Global Overview 2015: People Internally Dosplaced by Conflict And

Global Overview 2015 People internally displaced by conflict and violence FYR Macedonia Ukraine Cyprus Turkey Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan At least 200 At least Up to At least Up to Up to 8,400 Up to Kosovo 646,500 212,400 953,700 232,700 568,900 Internal displacement worldwide At least 17,100 Russian Federation At least 25,400 Serbia 97,300 Uzbekistan At least 3,400 Bosnia and Herzegovina Turkmenistan At least At least 4,000 100,400 Palestine At least 275,000 Afghanistan Libya At least 805,400 At least 400,000 Pakistan Chad At least 1,900,000 Up to 71,000 Niger Nepal 11,000 Up to 50,000 Nigeria India At least 853,900 Mexico At least 1,075,300 At least 281,400 Senegal Bangladesh Guatemala 24,000 At least 431,000 At least 248,500 Mali Laos At least 61,600 Sri Lanka Up to 4,500 El Salvador Liberia Up to 288,900 23,000 Togo 90,000 Myanmar 10,000 Iraq Up to 645,300 Honduras Côte d’Ivoire At least 29,400 At least 300,900 At least Thailand 3,276,000 Up to 35,000 Cameroon At least 40,000 Colombia Syria The Philippines 6,044,200 CAR At least At least 77,700 Up to 438,500 7,600,000 Papua New Guinea Republic of the Congo Peru At least 7,500 Up to 7,800 Lebanon At least 150,000 19,700 DRC Yemen Timor-Leste 2,756,600 334,100 At least 900 Eritrea Angola Up to 10,000 Up to 20,000 Indonesia Somalia At least 84,000 Abyei Sudan 20,000 At least 3,100,000 1,106,800 South Sudan Ethiopia 1,498,200 397,200 Burundi Kenya Up to 77,600 309,200 Based on IDMC's monitoring of displacement caused by Uganda Zimbabwe conﬂict and violence between January and December 2014 Up to 29,800 Up to 36,000 Global Overview 2015 People internally displaced by conflict and violence

May 2015 With thanks Our work would not be possible without the generous contributions of our funding partners. IDMC would like to thank them for their continuous support in 2014. We extend our particular thanks to the following:

Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs (DFAT), EuropeAid, Liechtenstein’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway’s Min- istry of Foreign Affairs (NMFA), Sweden’s International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), Switzerland’s Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, the UN Agency for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Kingdom’s Department for Interna- tional Development (DFID), the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and our other donors.

Authors: Alexandra Bilak, Martina Caterina, Guillaume Charron, Sophie Crozet, Laura Rubio Díaz-Leal, Florence Foster, Justin Ginnetti, Jacopo Giorgi, Anne-Kathrin Glatz, Kristel Guyon, Caroline Howard, Melanie Kesmaecker-Wissing, Sarah Kilany, Johanna Klos, Frederik Kok, Barbara McCallin, Anaïs Pagot, Elizabeth Rushing, Clare Spurrell, Marita Swain, Wesli Turner, Nadine Walicki, Michelle Yonetani

Reviewers: Dora Abdelghani, Sebastián Albuja, Alexandra Bilak, Anne-Kathrin Glatz, Caroline Howard, Johanna Klos, Anaïs Pagot, Isabelle Scherer, Alfredo Zamudio

External reviewers: Patrice Chataîgnier

Contributors: Shervin Tadi & David Chong Wa

Data analysis: Ali Anwar & Justin Ginnetti

Editor: Jeremy Lennard

Design and layout: Rachel Natali

Printing: Imprimerie Harder

Cover photo: Displaced people from minority Yazidi sect, fleeing violence from forces loyal to Islamic State in Sinjar town, walk towards Syrian border, on outskirts of Sinjar mountain (Photo: © STRINGER Iraq / Reuters, August 2014).

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Norwegian Refugee Council Chemin de Balexert 7–9 CH-1219 Châtelaine (Geneva) Tel: +41 22 799 0700, Fax: +41 22 799 0701 www.internal-displacement.org About this report

The Norwegian Refugee Council’s Internal Displacement Moni- number of people that remained in displacement at the year’s toring Centre (IDMC) has monitored internal displacement since end. With regard to return figures, reliable data onIDP returns 1998. Our annual Global Overview covers people forced to flee is not available in the majority of cases and actual return figures their homes by international or internal armed conflict as well may be considerably higher. as generalised violence – be it communal, ethnic, political or It is also important to note that IDPs reported as having criminal. This report is based on data and analysis gathered returned to their places of origin may not necessarily have between January and December 2014 in 60 countries and ter- achieved durable solutions to their displacement. Those who ritories across the world. choose to integrate locally in their places of refuge or to settle Our research shows that the causes and impacts of dis- elsewhere in the country are seldom monitored, meaning little placement are multiple and often overlapping, including those information is available on their number or fate. related to disasters induced by natural hazards, which we report To produce our Global Overview, we compiled and analysed on separately. the best data available from national governments, the UN and Chapter 1 of the report describes the scale and main trends, other international agencies, national and international NGOs, causes and impacts of displacement worldwide in 2014. human rights organisations, media reports and IDPs themselves. We have made changes to the chapters that follow to make We also undertook field missions to 29 countries during 2014. this year’s report more streamlined and accessible, and to focus The availability of better data may have contributed to chang- the publication on protracted displacement, given that it was a es in figures for 2014 compared with previous years, alongside key issue in 53 of the 60 countries and territories we monitored actual increases or decreases in the scale of displacement. in 2014 and that it is a salient issue on policy agendas worldwide. We also report for the first time on four countries where new Chapter 2 describes internal displacement worldwide, but displacement took place or where data on internal displacement instead of specific entries for each country hosting internally became available: Cameroon, El Salvador, Papua New Guinea displaced people (IDPs) as in previous editions this year we have and Ukraine. grouped them into eight regions: the Americas, central Africa, Our estimates are rounded up or down to the nearest 100. We east Africa, west Africa, the Middle East and north Africa, Eu- state “up to” when we have reason to believe that the reported rope, the Caucasus and central Asia, south Asia, and south-east figures may be overestimates. This is often because only old Asia. Each section touches on the displacement situation in source data is available and we have evidence that displace- individual countries and in the region as a whole. This chapter ment has abated since. If we believe the reported figures to be also includes seven country spotlights on protracted displace- an underestimate, we state “at least”. This may be because the ment, which highlight specific challenges related to the issue source data does not cover all areas affected by displacement. in each of these countries. Countries in which the number of IDPs fell to zero during the Chapter 3 takes a close look at protracted displacement. year are included in the data table and the change explained It pinpoints the main blockages to overcoming protracted dis- on page 82. Those that had no IDPs reported for a second placement, from lack of political will to the absence of a shared consecutive year in 2014 are not included. Kyrgyzstan is the and actionable definition of protracted displacement. Drawing only such example. on our global monitoring, it identifies features and dynamics of We use UN Population Fund (UNFPA) figures to normalise protracted displacement worldwide as a basis for more informed our estimates. We do this because other population figures are action. unreliable for some of the countries we monitor, and using them We have included a new chapter (Chapter 4) on the meth- would not yield comparable percentages. UNFPA’s statistics can odological challenges of gathering figures and information on be found online at http://www.unfpa.org/swp. internal displacement. It outlines data shortfalls and require- For the purposes of this report, we include Papua New ments, and looks at potential ways of assessing and describing Guinea in the south-east Asia region; Afghanistan in the south the phenomenon more accurately worldwide. Asia region; Turkey, Ukraine and the Russian Federation in The report also includes a table of figures for each of the Europe, the Caucasus and central Asia; Zimbabwe in the east countries and territories monitored. These figures estimate Africa region; and Mexico, Central, and South America in the the total number of people living in internal displacement as of Americas region. Any boundaries, names or other designations December 2014. This includes both the number of people newly shown on maps or elsewhere do not imply our official endorse- displaced and people displaced in previous years. Estimates of ment or acceptance of them. new displacement in 2014 and of reported returns of IDPs to their homes are also provided in separate columns in the table. Due to differences in reporting by our sources, in some cases our new displacement figures reflect the total number of people displaced during the year, whereas in others they reflect only the Acronyms

ASEAN Association of South-east Asian Nations AU African Union CAP Consolidated Appeals Process EU European Union IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee ICC International Criminal Court ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDMC Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre IDPs Internally Displaced People IOM International Organisation for Migration JIPS Joint IDP Profiling Service NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NRC Norwegian Refugee Council NSAGs Non-State Armed Groups OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency USCR United States Committee for Refugees (United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants or USCRI since 2004) Contents

Internal displacement in 2014: The global trends . . . . . 7

Internal displacement worldwide ...... 15

Protracted internal displacement in focus 63

Methodological challenges in data collection 73

Country figures 82

Notes 88

IDP Voices

Iraq "Abo Hassan" A Shiite farmer from the Sunni village of Al-Zaidan

I am Abo Hassan, a farm- I live with my relatives in this infor- er from Al-Zaidan village, mal settlement of Al Qudus in Nissan near Abu Ghraib. I used to District, since then. live and work as a farmer with my rela- Our houses in Al-Zaidan village tives, we owned together 20 acres. In were destroyed but I cannot sell the 2006, after the bombing of Al-Askari land because of a tribal chastisement Shrine in Samarra, we started to get preventing it. I cannot go back there, threats. It started by hinting indirectly I went to see what became of it only that we are not accepted in the vil- once, hiding among a big group of vis- lage anymore. Then we started to see iting people but this rare opportunity, threatening words on the walls of the I can only take in very limited times. houses. Then it became more serious Now I live in this place because I when several attempts were made to cannot sell my land to buy somewhere kill members of our families. else and replace it. I started a paper The message was very clear; leave work few years ago to get a compen- now or be killed. We had difficulty in sation for the destroyed houses, but leaving the village to Baghdad as the then at the police station they told me main road at that time was not safe that the paperwork was lost, leaving and we had to take the chance anyway. us with nothing and still in limbo. A displaced child stands in an aircraft hanger amidst military helicopters at the M’Poko Air Force base where thousands of Muslims have taken shelter in Bangui, Central African Re- public. Following violence that has largely split communities along religious lines, tens of thousands are displaced in the capital alone. Photo: OCHA/ Phil Moore, February 2014

