendants’ their annual family reunion. It was addition to their usual adventures in Reunion gives members of the PHDB

Living History at Red Hill Colonial Medicine olonial Medicine is a subject the medicines and how to make them been Lynchburg or perhaps Charlotte many teachers ask for as they by age 12. Blood, phlegm, black bile, Court House (roughly a 30 minute schedule their annual field and yellow bile were the four ailments drive by car today). Patrick Henry Ctrips. The science-based teachings and medicines were used to treat. The use used the doctor based in Lynchburg, emphasis on what it was like to be of laxatives and blood-letting was Dr. George Cabell, only called upon “self-sufficient” draw the students in quite common. as a last resort. to a simpler time. In Southside Virginia, where There are several different Patrick Henry’s wife Doro- plantations were spread miles apart, types of medicines our docents show thea would have the recipes for the there were not many doctors avail- students how to make and tell what medicines and would be the holder of able. Few doctors in the thirteen colo- they would be used for. The first is the key to the medicine cabinet. Colo- nies were formally educated. The only water-based teas. Our docents show nial women would pass down the rec- college that offered a doctoral-level children lemon balm picked from our ipes for medicines they learned from medical program was in Philadelphia. own herb garden on the property and their mothers, to their daughters. The next nearest medical schools were how to make tea from it. This tea was African slaves and Native Americans in Scotland and western Europe. Most used for stomach ailments and would also shared information on medicines doctors were actually apprentices to be made just as we would make tea which impacted the knowledge base other doctors who themselves had in our own homes today. Colonial of medicines immensely. The Henry been apprenticed or trained. For Red women would take cheesecloth to daughters would begin learning about Hill, the closest doctor would have make a bag (continued on page 12) In each issue “Living History at Red Hill” will introduce our readers to one of the living history programs that our visitors encounter. 5

the chance to gather with their distant group to Point of Honor, the historic plantation in Lynchburg, the estate cousins and learn about their shared home of Patrick Henry’s good friend was built by Dr. Cabell and his wife. heritage. and personal physician Dr. George The name Point of Honor came about This year’s excursion took the Cabell. Once a sprawling 737 acre thanks to stories at the time that the

...medicines they learned from their mothers...

place was where locals would go to her memorial ceremony at which her and are so appreciative that we are settle arguments through duels. The ashes were scattered in the Scatter interested in their lineage. In fact, in group also made a stop at Old City Garden at Red Hill. It was Miz P. who 1999 they paid me the high honor of Cemetery, which is the oldest munici- many years ago began the effort to making me a Lifetime Honorary Pat- pal cemetery still in use in Virginia create and track the Patrick Henry rick Henry Descendant.” Many, if not and one of the oldest burial grounds family genealogy and began to regis- most, of the descendants now active in the country. ter descendants with Red Hill. Of the with the branch credit Miz P.’s work Back at Red Hill, there was group she said, “I am proud of the fact for helping them to get connected and also plenty going on for the cousins to that Red Hill has become a clearing learn about their roots. Sharing stories take in. Friday was an especially full house for Patrick Henry genealogy. of her together during this reunion day of Living HIstory demonstrations The certified descendants have been a was a special time for everyone. and the ribbon cutting and grand joy—they are proud of their heritage opening of the Eugene B. Casey Edu- cation & Event Center. The descen- dants actually got an early sneak peek into the building ahead of the public opening. Of course, a big part of this year’s reunion was giving the descen- dants a chance to attend the cer- emony honoring the passing of Miz P.—Mrs. Edith Poindexter—whose impact on Red Hill and especially on the Descendants’ Branch cannot be measured. The descendants attended 6 Pious Widow, Loving Mother, Slave Owner, Salt Mine Manager, and Patrick Henry’s Beloved Sister:

