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MTA Doktori Értekezés dc_1723_19 MTA doktori értekezés Hornung Erzsébet a biológiai tudomány kandidátusa Budapest 2020 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) dc_1723_19 Skála – mintázat – élőhelyválasztás – életmenet: a szárazföldi ászkarákok (Isopoda, Oniscidea) ökológiája 2 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) dc_1723_19 Skála – mintázat – élőhelyválasztás – életmenet: a szárazföldi ászkarákok (Isopoda, Oniscidea) ökológiája ............................................................................................................. 1 RÖVIDÍTÉSEK ........................................................................................................................... 5 1. ÁLTALÁNOS BEVEZETÉS ........................................................................................................ 6 2. MINTÁZAT KÜLÖNBÖZŐ SKÁLÁKON ................................................................................... 10 2.1. Geográfiai mintázat (Európa -LDG) .................................................................................................. 11 2.1.1. Európai fajgazdagság mintázat ..................................................................................................... 13 2.1.2. Biogeográfiai elemek latitudinális mintázata Európában ............................................................. 17 2.2. Regionális eloszlási mintázat (Magyarország, UTM skála) .............................................................. 19 2.2.1. Magyarország nagy tájegységeinek (régióinak) fajgazdagsága .................................................... 21 2.2.2. Magyarországi élőhely típusok fajgazdagsága, fajkompozíciója .................................................. 23 2.3. Habitat és habitaton belüli (mezo/mikro-habitat) szintű eloszlási mintázatok ............................... 28 2.3.1. Habitat, mezohabitat szintű skála ................................................................................................. 30 2.3.2. Mikroélőhelyi skála ...................................................................................................................... 33 3. FAJOK ELTERJEDÉSE, ÉLŐHELYVÁLASZTÁSA – FAJOK ÉS ÉLŐHELYEK TERMÉSZETESSÉGI MINŐSÍTÉSE ............................................................................................................................... 37 3.1. Elterjedés - Terepi adatlap – Országos Isopoda Adatbázis ................................................................ 38 3.2. Természetességi minősítés ................................................................................................................... 38 3.2.1. Isopoda fajok természetességi indexe (Terrestrial Isopod Naturalness Index) ............................. 42 3.2.2. Élőhelyek minősítése Oniscidea fajeggyütteseik összetétele alapján ........................................... 45 3.3. Urbanizációs hatások ........................................................................................................................... 49 3.3.1. Városi Oniscidea fauna ................................................................................................................. 50 3.3.2. Behurcolás, sikeres megtelepedés ................................................................................................. 64 3.3.3. Homogenizációs hatások .............................................................................................................. 66 4. ÖKOMORFOLÓGIA – HOSSZÚ TÁVÚ ADAPTÁCIÓ ................................................................. 69 4.1. A magyar Oniscidea fauna ökomorfológiai értékelése ....................................................................... 70 4.2. Hosszútávú (evolúciós) morfológiai adaptáció (kutikula, légzőszerv) ............................................... 71 4.2.1. A tergit felszíni morfológiája ........................................................................................................ 72 5.2.1. A kutikula vastagsága ................................................................................................................... 75 5.2.2. A pszeudotrachea szerkezete ........................................................................................................ 77 5.2.3. A marsupium szerkezete ............................................................................................................... 82 4.3. Stressz – tolerancia és annak ökomorfológiai háttere......................................................................... 84 3 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) dc_1723_19 Skála – mintázat – élőhelyválasztás – életmenet: a szárazföldi ászkarákok (Isopoda, Oniscidea) ökológiája 4.3.1. A kiszáradástűrés összehasonlítása és összefüggése a kültakaró (kutikula) és a légzőszerv szerkezetével .................................................................................................................................................... 