6 Global Overview 2015 Internal displacement in 2014 The global trends

As of the end of 2014, 38 million people cent of new displacement worldwide, and around the world had been forced to in all except Nigeria more than a million flee their homes by armed conflict and people fled their homes during the year. generalised violence, and were living in Two countries we reported on for the displacement within the borders of their first time in 2014 - Ukraine, where dis- own country. This represents a 15 per cent placement took place for the first time, increase on 2013, and includes 11 million and El Salvador, where data became people who were newly displaced during available for the first time - accounted the year, the equivalent of 30,000 people for at least 935,400 new displacements a day. between them. The figure for Ukraine Never in the last 10 years of IDMC’s alone was at least 646,500. global reporting, from the peak of the Darfur crisis in 2004 and the sectarian 11 million people were violence in Iraq in the mid to late 2000s to the uprisings of the “Arab spring” in newly displaced during 2011 and the ensuing crises in the Mid- the year, the equivalent of dle East have we reported such a high estimate for the number of people newly 30,000 fleeing each day displaced in a year. Today there are almost twice as many IDPs as there are Iraq suffered most new displacement, refugees worldwide. with at least 2.2 million people fleeing from The majority of the increase since last areas that fell under Islamic State (ISIL) year is the result of the protracted crises control. Heavy fighting in South Sudan in Iraq, South Sudan, Syria, Democratic displaced at least 1.3 million, particularly Republic of Congo (DRC) and Nigeria. in the states of Unity, Jonglei, Lakes and The five countries accounted for 60 per Upper Nile. More than 11 per cent of the

Internal displacement in 2014 7 Figure 1.1: 60% of new displacement took place in Figure 1.2: 77% of the world’s IDPs live in just 10 countries just five countries

DR Congo 2,756,600 Sudan Pakistan 7.22% 3,100,000 1,900,000 8.12% 4.98% Iraq Other Turkey 19.82% 40.28% South Sudan 953,700 2.50% 1,498,200 Iraq 3.92% Nigeria 1,075,300 3,376,000 Somalia 2.82% 8.58% 1,106,800 2.90%

Colombia 6,044,200 15.83% Syria South Sudan 7,600,000 Nigeria DR Congo 11.87% 19.90% 8.88% 9.13%

Syria 10.01%

country’s population was newly displaced Turkish invasion forced up to 265,000 Syria, but Libya’s displaced population during the year. people to flee their homes, and the fig- also increased more than six-fold to at With no end in sight, Syria’s civil war ure has remained at as many as 212,400 least 400,000. forced at least 1.1 million people to flee since 2001 because the Cypriot govern- In sub-Saharan Africa, there were their homes, and at least a million were ment counts those displaced in areas un- 11.4 million IDPs across 22 countries, with newly displaced in DRC by low-intensity der its control and their descendants as Sudan accounting for at least 3.1 million, conflict and violence in the east of the IDPs. They make up a fifth of the island’s DRC 2.8 million, South Sudan 1.5 million, country, and a series of brutal incidents population. Somalia 1.1 million and Nigeria at least such as the Beni massacres in North Kivu a million. Central Africa was again the province. Iraq, South Sudan, Syria, region worst-affected by new displace- The ten countries with the highest Democratic Republic of ment, accounting for 70 per cent of the numbers of IDPs accounted for 77 per sub-Saharan total of 11.4 million. cent of the total displacement figure in Congo (DRC) and Nigeria More than three million people were 2014. accounted for 60 per forced to flee conflict in the Central -Af In terms of the scale of displacement rican Republic (CAR), DRC, South Sudan relative to countries’ population size, at cent of new displacement and Sudan, and Boko Haram’s ruthless least 35 per cent of Syria’s population, or worldwide campaign to establish an independent 7.6 million people, have been displaced.1 Islamic state in north-eastern Nigeria also This makes it the country with the largest Key regional trends in 2014 drove significant new displacement. It number of IDPs in the world, accounting In the Middle East and north Africa, was responsible for displacing more than for 20 per cent of the global total. 3.8 million people were newly displaced in three-quarters of at least 975,300 people Syria’s displacement crisis is ongoing 2014, a nine per cent increase on the year in the country during the year, while many and escalating, but Cyprus shows how before that brought the overall number others fled inter-communal violence in the events long past can continue to influ- of IDPs to 11.9 million, or 31 per cent of Middle Belt region. ence the demographic fabric of a smaller the global total. More than 90 per cent of Figures for the Americas remained country. The 1974 coup and subsequent the region’s IDPs were living in Iraq and relatively stable, but high. The vast ma-

8 Global Overview 2015 Graph 1.1: IDPs and refugees from 1989 to 2014 Sources: IDMC, USCR (IDP figures); UNHCR, UNRWA (refugee figures)

40 IDPs Refugees 35

15 People displaced (in millions)

0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

jority of the region’s seven million IDPs countries, compared with 2.2 million the the Philippines. The cumulative total also were in Colombia, where protracted con- previous year. decreased slightly to 855,000 IDPs, mak- flict and violence perpetrated by post- In south and south-east Asia, 1.5 mil- ing it the region with the lowest overall demobilisation armed groups has driven lion people were newly displaced, con- figure as of the end of 2014. a steady increase in numbers each year tributing to a cumulative total of just un- over the last decade. New displacement der five million IDPs across 13 countries. also took place in Mexico, Guatemala Nearly all new displacement occurred in Internal displacement in a and El Salvador, where people fled from Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and the Phil- changing world criminal violence associated with drug ippines. Counter-insurgency operations in The steady increase in the number of trafficking. Levels of new displacement Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal IDPs over the past ten years reflects the were similar to 2013, except for in El Sal- Areas were responsible for much of the changing nature of conflict worldwide. vador, where as many as 288,900 people total, with as many as 907,000 people Since the end of the Cold War and the fled their homes, accounting for 66 per fleeing their homes in North Waziristan breakdown of the old east-west divide, cent of the 436,500 new displacements and Khyber agencies. Ethnic violence in opposition forces have increasingly chal- in the region. India’s Assam state also displaced at least lenged traditional western powers. The number of IDPs in Europe, the 345,000 people. Inequality is also on the rise, creating Caucasus and central Asia rose by 31 extreme disparities in wealth, education per cent in 2014. Ukraine accounted for 90% of IDPs in the Middle and other areas of human development. much of the new displacement, driven by This has led to the increasing marginali- Russia’s annexation of Crimea in March East and north Africa were sation of certain geographic areas, typi- and fighting between the Ukrainian mili- living in Iraq and Syria cally those far from political and econom- tary and separatist forces in the east of ic capitals, and the rising up of formerly the country that escalated during the New displacement in south-east repressed sectors of society who lack year. At least 646,500 people fled their Asia fell by 65 per cent, mainly the re- political representation and seek greater homes, contributing to a regional total sult of a reduction in the intensity and independence, power and control. of just under 2.9 million IDPs across 13 frequency of violence in Myanmar and These factors have led to the emer-

Internal displacement in 2014 9 gence of a growing array of NSAGs. To- ants and civilians, who are often clubbed central Africa. Uganda’s Lord’s Resist- day, significant displacement is caused by together with the “terrorists”. Those living ance Army, for example, has been active such groups throughout the world, from in opposition-controlled areas of Iraq and in CAR, DRC and South Sudan over the ISIL in the Middle East and al-Shabaab Syria have been targeted with the aim of last five years and has displaced hun- in the Horn of Africa to separatist forces driving them out and depriving NSAGs of dreds of thousands of people. Nigeria’s in eastern Ukraine and criminal groups potential sources of support. internal conflict spilled over and caused in Latin America, as well as the military internal displacement in Cameroon and operations mounted against them. Issues Niger in 2014. of poverty, increasing inequality and so- Conflict in one country can As displaced populations become ever cial frustration also form the backdrop to have regional implications, more dispersed in areas where it is harder Boko Haram’s emergence and expansion creating a “domino effect” for humanitarians to reach them - wheth- in Nigeria. er because of government restrictions, Today’s armed conflicts put civilians on its neighbours security concerns or the fact that IDPs are in harm’s way as never before, the result all but invisible in urban areas - the task of of an abundant flow of weapons, warring Our analysis also shows that conflict assisting them increasingly falls to their parties’ failure to respect the rules of in one country can have regional implica- host communities. The current humanitar- international humanitarian law and the tions, creating a “domino effect” on its ian system, however, is not well set up to increasingly asymmetrical nature of con- neighbours. The phenomenon has been offer them the support they need. Such flict. Counter-insurgency operations have visible in the Middle East since 2011, and an arrangement may be manageable in eroded the distinction between combat- is also a defining feature in west and the short term, but over time IDPs may

Figure 1.3: New displacement in 2014 (blue circles); lack of coping capacity and poverty and economic decline (left); and lack of coping capacity and uneven development (right). 10 New Displacement -1 500,000 9 1,000,000 1,500,000 8 2,176,764

7 Monitored Countries monitored by IDMC 6 Countries not monitored by IDMC

4 Lack Of Coping Capacity

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Poverty and Economic Decline