On May 15, 1786, Patrick served in the Seven Years’ War before and friend, but also about who would Henry wrote a letter to his younger becoming interested in investing in help take care of his children in case sister, Anne (Henry) Christian. He western lands. William also served as he or Dorothea died. In a great twist offered his condolences to her, as she a politician, holding a variety of local of irony, it turns out that Annie and had just lost her beloved husband, offices before and during the Ameri- William should have had this worry— William. William was also one of can Revolutionary War. He studied not Patrick. Patrick’s dearest friends. “I am at loss law under Patrick, befriending him Annie’s entire world changed just a how to address you my dearest sister,” and falling in love with his sister. Wil- year after moving out west. On April Patrick wrote. “Would to God I could liam and Annie married in 1765, and 9, 1786, her beloved husband William say something to give relief to the Annie bore six children: Sarah (Sally), died after an Indian attack. William dearest of women & sisters.” Given Priscilla (Prissie), Anne, John (John- had been partaking in an expedition Patrick’s loving relationship toward nie), Dorothea (Dolly), and Elizabeth against native groups north of the his sister, it is surprising that so little (Betsy).9 Ohio River. His companions reported is known about Annie, the steadfast In 1785, the Christian family to her what happened, which she and pious woman who became a and the enslaved people they owned relayed to Patrick: “When the fatal widow and manager of a salt mine moved to what was then the western wound was given him he behaved on the same day. Thanks to gener- part of Virginia, called Kentucky with the greatest fortitude, he never ous funding from The Patrick Henry County (which would become the murmured or complained the last, but Memorial Foundation, I had the state of Kentucky in 1792). William said, ‘My wound is mortal though I honor of researching Annie, her time owned a salt mine there called Bullitt’s hope to get home to my family before as a widow, and her connection to her Lick (near present-day Shepherdsville, I die.’” After riding on horseback brother as the 2017 Red Hill Fellow. I Kentucky), which Annie reported towards home for two miles, William include Annie as a main actor in my was putting them “amazeingly in had lost too much blood and asked dissertation, which analyzes how feme debt.” The Christians “were in hopes to rest. He told his friend that “he sole (single) women managed their by selling here to get clear of debt.” was not at all afraid to meet death & slave-manned enterprises in revolu- They settled on Beargrass Creek (near died resigned to the will of God, that tionary and early national Virginia. present-day Louisville, Kentucky), it would be very melancholly news I show how while Annie abided by about twenty miles north of Bullitt’s for his family to hear.” After expiring the gender, racial, and legal conven- Lick and the town that had grown by “without a groan,” William’s friends tions of her time as she managed it, dubbed “Saltsburgh.” Annie felt brought his “remains home on the affairs after her husband’s death, she hesitant about heading out on the very day” he told Annie that he would also proved a distinctive woman for dangerous road west, and her brother return.2, 12 her time. Annie learned the financial did not want her to move so far away Patrick wrote to his sis- acumen necessary to run a busi- from him.13 In a letter to Annie be- ter a month after the dramatic and ness, fought off those who sought to fore she moved, he wrote: unexpected death of his own close undermine her authority, and did Pray don’t go to Ken- childhood friend. Filled with sorrow, everything in her control to promote Patrick wrote that his heart “has felt 2 tucky to live. You and I are al- her and her family’s self-interest. ready too far off, & in case of in a manner new and strange to me; John Henry and Sarah death no person to trust our insomuch that while I am endeavor- Winston had eleven children, nine children with. This often hangs ing to comfort you, I want to comfort of whom survived to adulthood. The heavy on my mind. I always myself.” Patrick immediately turned eldest child was William (1734-1785), hoped that you were not too far to his Christian faith to bring him followed by Patrick (1736-1799), then to give my Family Help in case relief. He wrote, “I turn my eyes to Jane (1737-1819), then Annie (1738- of death & you & yr Husband Heaven where [William] is gone I 1790), then Sarah (1740-sometime are the only friend in reach.2 trust.” He admitted that while he before 1784), then Lucy (1743-1826), and Annie surely could not see the then Mary (1744-1766), then Eliza- Patrick cherished “reasons of these dispensations now,” beth (1749-1825), and finally Susanna his emotionally close relationship he suggested they should “be assured (1751-1831). Based on the correspon- with his sister and her husband, and they are directed by wisdom and dence available between them, Patrick mourned the distance between them Mercy.” He felt thankful for “the many was particularly bonded with Annie. when the Christians still lived in Vir- precious lessons of piety given us by Annie met her future husband, Wil- ginia. So Annie and William’s move our honord parents, whose lives were liam Christian, through her brother. farther into Kentucky County dis- indeed a constant lesson & worthy Colonel Christian was born in Vir- tressed Patrick. He worried not only of Imitation.” He opined to his sister ginia to a well-off Irish family. He had about being far away from his sister that “this is one of the trying scenes, 7 A Brief History of Annie Henry Christian By: Alexi Garrett in which the Christian is eminently her “stocks and furniture immediately denly had thrust upon