85 4.3.2. Stressz – tolerancia – fluktuáló asszimmetria [FA] .................................................................... 88 4.3.3. Környezeti stressz lehetséges hatásai globális kitekintésben ........................................................... 91 6. POPULÁCIÓDINAMIKA – SZAPORODÁSI STRATÉGIA – ÉLETMENET ....................................... 92 5.1. Szimpatrikus fajok összehasonlítása .................................................................................................. 100 5.1.1. Az aktivitási denzitás és az ivararányok időbeni alakulása ......................................................... 100 5.1.2. Reproduktív jellemzők ................................................................................................................ 103 5.2. Fajon belüli mintázatok ....................................................................................................................... 107 6.2.1. Protracheoniscus politus (C. Koch, 1841).................................................................................. 107 6.2.2. Armadillidium vulgare Latreille, 1804........................................................................................ 111 6.2.3. Chetophiloscia sicula Verhoeff, 1908 ........................................................................................ 115 6.2.4. Mesoniscus graniger (Frivaldszky, 1865) .................................................................................. 116 5.3. Reprodukciós potenciál - Geográfiai mintázat .................................................................................. 118 6. ÖSSZEGZÉS ...................................................................................................................... 122 7. KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS ................................................................................................... 125 8. HIVATKOZOTT IRODALOM ................................................................................................ 127 9. FÜGGELÉK ....................................................................................................................... 146 9.1.Alaptáblázatok: F1 - F5 ....................................................................................................................... 146 9.2.Terepi adatlap a 4. fejezethez ............................................................................................................... 153 9.3. A disszertáció megírásához alapul szolgáló publikációk (fejezetek szerint): .................................. 154 4 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) dc_1723_19 Rövidítések Rövidítések Ar – respiratorikus area (légzési felszín) ARI – átlagos ritkasági index (Average Rarity Index) ANOVA – Analysis Of Variance ANP – Aggteleki Nemzeti Park ÁNÉR - Általános Nemzeti Élőhely-osztályozási Rendszer BES – Baltimore Ecosystem Studies LTER (Long Term Ecological Research) (https://baltimoreecosystemstudy.org/) CCA – kanonikus korreláció analízis (Canonical Correspondance Analysis) DCA – detrendált korreszpondencia analízis (Detrended Correspondance Analysis) Dr – respiratorikus denzitás FA – fluktuáló aszimmetria FM - fénymikroszkóp GLOBENET – Global Network on urban-suburban-rural gradients GLUSEEN – GLoban Urban Soil Ecology and Educational Network (http://www.gluseen.org/ ) GLM – általánosított lineáris model IndVal – indikátor érték (Indicator Value) KA – Arany-féle kötöttség LDG – Latitudinális Diverzitás Grádiens MDS – sokdimenziós skálázás (Multidimensional Scaling) MRT/TöReFa - multivariate regression tree ÖMT – ökomorfológiai típus PAS – perjódsavas-Schiff hisztológiai festés PCA – főkomponens analízis (Principal Components Analysis) PSA – perispirakuláris terület RH – relatív páratartalom RPI – Reproduktív Potenciál Index (Reproductive Potential Index) RRI – Regionális Ritkasági Index (Regional Rarity Index) S – fajszám SEM – pásztázó elektronmikroszkóp (Scanning Electron Microscopy) TINI – szárazföldi ászkarákok természetességi indexe (Terrestrial Isopod Naturalness Index) UI – Urbanizásiós Index UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator rendszer ZIP modell – ’Zero-inflated poisson regression model’ 5 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) dc_1723_19 Általános bevezetés ‘Creepy cralies are the unsung heroes of the natural world, and we know next to nothing about them’ J. Lawton 1. Általános bevezetés Egy átlagember általában nem gondol arra, hogy a lába alatt lévő talaj nem holt geológiai képződmény, hanem élő rendszer, sokszor egy trópusi élővilágot meghaladó fajszámmal, összetett kapcsolatrendszerrel, nélkülözhetetlen funkciókkal. Ezen ökológiai alszisztéma dinamikus működése az emberi társadalom számára (is) fontos és nélkülözhetetlen
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