10 New Displacement -1 10 Global Overview 2015 500,000 9 1,000,000 1,500,000 8 2,176,764

7 Monitored Countries monitored by IDMC 6 Countries not monitored by IDMC

4 Lack Of Coping Capacity

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Uneven Development

Sum of Poverty and Economic Decline and sum of Uneven Development vs. sum of Lack Of Coping Capacity. Colour shows details about Monitored. Size shows sum of New Displacement. Details are shown for Country. The view is ﬁltered on sum of Poverty and Economic Decline, which keeps non-Null values only. 10 New Displacement -1 500,000 9 1,000,000 1,500,000 8 2,176,764 “outstay their welcome”, putting additional against both in their places of origin and ness or absence of the state is also a pressure on already scarce resources and refuge; and Sri Lanka, where ethnic Tam- key factor, as in CAR, South Sudan, Iraq creating7 tensions between them and their ils make up the overwhelming majority of and Afghanistan,Monitored all of which host large hosts, which in turn have the potential remaining IDPs. numbers of IDPs. Countries monitored to fuel further conflict and displacement. Many people livingby IDMCin protracted dis- The6 world’s population is set to reach placement have also Countriesbeen forced not monitored to flee 9.6 billion by 20502 and the burgeon- Protracted displacement more than once in theirby IDMC lives. People al- ing growth rate combined with rising In 2014, there were people living in dis- ready displaced by conflict and violence inequality,5 lack of democratic represen- placement for ten years or more in nearly before 2014 were forced to uproot their tation and competition for territory and 90 per cent of the 60 countries and ter- lives again during the year in a third of resources has left religious, ethnic and ritories we monitored. This phenomenon the countries we monitor. More than 80 4 tribalLack Of Coping Capacity minorities particularly marginalised of protracted displacement is largely re- per cent of those affected fled to escape and therefore vulnerable to targeted at- sponsible for the high and ever-growing further exposure to conflict or general- tacks and displacement. This pattern is cumulative figures we publish each year. ised violence in their places of refuge. In 3 visible in the composition of displaced The majority of protracted displace- DRC’s Kivu provinces, most IDPs have populations throughout the world, from ment is the result of a failure to anchor been displaced more than once. Colombia,2 where 30 per cent of new IDPs IDPs’ return, local integration or settle- Most of those living in protracted in 2014 came from African-Colombian ment elsewhere in broader development displacement made no visible progress communities; to Ukraine, where Crimean and peace-building programmes. In a fifth in 2014 against the eight criteria set out Tatars1 and Roma have been discriminated of the countries we monitor the weak- in the IASC framework for durable solu-

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sources: Lack of coping capacity: INFORM – Index for Risk Management (http://www.inform-index.org); Poverty and economic decline and Poverty and Economic Decline Uneven development: Fragile States Index (http://ffp.statesindex.org/rankings-2014) 10 New Displacement -1 500,000 9 1,000,000 1,500,000 8 2,176,764

7 Monitored Countries monitored by IDMC 6 Countries not monitored by IDMC

4 Sum of poverty and Lack Of Coping Capacity economic decline and sum of uneven development vs. sum of lack of 3 coping capacity. Colour shows details about countries monitored. 2 Size shows sum of new displacement. Details are shown for country. The view is filtered on sum 1 of poverty and economic decline, which keeps non-null values only. 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Uneven Development

Internal displacement in 2014 11 Graph 1.2: Regional estimates on the numbers of people who returned home during the year

900

800

700

600

500

Returns (in thousands) Returns 400

300

200

100

0 Central Middle West Eastern South Asia South-east Europe Latin Africa East Africa Africa and Asia America Zimbabwe

tions.3 Government preferences on set- even international or regional humanitar- displacement on the one hand, and pov- tlement options contributed to prolong- ian agencies were actively involved in try- erty and weak governance on the other. ing displacement in a fifth of cases, as in ing to resolve the situation. It suggests that when displacement Burundi, Sudan and Azerbaijan. takes place in less economically developed states, they are unlikely to have the Economic vulnerability and weak resources and capacity to respond to Nearly 90 per cent of the governance IDPs’ short-term needs, let alone invest countries and territories Countries where new displacement in longer-term solutions. took place in 2014 were among the most we monitored in 2014 are economically vulnerable and least able home to people who have to cope with a crisis. Figure 1.3 measures Crises often reveal been living in displacement poverty and economic decline (left) and underlying structural uneven development (right) against a for ten years or more country’s coping capacity; understood as challenges, particularly its institutional strength or weakness and when the displacement they Despite it being the state’s respon- the state of its infrastructure. As shown in sibility to protect and assist its IDPs, figure 1.3, those with poor coping capac- cause becomes protracted humanitarian agencies and NGOs were ity and high indices of poverty, economic the main responders to a third of those decline and uneven development are Crises often reveal underlying struc- living in protracted displacement. There clustered in the top right-hand corner of tural challenges, particularly when the was little involvement from development both figures. With only a few exceptions, displacement they cause becomes pro- agencies and donor governments, and countries that suffered new displacement tracted, and potentially creates a feed- no private sector investment was visible in 2014 tend to cluster in the same corner. back loop that traps states and their at all. In more than a third of cases, not This reveals a correlation between citizens in a spiral of increasing vulner-

12 Global Overview 2015 Data disaggregated by age and the vulnerable members of the displaced attributed to men staying longer in their sex population, or even exclude them alto- areas of origin, either as fighters or to Data disaggregated by age and sex gether. protect their family’s property and assets. (SADD) was only available in 17 of the 60 The data available shows that the ra- They may also return earlier to assess the countries and territories we monitored tio of men to women among IDPs tends situation and start rebuilding their homes in 2014. Fully disaggregated data was to match that of the general population, and livelihoods. In the absence of data, available for Burundi, Colombia, Geor- but with slightly more women than men however, it is difficult to identify any con- gia, Kosovo, Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria and (see graph 1.3). In some countries, such clusive global trends. Pakistan. The data for Chad, Ethiopia, as Burundi and Colombia, this may be Iraq, Somalia, Syria, and Yemen did not include information on displaced boys and Graph 1.3: Disaggregated data: sex by region girls aged 0 to 18, or on IDPs aged 60 Middle East and South and Sub-Saharan and over. Fully disaggregated data came Americas Europe North Africa South-East Asia Africa from IOM’s displacement tracking matrix 52% 52% 52% in Mali and Nigeria; from UNHCR and the 51% 50% 51% 50% 48% 49% 48% government in Burundi, Pakistan and Ko- 47% sovo; national governments in Georgia and Colombia; and the shelter and camp 40% coordination and camp management cluster in Myanmar. 30% Given that SADD provides key indicators for effective and well-targeted 20% responses, the shortage of such data constitutes a considerable obstacle to ad- 10% dressing IDPs’ protection and assistance needs and facilitating their pursuit of du- 0% rable solutions. Without it, programming Avg. Men Avg. Women Avg. Men Avg. Women Avg. Men Avg. Women Avg. Men Avg. Women Avg. Men Avg. Women may fall short of meeting the needs of (inc. boys) (incl. girls) (inc. boys) (incl. girls) (inc. boys) (incl. girls) (inc. boys) (incl. girls) (inc. boys) (incl. girls)

ability. Displacement is likely a symptom an official registry. The number ofIDP s to make up only a small fraction of the of a country’s more deep-seated prob- rises each year in part because those who displaced population. Increasing numbers lems, but the exact causal relationships have achieved durable solutions or died of IDPs also flee to urban areas where between the factors is not known. in displacement are never deregistered. they are largely invisible among the urban In many countries, data is collected by a poor, and these two factors mean that number of responders for different pur- overall this report is likely to understate Data challenges poses and using different methodologies, the true scale of displacement. A number of factors affect our esti- which can lead to double counting. Reports of IDPs’ return to their places mates and account for variations in them of origin, local integration or settlement from year to year (see page 73). In some elsewhere also contribute to changes cases, changes in the way our sources Data on IDPs tends to focus in our figures from year to year. Data collect and analyse their data led to dra- on those living in camps, on returns is limited, but more prevalent matic adjustments in 2014. In Côte d’Ivoire than for local integration and settlement where a profiling exercise was conducted, camp-like settings and elsewhere (see graph 1.2). It should also we reported a four-fold increase in our collective centres, who are be noted that people reported as having estimate. In Nigeria, international support returned may not have achieved a durable improved the national capacity to collect acknowledged to make up solution to their displacement. This was information, leading us to reduce our cu- only a small fraction of the the case for the vast majority of the more mulative estimate by 70 per cent. displaced population than 909,600 IDPs who returned to their Discrepancies in the way IDPs are homes in the central African region. counted from country to country also affect our tallies. In Colombia, the country Data on IDPs tends to focus on those with the second-largest displaced popu- living in camps, camp-like settings and lation in the world, IDPs are recorded in collective centres, who are acknowledged

Internal displacement in 2014 13 14 Global Overview 2015 ACaption: displaced etsdjkfg woman lkjhdfg andjdfg childlsdjklfgh look f overkjhdf the gljhdfg Maseplalkjhdf jlkdfg transitional l, site in Zamboanga, Philippines. In 2014, assessments showed that conditions in the transitional sites failed to meet minimum humanitarian standards. Photo: IDMC/Frederik Kok, June 2014 Internal displacement worldwide

In 2014, there were people living in internal tions and responses, reflecting the fact displacement caused by conflict and gen- that people flee their homes in diverse eralised violence in all regions monitored political and conflict contexts, and in by IDMC. As in previous years, displace- countries with varying capacity and will to ment around the world in 2014 varied in assist their IDPs. This section describes terms of its scale, causes, patterns, pro- some of these salient features by region. tection issues, prospects for durable solu-

Graph 2.1: People newly displaced per region

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0 People newly displaced per region (in millions) 0.5