her the great superior to all others & finds a refuge sold for ready money” for her chil- responsibility of managing the salt that no misfortunes can take away.”2 dren to make the move back east.8, 9 works operation, which she and her Annie’s profound grief at the Although it may seem children would have to rely upon to loss of her husband becomes clear in morbid to us, Annie’s requests to “allways be independent” financially.2 the reply she wrote to her brother. Af- her brother regarding her hypotheti- As a widow, Annie became ter thanking Patrick for his “kind con- cal death were prudent. Premature legally classified as a feme sole. Before solation,” she laments, “the distress death was much more common in states individually legislated mar- & affliction it had pleased the God of early America than it is today, and ried women’s property acts starting Heaven to lay upon me,” especially the living more openly preoccupied in the mid-nineteenth century, white while living in such a rural part of themselves with making postmortem women fell under the common law Virginia. Annie and her children lived arrangements. In another letter most of feme covert upon marriage. Feme in “a place where no human aid or likely written that same month, An- covert or coverture status meant that assistance was offered” to them, since nie asks her brother to prepare more women relinquished ownership of they had moved away from any “kind mourning rings for children, and all personalty (generally, moveable sympathizing friend or relation” who to announce William’s death in the goods) to their husbands. While lived back east. It is clear that Annie Virginia Gazette newspaper. Patrick women retained ownership of any abided by the patriarchal social condi- replies that he has sent the new rings realty (generally, unmovable “goods” tions of the time, as she writes that the her way, and that he wears his own such as land) they possessed before loss of her husband meant her “poor mourning ring as his sister “desires of marriage, their husbands managed children and me, had no protector” m e .” 2, 3 their real estate. But, if a woman like anymore. Like Patrick, Annie had a It is clear in his letters to Annie became a widow or remained strong faith in the Christian God. She his sister that Patrick loved Annie unmarried, she fell under feme sole praised the “Almighty for his great dearly, and worried about her wellbe- status. While she lacked the power to Goodness to me, in supporting me in ing. In the same reply, he writes that vote or serve on a jury, she retained all the trials his wisdom has seen fit he hopes “soon to have a letter from the same property rights as a man: she to lay upon me.” She credits the Lord you.” He continues: “Pray write me as could own property, sue or be sued for raising her up and affording her to all your affairs particularly as to yr in court, and sign contracts. In early “strength sufficient to bear all.”2 children & your own state of mind & America, only when wives turned into Annie’s main concern was what prospect you have before you.” widows, or when women remained the “welfare of [her] dear children,” After telling Annie that he would “re- single, could they exercise the same in case “it should please God to call sign my office next month” and move legal and economic power as married [her] off” to join William in Heaven. to Hanover to “relieve my wife [Dolly] or unmarried men.10 She felt grateful that she and her fam- & self being heartily tired of the William’s will stipulated that ily still had “a great plenty of every Bustle we live in here [Richmond],” Annie should become the manager of necessary,” since William had “left he continues to ask her to update him Bullitt’s Lick as long as she remained us all possessed of an ample sup- about her affairs: “Pray my dearest sis- a widow (feme sole). Since Annie’s port.” But she wanted her brother to ter, let me know how I may serve you only son John was five-years-old at know her wishes in case the worse or them [her children].” He eagerly the time, he could not yet take over happened: if the Christian children awaits her replies, writing “Let me the management of his late father’s lost both of their parents. Annie re- know how many letters you have rec. salt mine. If a son was not yet of-age, quested that Patrick and Col. Samuel from me, for I have written you 405 then a widow like Annie legally took Meredith Jr. (Patrick’s friend and this last summer.”2 over the responsibilities of her late other brother-in-law) take care of Although 405 letters was husband’s business. Patrick believed her children back in eastern Virginia. probably an exaggeration, his use of that Annie would find this new posi- Annie wanted to support her children hyperbole demonstrates Patrick’s deep tion burdensome, and in a letter to financially by “leaving all [her] ne- concern for his beloved sister. He felt her thanked “kind Providence” for groes for the support of them,” whom sympathy for Annie: a woman who giving his sister “a good son-in-law so the children could then hire out for begrudgingly moved out west into ru- necessary at this time to take charge additional income. Annie also wanted ral territory with her family, enslaved of [her] affairs.” That Patrick suggests her land out west “to be sold & the persons, and no friends; whose hus- Annie’s son-in-law (Alexander Scott money applied to the education of my band and “ever dear friend” was killed Bullitt, who married Priscilla) is not children.” To continue their financial only a year later, leaving her bereaved surprising given the deeply patriar- wellness, she requested that “the salt and reliant upon the Lord for strength chal society in which early Americans works continue to be rented out,” and in the wilderness; and whom sud- lived. Middling and wealthy men, 8 A Brief History of Annie Henry Christian

