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An Introduction to Carl Strehlow's Masterpiece Die Aranda The Aranda’s Pepa An Introduction to Carl Strehlow’s Masterpiece Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien (1907-1920) The Aranda’s Pepa An Introduction to Carl Strehlow’s Masterpiece Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien (1907-1920) Anna Kenny Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Kenny, Anna, author. Title: The Aranda’s Pepa : an introduction to Carl Strehlow’s masterpiece, Die Aranda-und Loritja- Stamme in Zentral-Australien (1907-1920) / Anna Kenny. ISBN: 9781921536762 (paperback) 9781921536779 (ebook) Subjects: Aranda (Australian people)--Social life and customs. Kukatja (Australian people)--Social life and customs. Aranda (Australian people)--Kinship. Kukatja (Australian people)--Kinship. Aranda (Australian people)--Religion. Kukatja (Australian people)--Religion. Other Authors/Contributors: Strehlow, C. (Carl), 1871-1922. Aranda-und Loritja-Stamme in Zentral-Australien. Dewey Number: 305.89915 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press Cover image: Carl Strehlow’s map, 1910 and Carl Strehlow’s ‘Aussendungsphoto’, 1892. Archiv/Mission Eine Welt, Neuendettelsau. Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2013 ANU Press Contents Plates, Diagrams and Maps . ix Map of central Australia . xi Acknowledgments . xiii Preface . xv Orthography . xvii Primary Sources and Translations . xix Introduction . 1 Part I I . Carl Strehlow and the Aranda and Loritja of Central Australia . 15 II . A Certain Inheritance: Nineteenth Century German Anthropology . 51 III . From Missionary to Frontier Scholar . 79 IV . The Making of a Masterpiece . 101 Part II V . Geist through Myth: Revealing an Aboriginal Ontology . 135 VI. The ‘Marriage Order’ and Social Classification . 169 VII . Territorial Organisation . 195 VIII .Positioning Carl Strehlow in Australian Anthropology and Intellectual History . 225 Conclusion . 241 Appendix A . 247 Appendix B . 251 Appendix C . 261 Bibliography . 269 Index . 305 Name Index . 308 Sign 316. pepa (book, letter): With index finger one makes quick movements on the palm of the left hand, as if one were writing.1 Carl Strehlow, 1915 1 See Section ‘Sign language’ (Strehlow 1915: 70). vii Plates, Diagrams and Maps 1. Map of central Australia. xi 2. Map of Route of the Lutheran missionaries to Hermannsburg, 16 adapted from Leske 1977. 3. Carl Strehlow’s map, 1910. 18 4. Image of central Australia. 19 5. T.G.H. Strehlow’s map, 1971. 22 6. Carl Strehlow’s ‘Aussendungsphoto’, 1892. 24 7. Frieda Strehlow and her first child Friedrich, 1897. 27 8. Aranda girls with Frieda at Hermannsburg in the 1890s. 28 9. Loatjira, Pmala, Tjalkabota and Talku, 1906/7. 29 10. Ethnological Museum of Frankfurt, 1943. 37 11. Page 1224 of Carl Strehlow’s handwritten manuscript, Volume 3, Leben. 38 12. Last photograph of the complete Strehlow family, 1910/11. 48 13. Frieda and Carl Strehlow, 1895. 80 14. Map of postal routes between Germany and Australia. 104 15. R. and C. Berndt’s early myth classification. 140 16. Alarinja and Kwatjarinja of the Aranda. 173 17. Aranda ‘Marriage Rules’. 174 18. Arandic Skin Chart. 174 19. Genealogy of Ipitarintja and Laramanaka. 185 20. Hesekiel Malbunka’s family tree drawn by T.G.H. Strehlow. 190 ix 1. Map of central Australia. Source: Clivie Hilliker, The Australian National University. xi Acknowledgments Work on this book, which has been developed from my thesis, was made possible by a postdoctoral fellowship funded by an ARC Linkage grant (LP110200803) between The Australian National University, the Central Land Council and the Strehlow Research Centre titled, ‘Rescuing Carl Strehlow’s indigenous cultural heritage legacy: the neglected German tradition of Arandic ethnography’. Foremost I am indebted to my Aranda friends in central Australia who have been generous, lenient and patient with me over the years we have known each other, while living in central Australia and working on many native title claims since early 1994. At ANU I am deeply indebted to Professor Nicolas Peterson who has been my teacher and mentor for nearly 20 years. I am also very thankful for the support given to this project by David Ross and Brian Connelly from the Central Land Council and Michael Cawthorn from the Strehlow Research Centre. I wish to thank Professor Emeritus Diane Austin-Broos, my PhD supervisor, without whose guidance and critical comments some ideas would not have emerged. Under her supervision my understanding of intellectual histories that have impacted on anthropology’s development greatly expanded and opened up various new ways to approach aspects of intellectual history in Australia. I am deeply indebted to her. I am also indebted to Dr Lee Sackett, Dr John Morton, Professor Fred Myers and Professor Andre Gingrich who have encouraged my work. I am particularly thankful for the assistance given to me by the