0 Middle EastCentral AfricaSouth Asia West Africa Europe, theEast Caucasus AfricaThe AmericasSouth-east Asia and central Asia

Internal displacement worldwide 15 Mexico At least 281,400

Guatemala At least 248,500

El Salvador Up to 288,900

Honduras Colombia At least 29,400 6,044,200

Peru At least 150,000

IDP ﬁgures as of The Americas December 2014

Figures and causes of There were 137,2004 people newly dis- displacement placed in Colombia in 2014, fewer than in As of the end of 2014, there were at 2013 though the figure is expected to rise least seven million IDPs in South America, as the victims’ registry is updated. The Central America and Mexico, a 12 per cent country’s decades-old conflict is the main increase on 2013. Colombia, El Salvador, cause of displacement, but spreading Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Peru criminal violence has also forced people all had displaced populations, but Colom- to flee their homes. A third of all incidents bia accounted for the bulk of the regional of armed violence reported in 2014 oc- total. The country had 6,044,200 IDPs as curred in the Pacific coast departments of the end of year, representing 12 per of Chocó, Valle del Cauca, Cauca and cent of its overall population. The figure Nariño, which also accounted for more continues to rise in part because of new than half of the country’s new IDPs. The displacement, and in part because people departments’ African-Colombian commu- displaced in previous years continue to nities were particularly hard hit, account- be registered. ing for 30 per cent of the total. Colom- Mexico and Peru had at least 281,400 bia’s Pacific coast ports are conduits for and 150,000 IDPs respectively, and be- both legal and illegal exports, and armed tween them El Salvador, Guatemala and groups that have emerged since the de- Honduras had 566,700, many of them mobilisation of the country’s paramilitary displaced by organised crime and gang apparatus – post-demobilisation armed violence. groups - continue to terrorise commu-

16 Global Overview 2015 nities and cause displacement in these Displacement in Colombia is still of women, forced disappearances, tor- areas. driven by the armed conflict, which con- ture and arbitrary detentions. Twenty- The country’s largest guerrilla group, tinues despite the ongoing peace pro- two alleged criminals were shot dead in Mexico 14 At least the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Co- cess. There have been fewer hostilities Tlatlaya in the state of Mexico in June, 281,400 lombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionari- between government forces and FARC, 43 trainee teachers were killed or disap- as de Colombia, FARC) and the smaller and peace negotiators reached a partial peared in Guerrero state in September15 National Liberation Army (Ejército de agreement on drug trafficking in 2014, and at least 1,000 bodies were discovered Liberación Nacional) accounted for the but violence and insecurity are still rife. in mass graves in Mexico and hundreds largest proportion of new displacements Widespread abuses, including the re- more in El Salvador during the year.1617 The during the year, followed by post-demo- cruitment of minors, sexual violence, the involvement of security forces and public Guatemala bilisation armed groups.5 The traditional deployment of anti-personnel mines, ex- officials in such abuses is well document- At least 248,500 pattern of rural to urban displacement tortion and the targeting of human rights ed, but very few perpetrators have been 18 El Salvador continued, but intra-urban displacement defenders and land restitution advocates brought to justice. Violations such as Up to 288,900 soared, particularly in Buenaventura, have forced many people to the flee their these perpetrated by State agents con- where 22,400 people were displaced homes. Forty-eight per cent of IDPs are tribute to the climate of insecurity that Honduras Colombia within the city, Cúcuta, Quibdó, Tumaco aged between six and 26, and many con- leads people into displacement. At least 29,400 6,044,200 and Soacha.6 tinue to live in areas still affected by the In Mexico, 1,300 people newly dis- conflict. The main cause of placed in Chiapas joined IDPs living in The main cause of displacement in displacement in Mexico and protracted displacement linked to the Mexico and the Northern Triangle was Zapatista uprising. The new displace- criminal violence mostly related to drug the Northern Triangle was ments were caused by religious intoler- trafficking and gang activity. NSAG s use criminal violence mostly ance, continuing political violence against violence in the pursuit of profit, territo- related to drug trafficking Peru Zapatistas and resource extraction and rial control over trafficking routes and to At least development projects.7 Criminal violence neutralise competing organisations, often and gang activity 150,000 displaced at least 9,000 people across ten in collaboration with the state.13 Post-de- states in 2014, including 23 mass events. mobilisation armed groups in Colombia; Gender-based violence (GBV), forced A survey in El Salvador revealed that maras and other urban gangs in El Salva- recruitment, political violence and reli- as many as 288,900 people were dis- dor, Guatemala and Honduras; and drug gious intolerance are widespread in the IDP ﬁgures as of December 2014 placed by criminal violence and threats traffickers and other criminal groups in region and continue to cause displace- in 2014.8 In Guatemala, drug trafficking Mexico were responsible for thousands ment. Unaccompanied girls aged be- organisations and gangs fighting for the of civilian deaths and kidnappings, the tween 12 and 17 have fled to theUS from control of territory to extract palm oil and terrorising of local populations, extortion the Northern Triangle and Mexico as a smuggle merchandise across the coun- rackets, threats and the corruption and result of rape, physical violence and the try’s northern border displaced at least intimidation of government officials, all threat of human trafficking.19 Violence, in- 1,770 families between 2011 and 2014.9 Of of which led to displacement. security and endemic poverty had driven them, 350 families, or around 1,400 peo- Forced dispossessions were most 21,500 young people from the Northern ple, fled their homes in 2014.10 There was common in Colombia, Mexico and Gua- Triangle and 18,800 from Mexico as of the no data available for new displacements temala. They were driven by both the legal end of 2013, of whom around 23 per cent in Honduras. and illegal extraction of resources in all were girls with international protection three countries, including logging, the cul- needs.20 In Colombia, post-demobilisation A survey in El Salvador tivation of coca, opium poppy, marijuana armed groups were responsible for most and crops for biofuels and palm oil. In of the GBV cases Human Rights Watch revealed that as many Colombia, such activities have also com- reported in 2014.21 as 288,900 people were plicated land rights issues in indigenous Political activists, human rights ad- displaced by criminal and African-Colombian areas and cre- vocates and journalists who expose of- ated obstacles to restitution. Vigilantes ficials’ abuse of power, embezzlement violence and threats in 2014 have contributed to increasing violence and criminal activities have been killed, in Mexico and Guatemala as people take persecuted and repressed and have fled Violence perpetrated by state forces up arms to defend themselves. their homes in all five countries. Indig- and NSAGs reached epidemic propor- Heavy-handed responses by state enous communities have also been per- tions in 2014 in Colombia, Mexico and security forces continue in Mexico and secuted and displaced from their ances- Central America’s Northern Triangle – El the Northern Triangle. Crackdowns by tral homelands in Colombia, Mexico and Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.11 The military police in Honduras and joint mili- Guatemala.22 five countries account for 19 of the 50 cit- tary operations in Mexico have increased Since 2006, Mexico’s “abuse-riddled ies in the world with the highest homicide human rights violations, particularly extra- war on drugs” has driven severe human rates.12 judicial executions, the targeted killing rights violations, including extrajudicial

Internal displacement worldwide 17 killings, disappearances, and torture by rect consequence of structural problems generally are concentrated in the larger the military and police, and spiralling that drive forced movements and prevent cities and northern areas leading to the violence between competing criminal the achievement of durable solutions. border with Guatemala, where drug traf- organisations, all of which has contrib- A substantial proportion of criminal ficking routes are in dispute.33 Domestic uted or directly led to displacement. More violence in the Northern Triangle is at- and gang violence are rampant and have than 90,000 people have been killed in tributed to the transnational Mara Sal- been reported as the main reasons for what has been termed a “public security vatrucha criminal gang, which originated children and young people fleeing Hon- catastrophe”,23 and there is good reason in Los Angeles, and Barrio 18 or Neigh- duras for the US.34 Those deported swell to believe that much of the displacement bourhood 18. Both are involved in street- the ranks of gangs and other criminal caused has not been documented. Aside level drug dealing and extortion rackets. groups, and the 6,000 children living on from the 23 mass events recorded in 2014, The government in El Salvador agreed a the streets to escape domestic violence many people are thought to flee in small truce with the two gangs in 2012, but it are also easy prey for recruiters.35 The numbers and find their own solutions, was effectively abandoned in 2014, lead- deployment of the military police to coun- effectively making them invisible and ing to a rise in homicides, extortion and ter violence in 2014 had the opposite ef- the true scale of displacement hard to the recruitment of children.28 None of the fect, increasing insecurity, abuses and gauge.24 countries in the Northern Triangle have corruption.36 Mexican authorities have failed to rein published official data on displacement, No new data on IDPs in Honduras in corruption and impunity, prevent and but evidence suggests that families and was available for 2014, but areas previ- punish an estimated 26,000 forced dis- young people regularly flee areas appro- ously identified as suffering displace- appearances25 or protect journalists and priated by criminal gangs such as these ment include the departments of Fran- human rights advocates. Eight journalists two to escape their excesses.29 cisco Morazán, Cortes and El Paraíso.37 were killed in 2014, and 104 have been Displacements have taken place from killed and 22 disappeared since 2000, suburban to urban areas, such as from making the country the sixth most dan- Internal displacement and Chamelocón to Tegucigalpa, and from gerous in the world for the profession. 26 undocumented migration rural to suburban areas. Intra-urban dis- In the more repressive states of Chihua- to the US are a direct placement has occurred in Tegucigalpa hua, Coahuila, Tamaulipas and Veracruz, and San Pedro Sula. such attacks have led to self-censorship, consequence of structural In El Salvador, at least 91 families meaning that atrocities, abuses and dis- problems that drive forced were reportedly displaced from La Paz, placement are under-reported, if they are Sonsonate, Zacatecoluca, and Usulután. reported at all. 27 movements Mass displacements have been caused by fighting between gangs in San Sal- In Guatemala, military operations vador38 and by the struggle to control Displacement patterns and against criminal gangs continued in 2014 territory in Ciudad Delgado,39 but most protection issues in the Pacific coast departments of Es- IDPs in the country appear to flee in small The mobility and fragmentation of cuintla and Santa Rosa, and along the numbers.40 drug trafficking and other criminal groups border with Honduras in Zacapa and as a result of military operations against Chiquimula. Maras are ubiquitous in many them, and their struggles to control terri- areas of Guatemala City and in the nearby Durable solutions tory mean that displacement patterns in municipalities of Villa Nueva and Mixco, In Colombia, IDPs who live in contest- Mexico are changeable and diverse. Peo- where people live in a state of perpetual ed areas and those controlled by NSAGs ple have been displaced en masse and in fear. As in Mexico, attacks and intimida- are exposed to human rights abuses trickles, whether from one urban area to tion against human rights defenders and and live in dire circumstances, with in- another, as in Chihuahua, Tamaulipas and journalists, particularly those covering adequate housing, scarce employment Veracruz; rural and semi-rural to suburban corruption and drugs trade, are common opportunities and no access to public ser- areas, as in Chiapas, Michoacán, Oaxaca and go unpunished.30 An opinion poll car- vices.41 Displacement also drives people and Sinaloa; suburban to urban areas, ried out by Vanderbilt University found into poverty. More than 63 per cent of as in Michoacán and Sinaloa; urban to that between 2012 and 2014 the percent- IDPs live below the poverty line, and 33 suburban areas, as in Veracruz; and in- age of Guatemalans who felt the need to per cent live in extreme poverty.42 tra-urban, as in Chalco, Nezahualcóyotl, move because of their fear of crime had Land restitution is becoming increas- Matamoros, Tamaulipas and Mexico City. risen from 9.91 to 13.44 per cent.31 ingly important and is a key element of the In El Salvador and Guatemala, the In Honduras, nearly 65 per cent of the peace talks, but progress on the issue is sweeping political transitions that took population live in poverty and the unem- slow. Threats against the leaders of those place at the end of their civil wars have ployment rate is 4.5 per cent.32 The city of claiming restitution have been reported in been followed by waves of crime and in- San Pedro Sula has the highest homicide 25 of the country’s 32 departments, with security. Internal displacement and un- rate in the world, with 171 per 100,000 in- 600 people affected since January 2012. documented migration to the US are a di- habitants. Homicides in the country more Authorities have determined that more