especially, were expected to take over language of item and prices, and the there being desposd of in future. I family businesses and manage all names and needs of buyers. “Intirely wish you to see about the old Kettles accounting work, while their women unacquainted,” indeed—in the same what number are there, and men- were expected to raise children and letter to Elizabeth Christian (in which tion to him the above circumstance.” keep house. Patrick assumed that she claims she is “Ignorant” of her After a year of practicing her manage- Annie would want help, and that husband’s accounts), Annie dedicates ment skills, Annie felt comfortable help should come from a close male the most ink to relaying her detailed directing her managers to do as she family member. Since Patrick lived far plans to pay off the exactly-calculated asked—including warning or punish- away in Richmond (finishing up his debts of more than a dozen differ- ing disobedient workers—in order to second term as Virginia’s governor), ent people, whom she individually run the mine at a profit. A year after he thought Alexander seemed like the names.2, 5, 7 that, in January 1788, Annie wrote to best candidate to assist Annie in her Regardless of Annie’s com- her manager Captain James Asturgus daunting task.2, 7 petency with the salt mine accounts to alert him that two men would soon William’s will also stipulated at the beginning of her supervision, come down for “two Loads of Salt,” or that the salt mine was “to be applied letters and receipts demonstrate that “40 bushels each.” She asked that the to the payment of his debts.” So, An- she grew into a management role manager should give the men their nie became responsible for paying off over time. Soon after William died, loads. Then, she gave James a stern re- debts that William had incurred while Annie wrote a panic-stricken letter minder about accountability: “I hope running the business. At first, Annie to Anne Fleming (William’s sister), in Sir, you are very perticular in keeping seems like a typically ill-informed, which she worried greatly about two an order book—to prevent mistakes.” wealthy wife of this era. She wrote to of William’s creditors who acted “very Whether she was reprimanding James her mother-in-law that she had been pressing” towards her so soon after for an earlier error, or simply remind- “much perplexed how or in what her late husband’s passing. After put- ing him of his duty to manage the manner to conduct matters,” and felt ting “them off a while,” Annie hoped mine well, it is clear: after two years “Intirely unacquainted with my dear “to raise a great deal of money this of managing Bullitt’s Lick, Annie be- Mr. Christian’s affairs.” While that winter from Salt” to pay them back. came not only confident, but shrewd may have been true to some extent, Throughout that summer, Annie and exacting as she created order at Annie certainly sold herself short: wrote dozens of orders to the manag- her salt mine.5, 6 there is proof that while William was ers at Bullitt’s Lick to pay creditors The best example of Annie alive, he trusted Annie to understand back—and to pay the workers at the fully inhabiting her role as manager at least some parts of the business on mine—with salt and other dry goods comes in the form of a letter she wrote her own. In a letter he wrote in 1783, from her late husband’s account. An- to her son-in-law, Alexander, in April William relayed to his wife the details nie wrote terse, short orders at first. 1788. Annie had taken up Patrick’s of business agreements he made while For example, she wrote to one man- advice to have Alexander help her he was away in Richmond. After ager “Be pleased to let the Waggoners with the settling of debts and man- detailing that he ordered “a Waggon- have sixty Bushells ^ of Salt,” and a aging of the mine. In October 1787, er” to carry a load of things to their month later to another, “Please to pay for example, Annie wrote to mother- home, he gave directions of what to Mr. Robt Bailey one Bushell & a Gal- in-law that Alexander had “looked sell and for how much. For example, lon of Salt.”5, 6 over my dear Husbands acct. book,” he warned his wife that a “Buchel of But as she became more and “directed me to have Salt sold for salt…must not be sold under 2 of comfortable with the accounts and Cash at what ever it may bring.” But ready money,” since “credit is almost transaction processes of the business, the relationship between the two had unknown here.” He suggested that if Annie’s confidence grew. A year later, soured less than a year later, most she could “purchase Ginzeng for a she wrote a letter to an unknown likely because Alexander overstepped horse,” that she “could let some salt correspondent who worked for her Annie’s bounds. In April 1788, Annie go; but it [was] not worth while to sell at the salt mine. After requesting the wrote to Alexander that she was “sur- salt alone.” He then details the variety correspondent to go after Mr. Pryor prized to hear you had leased [the salt of prices for ginseng, butter, hemp, for failing to provide her enslaved works] out for Seven years, a term I and tobacco, implying that Annie man Harry with the clothes Mr. Pryor cannot agree to, I intend to rent them knew to not sell short of these items’ promised he would provide Harry, yearly until the debts are discharged.” going price. He asks Annie to pay off she includes a P.S. In it, she writes that She subtly reminded Alexander of a debt for him, writing “Out of the “Capt. Edwards tells me Mr. R. Donne her legal power over the management black silk for Bonnets I expect you has sold a large gudgeon at Saltsburg of the mine: as little Johnny’s mother can pay the Mansfields.” William’s let- for 7 bushels of Salt. Please to desire and legal guardian, her decisions out- ter demonstrates that Annie knew the Capt. Sturgus to prevent any thing weighed his as she worked to secure 9 By: Alexi Garrett (Continued)