staff of the Strehlow Research Centre, Graeme Shaughnessy, Scott Mitchell, Penny Joy and Adam Macfie in Alice Springs, and by Lyall Kupke of the Lutheran Archives in Adelaide. Thanks are also due to the librarian at the Central Land Council, Amy O’Donoghue. I would also like to thank Dr Miklos Szalay, Garry Stoll, Dr Maurice Schild, Dr Gavan Breen, Dr John Henderson, Dr Jenny Green, Dr Walter Veit, Craig Elliott, Helen Wilmot, Chris Nobbs, Geoff Hunt and my brother Urs Kenny who have provided comments and constructive criticism on various manuscripts. A special thanks to Peter Latz for pointing out some important details about the perception of Western Aranda people of Carl Strehlow’s persona; to Professor Karl Heinz Kohl who welcomed me at the University of Frankfurt; to John Strehlow for our initial conversations about his grandfather; and to Peter von Leonhardi for inviting me to Gross Karben to see where his great-uncle Moritz von Leonhardi edited Carl Strehlow’s masterpiece. xiii The Aranda’s Pepa I am especially grateful to my very good friend Julia Munster who has always been supportive and provided helpful comments and advice. Lastly, and most of all, I thank my loving family, Shane and Roisin Mulcahy, for their constant support and critical comments. xiv Preface I first encountered Carl Strehlow’s work over 25 years ago whilst studying ethnology, Germanistic (German studies) and linguistics in Zürich. At the time Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien did not strike a chord in me, although I was keenly interested in Aboriginal cultures and particularly interested in language per se. My interest in oral literatures was sparked by my father. In my childhood he had read to me every available collection of mythology ranging from Swiss legends, to Greek myths and Tibetan fairy-tales. Carl Strehlow’s work did not seem unusual among other collections of Mythen, Sagen und Märchen (myths, legends and fairy-tales) found in a German context, although it seemed rather cryptic due to the lack of a glossary that explained Aranda and Loritja terms used in the translations of the indigenous texts. The collection presupposed an enormous amount of knowledge and language proficiency which I did not have at the time. It was soon returned to the library shelf. Many years later, having worked with Aboriginal people on land and native title claims as well as on mining related issues in central Australia, I again encountered Carl Strehlow’s ethnographic work during research into Western Aranda culture and country. The nature of my work provided me the opportunity to travel with Central Australian indigenous people over their traditional lands, and in time I became attuned to mythology associated with landscape and the mastery of Carl Strehlow’s work, compiled in the first decade of the last century, revealed itself. Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien and his unpublished materials described the sophistication of Aboriginal cultures that other Australian works of the time lacked. Not only had he written the base for a successful ‘claim book’, which is a legal anthropological report, and compiled family trees of the people who own the country featured in these narratives, he had also compiled as Marcel Mauss expressed it ‘un précieux recueil de 1500 vers aranda qui forme une sorte de Rig Veda australien’ (Mauss 1913: 103). xv Orthography In this book I have used mainly the original orthography of Carl Strehlow which includes well known spellings of polysemic key terms such as ‘altjira’ and ‘tjurunga’ and the language labels ‘Aranda’ and ‘Loritja’. I have only used contemporary spellings of Aranda and Loritja words in citations from contemporary publications and reports (including my own previous work) that use spelling systems developed by the Institute for Aboriginal Development (‘IAD’). In the IAD system the language name ‘Aranda’ is spelled ‘Arrernte’, for example. Spellings from the published works of early writers such as Spencer and Gillen, Howitt, Roth, Róheim and Pink have been retained and their usage is referenced. Generally, the spelling of Aboriginal words, including names of individuals, languages (Luritja, Pertame, Eastern Arrernte, Central Arrernte, etc.), groups of people, subsections, sites, countries (estates) and dreamings that are in use today follow the IAD spelling systems unless they are established place names, personal names of people who have long passed away or no longer in use. Currently a new system is developing for the Arandic language used at and around Ntaria (Hermannsburg) and may replace the current IAD system. The people belonging to these Western Arandic areas prefer to spell their language name ‘Arrarnta’ or ‘Aranda’. Thus, I have included in Appendix A pronunciation guides for both systems and where available I have included recent spellings of words used at Ntaria in the glossary in Appendix B.
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