18 Global Overview 2015 than 400 threatened claimants and lead- (known by its Spanish acronym CEAV) in 2013 to support their responses to ers are at “extraordinary risk” because of declared forced internal displacement displacement. In April 2014 the Central their involvement in the issue.43 in itself an act of violence that requires American Integration System (known In Mexico, 30,000 IDPs have been liv- special attention and a differentiated by its Spanish acronym SICA) signed an ing in protracted displacement in Chiapas response.47 This is an important step agreement, also with UNHCR, which will since the 1994 to 1995 Zapatista conflict, forward, because it allows victims to join serve as a framework to promote the with no durable solutions in sight. The the federal registry of victims. As of De- rights of refugees, unaccompanied chil- Chiapas state legislature enacted a law cember 2014, 15 displaced families from dren and IDPs in the region. 49 on IDPs in 2012, but no steps have been Chihuahua had joined the federal registry, taken to implement it. Instead IDPs’ rights and 300 in Sinaloa were in process of have been ignored for two decades, with registering at the state level. This is the The Cartagena + 30 process and widespread injustice, discrimination, pov- only sign Mexican authorities have shown IDPs in the Americas erty, persecution and impunity preventing of recognising the phenomenon at the 2014 marked the 30th anniversary of their return to their places of origin.44 national level. That said, CEAV’s capac- the landmark 1984 Cartagena declara- El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras ity to intervene and grant reparations is tion on refugees in Latin America. In the have only recently begun to acknowledge extremely limited. It works with a mea- run-up to the ministerial meeting in Bra- displacement and set responses in mo- gre budget and has no comprehensive silia at the end of the year, governments, tion, and as such the pursuit of durable programme or protocol to deal with IDPs. civil society, humanitarian agencies and solutions is still virtually non-existent. academics held four sub-regional and re- Responses to displacement gional meetings to discuss the main challenges in the region, including responses National and international vary significantly across the to internal displacement. response region Civil society organisations were par- Responses to displacement vary ticularly concerned about the detention significantly across the region from Co- In Peru, at least 150,000 people who and deportation of unaccompanied mi- lombia, where the government and inter- fled their homes during the 1980 to 1990 nors at the US-Mexico border, and the national agencies have been running pro- armed conflict are still living in protracted plight of the IDPs in the region more grammes for many years, to the Northern displacement. They have been unable generally. They acknowledged “new” non- Triangle where responses are barely un- to integrate locally into their host com- state groups and generalised violence derway. Colombia made significant pro- munities because of a lack of livelihood as the key drivers of internal and cross- gress at the judicial, legal and institutional and education opportunities and lan- border displacement. The sub-regional level in 2014, implementing transitional guage barriers.48 Their access to repara- discussions focused on the multiple caus- justice mechanisms, and policies on du- tion, compensation and relocation pro- es of the phenomenon and the need to rable solutions and demobilisation, dis- grammes has also been limited. include IDPs and refugees in discussions armament and reintegration. Assistance None of the Northern Triangle that affect their lives and to give specific programmes for IDPs also continued but countries has adopted a national law attention to the most vulnerable groups.50 had little impact, particularly in terms of on displacement, and the Guatemalan Participants also called for Mexico access to employment.45 Colombia is a government is reticent even to officially and the Northern Triangle countries to pilot country for the Transitional Solutions acknowledge the phenomenon. Hondu- adopt the Guiding Principles and incor- Initiative, a joint UNHCR, UNDP and World ras has established an inter-institutional porate them into their statutes, meet in- Bank project running in 17 communities,46 commission for IDPs’ protection, which ternational standards of assistance and but it is too soon to assess results. began work in March 2014. In collabora- reparation, introduce effective prevention Mexico does not officially acknowl- tion with JIPS and UNHCR it is studying and monitoring mechanisms, and to work edge internal displacement, and re- and mapping displacement as a first step within UNHCR’s durable solutions frame- sponses have been fragmentary and towards a coordinated response. Mean- work. There were also calls for greater insufficient. The country enacted a fed- time, however, impoverished and vulner- burden sharing, solidarity and coopera- eral victims’ law in 2013, intended to enable IDPs living on the fringes of main tion in the region. sure justice, protection and reparations. urban centres receive no assistance. Fif- The Brazil summit produced an action Nineteen states have incorporated the teen local NGOs have formed a network plan on asylum, unaccompanied minors legislation into their statutes, but as of under the leadership of the Centre for the and refugees, but not for IDPs and their December 2014, only nine were in com- Investigation and Protection of Human protection. Despite its prevalence else- pliance with the federal law, which limits Rights (known by its Spanish acronym where in the region, internal displacement local responses. In Guerrero, the state CIPRODEH) to assist IDPs and advocate caused by criminal violence was only with the highest rate of new displacement for a comprehensive national policy on recognised as an issue in the Northern in 2014, a law on IDPs was enacted in July. displacement. Triangle, and Mexico was not included in In the same month, the Executive El Salvador and Honduras signed proposals for a new human rights obser- Commission for the Assistance of Victims collaboration agreements with UNHCR vatory on displacement.51

Internal displacement worldwide 19 Protracted displacement in:

Colombia Ongoing challenges despite peace process

Colombia’s experience brings the challenges of resolving protracted displacement amid ongoing violence into sharp focus, even in a middle-income country with a strong legal framework for IDPs’ protection. According to official statistics, at least six million people have been displaced over more than six decades of conflict. In 2014, 137,200 people were newly displaced, 403,700 registered as IDPs displaced in 2014 and previous years52 and 7,100 were forcibly evicted. More than 50 per cent of IDPs live in informal urban settlements.53 Displacement happens throughout the least 40 criminal gangs, many of which ly in institutions, the rule of law and the country, but is highly concentrated along have morphed out of post-demobilisation security forces is paramount, and key to the Pacific coast and the border with armed groups, fight over urban territory. upholding IDPs’ and other victims’ rights Venezuela. They terrorise the civilian population with to truth, justice and reparation. The ongoing peace process between killings, disappearances, torture, extor- Colombia has made significant pro- the government and the Revolutionary tion, intimidation and sexual violence, and gress in addressing displacement at the Armed Forces of Colombia can contrib- drive intra-urban displacement, particu- judicial, legal and institutional level, and ute to ending protracted displacement.54 larly in Bogotá, Buenaventura, Cúcuta, particularly protracted displacement. A partial agreement on the drugs trade Quibdó and Tumaco.56 IDPs in areas under Transitional justice mechanisms, incipi- was reached in May, and nearly 29,000 BACRIM control are highly vulnerable and ent durable solutions and disarmament, former combatants were assisted un- live in dire circumstances with inadequate demobilisation and reintegration policies der the government’s reintegration housing, scarce employment and no ac- have been implemented. Efforts are ham- programme between October 2013 and cess to public services.57 pered, however, by rampant insecurity and September 2014.55 There has been little Public opinion remains divided over structural obstacles, and victims’ repara- improvement, however, in overall security. whether the peace process will suc- tions have been slow to materialise. The conflict rumbles on, and at ceed.58 Re-establishing trust, particular- The Constitutional Court and local tri-

20 Global Overview 2015 This room shows the quality of life at La Secreta, a displaced community. La Secreta continues to receive threats from the armed groups in the region, especially because the displaced community has taken steps towards land restitution. Photo: NRC, January 2015