Johnny’s rightful inheritance: “Salts- To her son Johnny, Annie left the “Salt the land that Johnny inherited, so that burg is Johnnys whole dependence I Works at Saltsburgh,” as well as “the he could manage it for him before he wish to carry on the works in a man- rest of my estate both real & per- came of age. He also suggested that ner most conducive to his interest.” sonal,” which included five hundred the daughters “ought to have the joint She ends her letter implying that she acres of land, “my Slaves, my Stocks, assistance of all their Relations,” since would let Alexander continue helping plate household goods, debts & other it was a “Time of life with Sally & her, but on her terms and through her effects and estate.” Annie’s gendered Betsey when much depends on their chosen conduits: “Mr. Woolfolk will division of property was common companions & the Discretion of their inform you of the Amount of Profits for this time in America. Typically, conduct.” Here, Patrick infers that arising from Saltsburg for two years parents would bequeath moveable Sally & Betsey were close to marrying past.” Indeed, when Annie wrote to goods (such as furniture and enslaved age. Patriarchal conventions deemed her mother-in-law the year before people) to daughters, and give land it necessary for their family to protect that she was “determind to be frugal and businesses to sons. They did this the girls’ virginity and therefore vir- as possible & use all my endeavors to because when daughters married, tue. To add to the children’s financial get the debts discharged,” she meant they moved into their new husband’s comfort, Patrick thought “it might be it. Even if it meant fighting off her home, bringing along furniture and best for the negroes belonging to the son-in-law for complete control of the enslaved people as a type of dowry. Childn to brot in from Kentucky & mine, Annie did whatever it took to When sons married, their new wives hired out,” and wondered if Kentucky secure the continued welfare of her moved in with them into the fam- was “not so safe for the Slaves” as family.5 ily house located on family land. compared to farther east.5 It is difficult to determine This division of property made sense The reader may be surprised the exact amount of debt Annie had in a patriarchal society that valued to learn that of all people, Alexander to pay off upon William’s death. And men over women and marriage over Scott Bullitt offered to take in his given the many records she kept for singledom.6 wife’s siblings. Alexander and Pris- various creditors and debtors during Annie trusted Patrick im- cilla had started living at the Oxmoor her time as manager, it is equally dif- mensely, as she made her brother and estate (which is still standing today ficult to determine if Annie managed two male friends the executors of her in Louisville, Kentucky). A letter he to pay off this debt in full. It is clear will. In a July 1790 letter Patrick wrote wrote to Col. Fleming in July 1790 that upon William’s death, the “hand- to his friend Col. William Fleming shows a dedicated family man: He felt some Fortune” he inherited from his (who was the husband of Anne Flem- “unfeignedly sorry for Mrs. Chris- parents passed onto Annie and the ing, William Christian’s sister and tian’s death the loss her children have children, which left Annie “an Inde- Annie’s close friend), he expressed sustained is almost inexpressible,” pendent Fortune” that she would then sadness about the passing of “his ever given “the difficulties of the Wilder- pass onto her children after she died. honord Sister,” as well as sorrow anxi- ness.” If he were “certain that they Annie may have added to this for- ety about the emotional and financial were willing to Come out and Live tune through her management of the wellbeing of her children. For his with their Sister I should not Hesitate mine, because Patrick later wrote that nieces and nephew, Patrick wished A Moment upon the Part I ought to her children’s fortunes were “ample.” that “they may be like [Annie],” act.” A few days after Alexander wrote Annie worked hard as manager of whom he considered “that dearest of this letter, a family friend confirmed Bullitt’s Lick for four years before she women.” He felt proud that Annie had what we suspected about Alexander succumbed to an illness that even a left her children “an Example worthy (based on Annie’s previous interac- medical trip to the Caribbean could of their Imitation.” But Patrick wor- tion with him): Alexander had been not cure. In May 1790, Annie Chris- ried that the children were “so remote a menace of some sort. But by 1790, tian died in Norfolk, Virginia, a day from me” living far away, that he he had changed for the better, as after she returned stateside.5, 9, 12 feared “it will be out of my power to the friend wrote that “Col. Bullet is Annie’s will demonstrates render them the Services I wish.”5 greatly reformed, I have now hopes of her continued commitment to her To correct this issue, he sug- his being a useful member of Society.” children, even in the afterlife. “To gested that Johnny be sent to “a public Alexander’s change was timely. Since her & her heirs forever,” Annie left school as soon as age shall render he was the executor of William Chris- one enslaved person each to daugh- it proper.” Public schools existed in tian’s will, and Annie was no longer ters Sally, Betsy, Anne, and Dolly. urban Virginia, not Kentucky County. alive, he had control of the salt mine These enslaved men’s names were Jim (A later letter from Patrick a year until Johnny came of age. While An- Lumpkin, Peter, James, and Titus, and later shows that he wished to send nie’s daughters remained in Kentucky, Annie’s will made them and their chil- Johnny to the College of William & Johnny lived in Patrick’s household dren legal property of the daughters. Mary.) Patrick also inquired about until his premature death of tubercu- 10 A Brief History of Annie Henry Christian By: Alexi Garrett (Continued)

losis in 1800.5, 9 (1998– ), published 2006 (http:// the Eighteenth-Century Kentucky Frontier As a descendant of the Bullitt www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), family noted, most correspondence asp?b=Christian_Annie_Henry). 46-47. between Annie and Patrick was destroyed in a fire in the 1880s. How Gail S. Terry, “Family Empires: A 12. Gail S. Terry, “Annie Henry Chris- lucky we are, then, that the Filson Frontier Elite in Virginia and Ken- tian (d. 1790),” Dictionary of Virginia Historical Society has housed the tucky, 1740-1815,” Ph.D. dissertation Biography, Library of Virginia (1998– ), few letters between the siblings that (College of William and Mary, 1992). published 2006 (http://www.lva.virginia. still exist. A clearer picture of Annie, gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Christian_An- Patrick, and their post-revolutionary Fredrika Teute, “Anne Henry Chris- nie_Henry). world can be painted from the letters tian, A Frontier Woman,” Virginia held in the Bullitt Family Papers’ Historical Society Occasional Bulletin 13. Gail S. Terry, “William Christian Oxmoor Collection. A brief history 44 (June 1982) 9-12. (ca. 1742–1786),” Dictionary of Virginia of Annie Henry Christian’s life shows Biography, Library of Virginia (1998– ), she was a devoted wife to her hus- Footnotes published 2006 (http://www.lva.virginia. band, a pious woman throughout her gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Christian_ whole life, a loving and concerned 1. Bullitt Family Papers, Oxmoor Collec- William_d_1786) mother to her six children, a slave tion, Filson Historical Society Col. Samuel Garland Meredith Jr. owner, and a business owner who grew into her management role. She 2. B937c F133: Henry M. Bullitt Geneal- 14. “Reshaping Virginia [1877 to 1901],” was also Patrick Henry’s beloved ogy, including copies of a family history Chronology by Period, Virginia Memory: sister, and he, her treasured brother. he wrote Library of Virginia (http://www.virgin- Annie proved a woman both typical iamemory.com/reading_room/chronol- and extraordinary of her time: while 3. B937c F393: Anne Henry Christian ogy_by_period/13) she was a faithful wife, mother, and Personal Correspondence, 1770-1787 Christian, she also grew to become ABOUT THE AUTHOR a competent manager of a salt mine 4. B937c F396: Anne Henry Christian after tragedy thrust her into this posi- Business papers-orders, receipts, etc., Alexi Garrett is a Ph.D. candidate in tion. A study of Annie’s life should 1786 the Corcoran Department of History at encourage historians to probe further the University of Virginia. Her disserta- into the history of the Henry fami- 5. B937c F394: Anne Henry Christian tion, “Single Women and the Business lies—free and enslaved.8 Personal Correspondence, 1788-1791 of Slavery in Virginia, 1780-1830,” 6. B937c F400: Anne Henry Christian examines how feme sole businesswomen Legal Papers, 1787-1791 managed their slave-manned enterpris- es in revolutionary and early national For more secondary source informa- 7. B937c F29: William Christian estate Virginia. tion about Anne Henry Christian, (1786-1791) please see: Alexi grew up in Iowa City, Iowa and 8. B937c F32: William Christian estate received her B.A. in History, English, Honor Sachs, Home Rule: Households, (undated) and Women’s Studies from St. Olaf Col- Manhood, and National Expansion lege. After graduation, Alexi received on the Eighteenth-Century Kentucky 9. Edith Poindexter, “Patrick Henry’s a Certificate in Publishing from the Frontier (New Haven: Yale Univer- Siblings,” for the Patrick Henry Memorial University of Denver, then dug up a sity Press, 2015), Chapter 2: “To Live Foundation at Red Hill (2010). Spanish silver coin at Historic James- Independent.” towne, edited physics textbooks in New 10. Alexi Garrett, “ ‘I have yet much to York City, and, finally, attended gradu- Honor Sachs, “Reconstructing a Life: say about the Negroes’: Catharine Flood ate school in Charlottesville. She served The Archival Challenges of Women’s McCall’s Slave Enterprises in Early as the Patrick Henry Red Hill Fellow in Hi s t or y,” Library Trends 56 (Winter Republican Virginia,” Masters of Arts 2017. She hopes to become a professor 2008) 650-666. degree, Corcoran Department of History, of early American history. University of Virginia, May 2016. Gail S. Terry, “Annie Henry Chris- Please email her with any questions at tian (d. 1790),” Dictionary of Vir- 11. Honor Sachs, Home Rule: Households, [email protected]. ginia Biography, Library of Virginia Manhood, and National Expansion on 11