Ninety-two per cent of IDPs live below the poverty line, of whom 33 per cent live in extreme poverty, which reflects the lack of support they receive in trying to re-establish their lives. Of those who applied for government assistance to return or relocate, only 26 per cent have achieved their goals, of whom only 15 per cent felt the process had been conducted with dignity.64 UNHCR, UNDP and the Colombian authorities are running the Transitional Solutions Initiative with 17 displaced communities, involving their return to rural areas, local integration in urban areas and relocation schemes.65 Despite the legal bunals issued 1,586 rulings in IDPs’ favour placements took place in priority restitu- and institutional frameworks in place, on land restitution in 2014,59 an indication tion areas.60 Since 2011, 64,815 requests the strength of the government and the of authorities’ failure to fulfil their commit- for land restitution have been lodged, but long-standing presence of international ments in terms of access to land, com- as of the end of June 2014 only 2,687 had humanitarian organisations, there are pensation and the return of illegally ac- been granted.61 still weaknesses at the local level that quired property. The passing of draft bills Land grabs and forced evictions as- hinder the prevention of displacement, 022 and 129 of 2014 would increase the sociated with large infrastructure and the implementation of solutions and hu- jurisdiction of military and police tribunals resource extraction projects continue manitarian access.66 to try human rights abuses and violations to cause displacement, particularly of Without a strategy to improve local of international human rights law by the indigenous people, African-Colombians capabilities in the pursuit of durable solu- security forces, and as such would be a and farmers.62 Corrupt local authorities, tions, better target humanitarian assis- setback to the transitional justice system. notaries and businesspeople, and the tance and strengthen the independence Property restitution is key to resolving presence of illegal armed groups have of international organisations as monitor- protracted displacement, but in Colombia hampered restitution. Human rights ad- ing bodies, the end of the conflict, if it it has become a source of conflict. In the vocates, land activists and community comes, is unlikely to mean peace or an first three months of 2014, 16 major dis- leaders have been killed and threatened.63 end to protracted displacement.

Internal displacement worldwide 21 Sudan Chad At least Up to 3,100,000 71,000 Abyei 20,000

South CAR Sudan Up to 438,500 1,498,200

Republic of Congo DRC Up to 7,800 2,756,600

Burundi Up to 77,600

IDP ﬁgures as of Central Africa December 2014

Figures and causes of Much of the new displacement took displacement place in South Sudan, where the secu- Central Africa is home to some of the rity situation, heavy fighting and hunger continent’s most complex, protracted and displaced more than 1.3 million67 peo- dynamic displacement situations. As of ple across all of the country’s 10 states. the end of 2014, there were at least 7.9 mil- The worst-affected were Unity, Jonglei, lion IDPs in the region, spread across Bu- Lakes and Upper Nile. In Sudan, as many rundi, the Central African Republic (CAR), as 457,500 people68 were forced to flee Chad, the Democratic Republic of the their homes in the Darfur region69, with Congo (DRC), South Sudan, Sudan and North and South Darfur accounting for the disputed region of Abyei. The figure two-thirds of the new displacement. represents a 15 per cent increase on 2013, In DRC70, events such as the Beni five per cent of the six countries’ combined massacres in North Kivu displaced more population (excluding Abyei) and 70 per than a million people in 2014,71 a third of cent of all displacement in Africa. In CAR whom fled during the second quarter of and Sudan, IDPs make up as much as 10 the year. No new displacements were re- per cent of the population and in South ported in Burundi or Chad. Sudan the figure is at least 13 per cent. The availability and reliability of data Displacement is ongoing in CAR, on IDPs varies across the region. Dis- DRC, South Sudan and Sudan. At least placement is fluid and difficult to track 3,037,800 people were newly displaced in CAR, DRC, Sudan and South Sudan, across the four countries in 2014, rep- and data gathering is also hampered by resenting 67 per cent of the year’s new a lack of access to affected areas, lim- displacement in sub-Saharan Africa and ited resources and in some cases poor an increase of nine per cent on 2013. coordination among those carrying out

22 Global Overview 2015 the task. As such, figures provide only a Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda, the fore the current conflict, but have mush- piecemeal picture of the true situation. National Liberation Forces and the Lord’s roomed since. Areas in and around UN Much of the new displacement in CAR Resistance Army (LRA) have displaced military bases known as protection of in 2014 was effectively invisible under many thousands of people in DRC since civilian (PoC) sites harboured as many the methodologies used to collect data, the 1990s, and LRA was active in CAR in as 100,000 IDPs as of December 2014.79 while responders in Burundi and Chad 2014, forcing hundreds of people to flee Evidence suggests that many IDPs in have gradually disengaged and stopped their homes.75 CAR, DRC and Sudan have undertaken gathering information since the end of the pendular movements, in which they com- countries’ conflicts. CAR, DRC, South Sudan mute between their places of refuge and There is little or no data disaggregated origin. Their decision to do so tends to be by sex, gender and diversity or on vulner- and Sudan not only have driven by a combination of economic and able groups. The dispute between Sudan the largest displaced security factors. They go home to culti- and South Sudan over Abyei means that vate their land and try to meet their food the status of people displaced within and populations in the region, needs, but do not feel safe enough to stay from the area is unclear, because it is im- but the Organisation for for extended periods. Such movements possible to establish whether or not they Economic Cooperation and may go on for years and in some cases have crossed an international border. may even represent a resolution of IDPs’ CAR, DRC, South Sudan and Sudan Development also ranks plight in which displacement, paradoxi- not only have the largest displaced pop- them among the world’s top cally, is part of the solution. ulations in the region, but the Fund for The displacement of nomads such as Peace also ranks them among the world’s five fragile states Fulani herders in CAR was a growing is- top five fragile states72. All six countries sue in the region in 2014, but there is lit- hosting IDPs are among the poorest in To complicate matters further, some tle or no information on the scope of the the world and rank last or near last on governments in the region have histori- phenomenon or the situation and needs UNDP’s human development index for cally supported armed groups in neigh- of those affected.80 2014.73 Displacement in the region has a bouring countries. Such accusations have number of causes, many of them interre- been a regular source of tension between lated. Civilians flee to avoid being caught Sudan and South Sudan in recent years, Protection issues up in fighting between armed groups and and to a lesser extent between Chad and In addition to longstanding protection because they are deliberately targeted both CAR and Sudan.76 Mercenaries from issues such as gender-based violence, by one party to a conflict or another. In Chad and Sudan reportedly fought with land disputes and lack of civil documents, other cases, violence has been a deliber- the Séléka armed group that toppled the which are often linked to or aggravated by ate tactic to force people off their land. In- government in CAR in 2013.77 displacement, three protection concerns ternal armed conflict and inter-communal that arose in the region in 2014 are worth violence often fuel one another and in highlighting. some cases are interwoven to the point Patterns of displacement IDPs’ right to freedom of movement of being indistinguishable. Conflict in CAR With the exception of Chad and Bu- was widely violated, increasing their ex- and South Sudan was linked to and in- rundi, huge numbers of people were new- posure to attacks and making them less creasingly exploited ethnic and religious ly displaced in 2014, joining even larger able to access food and job markets. In tensions in 2014.74 numbers already living in protracted dis- CAR and South Sudan, parties to the placement and putting further pressure countries’ conflicts actively prevented Central Africa is home to on host communities and responders. IDPs from leaving their places of ref- Many IDPs and returnees have been uge, and in some cases from accessing some of the continent’s forced to flee repeatedly as violence and much-needed humanitarian assistance.81 most complex, protracted insecurity catches up with them. The Some IDPs in CAR, particularly Muslims majority of the population in DRC’s Kivu and Fulani herders and including some in and dynamic displacement provinces have been displaced more than neighbourhoods of Bangui, found them- situations once.78 selves stuck in enclaves surrounded by Despite a lack of detailed informa- armed militias.82 Disputes over the control of land and tion, it is clear that new conflict dynamics In DRC’s North Kivu province, the natural resources, and the pursuit of po- prompted changes in displacement pat- forced closure of displacement camps litical and economic power drive much of terns in 2014. CAR has been experiencing pushed some IDPs to return to their plac- the conflict and violence in the region. its first large-scale urban displacement es or origin even though they did not feel The overspill of conflicts from neighbour- crisis since the end of 2013, with as many safe doing so or had no home to go back ing countries has also fuelled displace- as 512,200 IDPs living in the capital Ban- to. In December 2014, as many as 2,300 ment. Rwandan, Burundian and Ugandan gui as of January 2014. In South Sudan, IDPs in Kiwanja were given only 24 hours armed groups, such as the Democratic displacement camps barely existed be- to vacate their camp, not even giving them