...so thankful for the life of Miz P.

Miz P. Celebration(Cont.) (Continued from page 1)

Thanks to her work the Patrick Henry De- Miz P., for many, was an inte- scendants’ Branch was established. She was gral part of the Red Hill experience. She considered an authority on Patrick Henry shepherded staff, descendants, and visitors genealogy and was made a life-time honor- alike toward a deeper knowledge of Patrick ary member of the Patrick Henry Descen- Henry. In her own words she shared that for dants’ Branch by the Descendants. Many her “the greatest satisfaction is convincing descendants were present for the ceremony, the public of Patrick Henry’s importance to and shared their stories of finding out about our country.” Thanks to her tireless efforts their Henry family heritage through Miz P.’s there are scores of people who will not for- efforts. get him. And we at Red Hill will never for- Miz P. is survived by two sons, get how blessed we were to have her in our Cole R. Poindexter (Judy) of Altavista, midst as a mentor, cheerleader, researcher, Blake C. Poindexter of Long Island; four and teacher. grandchildren, Aaron Poindexter (Stacy) Ms. Marstin expressed it best: “We of Forest, Rachael Rutledge (Jason) of Ev- are so thankful for the life of Miz P. We are ington, Lindsey Jackson (Evan) of Lynch- thankful for the love she had for Red Hill, burg, Sara Poindexter of Richmond; six for Patrick Henry, and especially for each of great-grandchildren, Payton Poindexter, Ty u s .” Poindexter, Loden Cole Rutledge, Abbigail Poe, Summer Mitchell, Kayley Mitchell; one sister, Jackie Beales of Maryland; one brother Michael Cabaniss of Winchester. 12 Preschool Singalong Program with the Carys This year for our Preschool several generations of folk music, the children can learn to play them, Program we were lucky enough from colonial-era fiddle tunes to 19th too, as they sing along with the Carys. to have beautiful weather to host century banjo to songs of the Civil Each student was able to play with a the event outdoors on the historic War and the railroad. Their instru- musical instrument, many of them grounds. Some 144 local preschool- ment choices are equally diverse, in- fashioned from creative options like ers, teachers, and parents from four cluding the mandolin, guitar, whistle, chopsticks and gourds. local schools joined us on the lawn, and jaw harp. In addition to the instru- seated on rugs and blankets to enjoy Jimbo plays an especially ments, the Carys also bring several the musical program led by Kim and interesting instrument known as a animal puppets with them to help Jimbo Cary. It was our largest event to “gourd banjer,” which is a replica of teach the children. The puppets date with the musical duo. a special kind of banjo dating to the and the songs go together to help The Carys, who have been 19th century that was popularly used instill lessons about the natural performing for over 20 years at sites in the African-American commu- world and Virginia’s wildlife. Sing- around the country including the nity. Meanwhile, Kim takes over on alongs include “Possum’s Tale is White House, led the group through percussion, playing “the bones,” and Bare” and “Please Keep Wild Animals song. Their musical repertoire spans usually bringing over 20 sets so that Wild.”

Living History (Cont.) (Continued from page 4)

for the herbs to steep in. They would material than for tea. It would set for with would be treated with the infu- steep fresh herbs for around five to two to four hours depending on how sion by pulling out the plant mate- seven minutes and then drink. strong of an infusion was needed. A rial and rubbing the liquid over the The second type of medicine chickweed infusion would be used affected area. our docents show students is called for skin itches. For example, we ask Another type of medicine infusion. To demonstrate infusion, the student what would happen if you made by the women in the house was we use chickweed. Infusions were went outside and rolled around in the cough syrup. In colonial days, cough made using hot water and more plant grass? The itching you would be left syrup would be sweetened with honey 13

After the main performance, The preschool program with Kim ended the day by leading all of the Carys is put on with help from the students through the grounds. The a partial grant through the Virginia children linked hands as they wound Commission for the Arts. their way through Red Hill, singing the songs they had learned together.

...practice...wound virtuetheir way thyself through and encourage Red Hill, itsinging... in others.

instead of sugar and would not have also made using liquor. Students rec- hol changes from clear to amber. Five the cherry or grape flavoring found in ognize dandelions, but learn that the to forty drops of this elixir would be stores today. Sugar was a very expen- plant was much more than a recog- put in an herbal tea, depending on the sive commodity because it had to be nizable weed in the yard. Dandelions strength needed. This medicine would imported. Plantations often had their would be chopped up, roots and all, be used for respiratory problems. This own beehives or could find hives in and put into alcohol for six to eight mixture, called a “tincture,” can last the wild to harvest honey. weeks to work its magic. After that up to ten years. Feverfew would also Spirit-based medicines were time has passed, the color of the alco- be made into a (continued on page 14) 14 Living History (Cont.) (Continued from page 13)

tincture to be used as a painkiller for show students is an onion. Onions arthritis, headaches, and migraines. have antiseptic properties and would Olive oil-based medicines be roasted over a fire until it grew soft. were also produced at home. Citro- The juices would then be squeezed nella geranium would sit in oil in a out of it and used to treat ear pain. sunny window for six to eight weeks Garlic could also be used for this and as well. The color changes from clear would oftentimes be made into cough to amber as it sits in the sun. The syrup. The cure for worms, which was oil would absorb into the skin mak- much more prevalent than one might ing it last longer than spirit-based imagine, could be found in onions as medicines. Marigold would be used well. They would be cubed and soaked in olive oil because it has antiseptic overnight in water. That water would properties. Marigold would also be then be consumed to kill worms in used as an astringent face cleaner. the body. Essential oils including For more information on this lavender, spearmint, and peppermint topic, check out our giftshop or web- would be made through a distillation store as we have many small books process of melting down lard and the available on Colonial herbs, foodways, herbs grown at home. The oil would and medicine. then be made into an ointment to treat cuts and burns. Our own do- cents make these balms to treat their own skin while volunteering. The last item that our docents

In Memory Of Red Hill would like to say goodbye to a faithful admirer of Pat- rick Henry, Idona Lambert-Thomas. She passed away on August 6, 2018. Her daughter Gail Adams (seen in the photo with her mother and Patrick Henry Jolly) sent us these pictures from a visit to Red Hill. She said her mother loved Patrick Henry, and was thrilled to meet his 5th great grand- son, Patrick Henry Jolly. 15 Faces of RED HILL Melissa Carwile

Melissa Carwile is Red Hill’s the visitor experience, and capable and dedicated Director of living history. I had a lot to Operations. But before she became a learn about Patrick Henry valued member of our Red Hill staff, and Red Hill, but I knew Melissa was introduced to Patrick that both ignited a spark in my soul.” ment about their new knowledge. Henry the way many of our favorite Nowadays her favorite spot at Red Another favorite event of visitors are: as a student on a school Hill is behind the Visitor Center look- Melissa’s is the 4th of July Indepen- field trip. In fact, she first encountered ing out over the historic grounds and dence Day Celebration. She loves Red Hill thanks to her favorite school- the view shed. “There is just a won- hearing Patrick Henry Jolly deliver teacher—Mrs. Edith Poindexter. At derful feeling on the grounds.” his distant grandfather’s iconic “Give the time, Miz P. was teaching elemen- Melissa says that even today Me Liberty or Give Me Death” speech, tary school, and brought Melissa on one of her favorite things about work- and says no matter how many times her first visit to Red Hill. The fond- ing at Red Hill is watching the stu- she hears it, his words still bring tears ness from that experience stayed with dents who come through the Living to her eyes. It’s an experience she her into adulthood, when she met History programs. Thanks to the staff hopes many future visitors will have, Hope Marstin and accepted a part- and volunteers who share their pas- and Melissa says that she wishes “all time job helping out with program- sion for Patrick Henry’s legacy and for Americans knew how Patrick Henry’s ming. She says that from that point teaching them about colonial life, it’s important role in the Revolutionary on, “the more I learned, the more I possible to watch children learn for War provided for the liberties and wanted to participate in the Auxiliary, the first time and to share their excite- freedoms that we have today.” In an effort to recognize the people whose devotion and passion keep the site running, the Newsletter features a “Faces of Red Hill” series that introduces readers to the individuals who help Red Hill to thrive.

...passionYou see the for joy Patrick on their Henry’s faces... legacy...

2 for $4 with free shipping Magnets and key chains, featuring photographs of Patrick Henry’s Red Hill Valid in person or by phone order. To receive this discount by phone, please ask for Melissa or Bonnie. Not valid for website purchases.

valid through September 3, 2019 NON-PROFIT ORG. Red Hill U.S. POSTAGE the Patrick Henry National Memorial PAID BROOKNEAL, VA 1250 Red Hill Road, Brookneal, Virginia 24528 Permit No. 1 Phone: 434-376-2044 Toll Free: 800-514-7463 www.RedHill.org Email: [email protected]

The Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation is a non-profit corporation Return Service Requested devoted to education and preservation. The Foundation will promote through education and research programs the life, character, times, philosophy and contributions to posterity of Patrick Henry. As part of that mission, the Foundation is charged with maintaining and interpreting Red Hill, Patrick Henry’s last home and burial place, as an historic site. A copy of the Foundation’s most recent financial statement is available from the State Division of Consumer Affairs, Box 1163, Richmond, Virginia 23206.

Officers of the Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation Chair: Mark Holman Vice Chair: Gene Smith

© 2019 Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation. All rights reserved worldwide.

Summer is a great time Upcoming to visit Red Hill! Events Schedule a group tour or living history experience for September 26-28th Living History Days your class, club, or other organization! You can plan a Join us for our Homeschool Living His- tory or Fall Living History Days! Call for special visit for your group by getting in contact with us more information or to register at 1-800- 514-7463. any time by phone at 1-800-514-7463 or by email at info@ November 2nd Bluegrass, Barbecue, & redhill.org. Brew Festival 11am to 5pm. Check out the event web- site at www.bluegrassbarbecuebrew.com for more information and to purchase tickets!