Internal displacement worldwide 23 time to harvest their crops.83 Their make- small proportion of the region’s displaced CAR, DRC and Sudan made progress shift shelters were burned down, leaving population. Those trying to return or in- in developing and revising national frame- them no option but to return or move on tegrate locally have also faced many ob- works relevant to IDPs. The government elsewhere. stacles, including insecurity and limited of DRC continued to work towards ratify- Camps and spontaneous sites at access to land and livelihoods. Access ing the Kampala Convention, but was still which IDPs took refuge did not always to land for cultivation and grazing is a to submit the necessary paperwork to the provide them with the safety and security particularly important, given that many AU as of the end of 2014. In line with its they sought. In South Sudan, several dis- people’s livelihoods are based on some obligations under the Great Lakes Pact placement and PoC sites were attacked form of farming. and protocols, it has also drafted a law by mobs and armed groups.84 Heavy rain Lack of access to basic services is that covers IDPs’ protection and assis- and floods also made some sites inCAR also an issue. Humanitarians have ad- tance during all phases of displacement. and South Sudan uninhabitable, but IDPs dressed the problem to some extent Whether such frameworks will have any stayed on because of their security con- by providing IDPs, and in some cases impact on IDPs’ lives will depend on their cerns. returnees, with water, food, healthcare, successful implementation, but parlia- sanitation and shelter. Such assistance, ment is still to adopt the legislation. however, is not sustainable and does not The government of Chad, meantime, Heavy rain and floods improve beneficiaries’ self-reliance. In assumes that displacement in the country also made some sites in some cases it fosters aid dependency. has come to an end. It has stopped rec- As such, programmes are needed that ognising those who have not returned or CAR and South Sudan develop IDPs’ coping mechanisms and integrated locally as IDPs and no longer uninhabitable, but IDPs increase their resilience. provides them with direct assistance.87 stayed on because of their Some if not most governments in the region favour IDPs’ return over their local security concerns integration or settlement elsewhere. The Given the immense needs forced camp closure in North Kivu in 2014 of both IDPs and their The challenges IDPs in central Africa was motivated by the provincial authori- face in their daily lives are shaped by their ties’ wish to see its inhabitants return to host communities, the age and sex. Displaced children, and par- their places of origin.85 international humanitarian ticularly those unaccompanied, are vul- IDPs in Burundi have lived in pro- and development responses nerable to child labour and recruitment tracted displacement since fleeing their and are often unable to continue their homes during the 1993 to 2005 civil war. A have been chronically education. Changing family dynamics pilot project on voluntary return led by the underfunded in all six mean women have to assume additional government and UNHCR and involving responsibilities formerly reserved to men, other local organisations led to at least countries which in some cases has led to a rise in 1,300 people being helped to go back domestic violence. Elderly IDPs who have to their places of origin. The process in- The international response is in many lost or become separated from their fami- cluded the identification and registration cases a de facto substitute for govern- lies have more difficulty in finding food of those who wished to do so, an assessments’ role in assisting and protecting or shelter. ment of their socioeconomic situation and IDPs, particularly when it comes to hu- the monitoring of places and conditions manitarian aid. Countries such as Chad of return.86 Emphasis was placed on com- and Burundi, however, which no longer Durable solutions munity awareness to develop social cohe- have active conflicts, have seen humani- At least 909,600 IDPs returned to their sion and tackle land issues. tarian engagement decline without the homes in central Africa in 2014. Local in- development sector becoming more integration and settlement elsewhere are volved in its place. Longer-term commit- not tracked in the region, so no figures National and international ments, efforts and investment are need- are available for people who pursued response ed, including in situations of continuing those settlement options. The figure for Central African countries face many conflict, if the international community is returns includes those that took place significant challenges beyond internal dis- to help prevent countries from relapsing amid continuing conflict, as in DRC, Su- placement, but most made efforts in 2014 into crisis as happened in South Sudan dan and South Sudan, and post-conflict to address the phenomenon, whether by in 2014. as in Burundi. providing assistance, coordinating its de- International aid workers face signifi- The return of nearly a million people livery or developing national legal frame- cant challenges to their work in central is clearly encouraging, but their doing so works. Despite such efforts, limited re- Africa, not least because local capacities cannot necessarily be equated with the sources and capacity, and in some cases a tend to be poor and qualified international achievement of durable solutions, and lack of political will, meant they struggled staff difficult to attract, compared with the figure still only represents a relatively to assist and protect IDPs effectively. other regions. Insecurity and restrictions

24 Global Overview 2015 imposed by the government and NSAGs South Sudan, IDPs have sought refuge in The polls could be an opportunity for gov- have also restricted access in countries or around UN bases, leading peacekeep- ernments to commit to helping their dis- such as South Sudan and Sudan, and ers to focus on protecting civilians in their placed populations and to increase their elsewhere humanitarians have come un- immediate vicinity rather than addressing efforts to do so, but they also carry a risk der repeated attack and intimidation.88 the source of the protection threat. of renewing old tensions and fuelling vio- According to OCHA, 72 per cent of the Given the immense needs of both IDPs lence and new displacements. 890 security incidents registered in CAR and their host communities, the interna- between January and July 2014 targeted tional humanitarian and development humanitarian personnel and their as- responses have been chronically under- sets.89 funded in all six countries. In DRC and There are concerns that humanitarian Sudan donor fatigue may be a significant space is at risk in CAR, DRC and South factor. By the end of 2014, organisations Sudan. Increasingly blurred lines between operating in DRC had received only 45.6 the activities of humanitarians and UN per cent of the funds requested under the and AU peacekeepers make it more dif- humanitarian action plan for the country.91 ficult to maintain the perception of neu- 2015 will be a year of change and hope trality in the eyes of both civilians and par- in central Africa, with Burundi, CAR, Chad ties to the conflicts.90 In DRC, Sudan and and Sudan all holding national elections.

IDP Voices DRC

"Itunda" Kitshanga, North Kivu November 2014

I was born in 1957 in Mu- also received threats from people who hanga in North Kivu in east- accused me of being an accomplice of ern DRC. I have 16 children an armed self-defence group, so we with my two wives. The first time we decided to move to Kitshanga in North were displaced was in 1993, following Kivu, where we felt that we would have fighting between the armed groups more security. MAGRIVI and Bushenge Hunde. It was In 2011 we went back to Muhanga a hard time for us because we were hid- again, but were forced to flee in 2013 ing in the bush. because the national army was after In 2007, we were displaced from our yet another armed group. We decided village again because of attacks by the to return to Kitshanga, where we are CNDP armed group. This time we lived currently living. I commute between Kit- in a displacement camp in Goma. We shanga and Muhanga so I can continue survived there thanks to my work in a to farm. sand quarry, and my wives and children My only hope for our situation is that collected wood in the bush to sell. the state helps us to return, or that it After a while we decided to go gives us work to be able to earn enough back to Muhanga, but we found that money to meet our main needs. CNDP had burned our house down. I

Internal displacement worldwide 25 Protracted displacement in:

Democratic republic of the congo Multiple displacement and community resilience

Weak governance, poverty, chronic underdevelopment and pervasive corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have coalesced with armed conflict and violence to perpetuate displacement for years, sometimes even decades. As of the end of 2014, there were at least 2.7 million IDPs in the country, mainly in the eastern provinces of North and South Kivu, Ori- entale and Katanga.92 At least 1,003,400 people were newly displaced during the the consequences of both protracted Kivu, shows that the vast majority of IDPs year, and 561,100 IDPs returned to their and multiple displacement. Decades of have been displaced more than once in places of origin. Many others have been conflict, attacks by armed groups, inter- their life. Some are displaced again after living in displacement for years. communal violence and human rights returning to their home areas, forced to Data is limited in many provinces, but violations have forced many to flee their flee their places of refuge by the threat there is broad recognition that protracted homes and places of refuge time and or impact of renewed conflict. The ef- displacement is the fate of the majority of again. They move between and within fects of persistent violence and repeated the country’s IDPs. Almost 80 per cent of urban and rural areas as both a protec- flight are severe, both forIDP s and their all IDPs live with local communities or host tion and resilience strategy, the length of hosts. Every time people are displaced, families,93 while others have set up sponta- their stay in each place varying from one they lose more of their assets and have neous settlements, live in the bush or take situation to another.94 to start again from scratch, eroding their refuge in official camps managed with the Our research on protracted and mul- ability to cope and increasing their pov- support of humanitarian organisations. tiple displacement in Masisi territory in erty, needs and vulnerability. The longer IDPs in North and South Kivu suffer North Kivu and Uvira territory in South displacement goes on, the tougher the

26 Global Overview 2015 Two men displaced by violence in northern Katanga sit beneath the makeshift shelter which is now their home. Access to food, shelter and basic services such as potable water, health care and education is a challenge for them and others in Katanga. Photo: UNHCR / B. Sokol, November 2014

assistance, including water, sanitation, health and shelter, which in some cases can undermine IDPs’ coping strategies and increase the risk of aid dependency. The distinction that humanitarians often draw between IDPs and their host communities in their planning and programming can cause tensions and prevent IDPs’ social inclusion.95 Some humanitarian practitioners are conditions IDPs and their host communi- People who experience multiple dis- trying to shift towards initiatives that sup- ties have to endure. Hosts’ capacity to placement find different ways to adapt port IDPs’ coping mechanisms and build help and support IDPs diminishes over and often resort to a combination of their resilience. The government made time and with every new wave of displace- coping mechanisms. Short-term pen- progress towards concluding the pro- ment, as does access to jobs, livelihoods, dular movement, whereby IDPs shuttle cess to ratify the Kampala Convention land, education and health services. between their place of origin and refuge, in July 2014. In order to incorporate the Our research also shows that multiple is often the initial strategy, helping dis- convention into national legal and policy displacement take its toll on relationships placed households to meet their needs frameworks, a law on IDPs’ protection and both within and between families and and secure their land. As conflict and assistance is about to be adopted. Such communities. The more often people are insecurity continue, however, and people instruments are important and neces- displaced, the more likely their communi- are forced to flee again, they often aban- sary, but what matters most if they are ties and families are to break up, which don their fields and agricultural activities. to have a positive impact on IDPs’ lives is makes it ever more difficult to maintain or The provision of aid in North and South successful implementation, particularly establish support networks. Kivu currently focuses on emergency in the long term.

Internal displacement worldwide 27 Eritrea Up to 10,000

Ethiopia Somalia 397,200 1,106,800

Kenya 309,200

Uganda Up to 29,800

Zimbabwe Up to 36,000

IDP ﬁgures as of East Africa December 2014

Figures and causes of with 55,000 in 2013,100 mainly as a result displacement of inter-communal violence. The northern As of December 2014, there were up pastoralist areas of the country were par- to 1.9 million IDPs in east Africa, spread ticularly affected. Many of the new IDPs across Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, reportedly returned, but others remained Uganda and Zimbabwe. The overall figure in displacement, either living with host represents little change from 2013. So- communities or in camps. Inter-communal malia continues to host by far the largest violence was also the main driver of new displaced population in the region with 1.1 displacement in Ethiopia, where 137,100 million IDPs,96 followed by Ethiopia with people fled their homes as a result of 397,200 97 and Kenya with 309,200.98 clashes between different clans.101 The At least 446,250 people were newly majority were living in the country’s So- displaced across the region during the mali region. year. As in 2013, new displacements only Somalia has the longest-running dis- took place in Ethiopia, Kenya and Soma- placement situation in east Africa, and at lia, which continue to be affected by vio- least 89,000 people were newly displaced lence and conflict. No new displacement during 2014, representing a slight increase was reported in Eritrea, Uganda or Zim- on 2013. Most fled an offensive launched babwe. The overall figure is an increase by the Somali military and the AU mis- of more than 132,400 on 2013, a significant sion in Somalia (AMISOM) to counter the spike in Kenya outstripping a decrease Islamist militant group al-Shabaab, which in Ethiopia. has taken control of large parts of the More than 220,000 people fled their country. Around 73,000 people fled their homes in Kenya in 2014,99 compared homes during the first phase of the op-

28 Global Overview 2015 Eritrea Up to 10,000 eration in March 2014, and nearly 7,500 outstanding protection needs. OCHA’s eral attacks on civilians caused displace- people were displaced during the second figure does not include displaced pas- ment in 2014, including in Mandera and phase in mid-August and September.102 toralists or those who took refuge from Lamu counties. According to diplomats Ethiopia Somalia Inter-communal violence was also a ma- political violence outside camps and sites. and security analysts, Islamists operating 397,200 1,106,800 jor destabilising factor during the year. Nor does it include those newly displaced in Kenya’s Coast region are thought to Clashes between clans took place in sev- since 2008. have tapped into local grievances about eral parts of the country, leading to the Eritrea, Uganda and Zimbabwe have issues such as tenure insecurity, poverty displacement of at least 9,000 people.103 relatively small numbers of IDPs living in and unemployment. Kenya Displacement figures in east Africa protracted displacement. In the absence Ethiopia also faces the threat of ex- 309,200 and Zimbabwe come with many caveats. of updated information, figures for the tremist attacks, in large part because The figure of 1.1 million IDPs in Somalia, three countries are unchanged from 2013. Ethiopian troops fight alongside forces Uganda for example, is a static estimate in a con- In Zimbabwe, the only figures available from Burundi, Djibouti, Kenya and Ugan- Up to 29,800 text that often changes rapidly, and in a are estimates based on past needs as- da as part of AMISOM’s efforts to counter society whose populations are tradition- sessments. OCHA reported in 2009 that al-Shabaab in Somalia. Continuing armed ally highly mobile. The data behind the there were 36,000 IDPs as a result of vio- struggles for self-determination in the So- estimate comes from humanitarians’ pro- lence associated with the 2008 elections, mali and Oromia regions of the country ject-based assessments and registration but anecdotal sources put the number also have the potential to cause future activities, meaning it was collected for much higher. Most are thought to have displacement. limited purposes and geographical cover- been able to return home. OCHA’s fig- age and using different methodologies. ure does not include people displaced by Two other drivers, inter- Zimbabwe Many only assign people status as IDPs causes other than conflict and violence, Up to based on their presence at displacement among them government policies and communal violence and 36,000 sites, meaning there is little or no infor- actions that have caused displacement mation on those living in more dispersed since 2000. the activities of extremist settings. Access to some parts of the Many forms of violence forced people groups, were also prevalent IDP ﬁgures as of country is difficult, as is distinguishing be- to flee their homes in east Africa in 2014, December 2014 tween voluntary and forced movements. including armed conflict and struggles for across various countries Stakeholders acknowledge that the political power. Two other drivers, inter- and often affected the same figure is outdated and in need of revision, communal violence and the activities of areas and in 2014 JIPS supported profiling exer- extremist groups, were also prevalent cises in Hargeisa and Mogadishu. Once across various countries and often af- findings are available, they will be used to fected the same areas. Al-Shabaab has suffered military and inform a comprehensive durable solutions The inter-communal violence comes territorial losses, but it remains the prin- strategy and may affect the overall esti- as no surprise, given there are at least cipal threat to peace and security in So- mate of the number of IDPs in the country. 160 different ethnic groups in the region. malia and throughout the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Uganda It has managed to maintain a violent foot- are also home to one of the world’s hold in Mogadishu and has demonstrated More than 220,000 people largest populations of pastoralists, who its operational reach beyond the capital fled their homes in Kenya live in areas where other livelihoods are by carrying out fatal assaults in southern in 2014, compared with barely viable. Violence is often triggered and central Somalia, and inspiring co- by competition over increasingly scarce ordinated attacks against the country’s 55,000 in 2013, mainly as resources such as land and water, cattle neighbours. a result of inter-communal rustling, revenge attacks, border disputes Somalia’s government confronted and struggles for political representation. many challenges in 2014 as it sought to violence The displacement of pastoralists, which consolidate the country’s federal struc- is intrinsically linked to their inability to ture in the face of continuing pressures Kenya also lacks comprehensive and access land and resources and their loss for regional autonomy. Attacks on civil- up-to-date data on displacement. The of livestock and markets, is particularly ians that caused displacement were also most recent informed estimate of 309,200 relevant to this region. reported in the north-eastern region of IDPs, provided by OCHA in December Violence associated with political and Sool, which is particularly prone to con- 2014, refers mostly to people displaced religious extremists is not new, but dis- flict given competing claims by Somali- by political violence related to elections placement caused by it, or the threat of it, land, Puntland and Khatumo to oil-rich between 1992 and 2008. Over the years, appears to be increasing. Kenya has been territory. Khatumo is a political organisa- many have integrated locally, settled else- subjected to a growing number of attacks, tion pursuing the creation of a regional where in the country or returned to their including the 2013 assault on Westgate state separate from Somaliland. places of origin, but there has been no of- shopping mall in Nairobi in which at least ficial assessment of their number or their 67 people were killed and 175 injured. Sev-

Internal displacement worldwide 29 Protection issues and the fact that facilities are few and The ongoing conflict in Somalia, inse- IDPs’ living conditions varied widely far between are significant impediments. curity and tensions in parts of Kenya and across the region in 2014, depending on Even when governments offer free prima- Ethiopia, and the damage and destruction the cause and length of their displace- ry education, as in Kenya, Somaliland and of housing and infrastructure in affected ment. Their needs ranged from emergen- Uganda, hidden costs such as materials areas also impede IDPs’ efforts to bring cy humanitarian assistance to interven- and transport, and the need for children their displacement to a sustainable end. tions aimed at the achievement of durable to contribute to their household’s income Durable solutions were supported solutions. prevent many from attending school. Pro- through various initiatives in 2014. In parts Increasing insecurity and new cycles longed conflict and protracted displace- of Puntland and Somaliland that are rela- of conflict led to the targeting of civilians, ment make school enrolment rates in tively stable, local authorities continued sexual and other gender-based violence Somalia among the world’s lowest. Dis- to work with international agencies to and the forced recruitment and abuse placed children, particularly girls, are less support local integration by facilitating of children, particularly in southern and likely to attend school than other Somalis. access to land and improving living con- central Somalia. IDPs were particularly ditions. In southern and central Somalia, vulnerable to such violations. All parties 18,200 IDPs had reportedly returned to to the conflict - al-Shabaab,AMISOM , the Food insecurity is a serious their places of origin by the end of the Somali armed forces and others – are concern across east Africa, year. Humanitarians continued to assist said to be perpetrators. Forced evictions returns through the Return Consortium, a in Mogadishu also made the dire protec- and particularly for IDPs multi-agency initiative. Questions remain, tion and humanitarian situation of thou- however, about their sustainability. sands of IDPs worse. Newly displaced Durable solutions In Ethiopia, IOM recorded the return IDPs in areas of Ethiopia and Kenya af- Concerted humanitarian, development of 123,500 IDPs in 2014 using its displace- fected by conflict reportedly had unmet and peace-building efforts are required ment tracking matrix. Intentions surveys protection needs. across the region if IDPs are to achieve were also carried out in Harari and So- Food insecurity is a serious concern durable solutions to their displacement. mali regional states. In Somali, a working across east Africa, and particularly for A shortage of livelihood opportunities group was set up to produce a durable so- IDPs. The Somali government declared is one of the most significant obstacles lutions strategy. As of December, its draft drought in seven regions of the country they face. was in the process of being endorsed by in 2014, and the lack of rainfall and lower In the Acholi region of northern Ugan- the regional government. agricultural yields combined with rising da, where the vast majority of IDPs re- In Kenya, areas where return is possi- food prices, the impact of conflict and a turned and farming is the main potential ble in both the short and longer term need shortage of funding make the situation source of income, most were only able to to be identified as a matter of urgency. in the country particularly concerning. Al- produce enough to subsist on. In Kenya, Other settlement options also need to be Shabaab has consistently denied humani- most displaced farmers were forced to considered for IDPs unable or unwilling to tarian access to people in areas under its leave all their belongings behind when go back to their former homes and liveli- control and restricted the movement of they fled, preventing them from prac- hoods. Reconciliation is crucial to resolv- people and goods into government-held ticing their traditional livelihoods either ing displacement caused by violence and areas, putting civilian lives at risk. Some during their displacement or when they conflict, but initiatives at the grassroots surveys suggest that Somali IDPs have returned or resettled. Livelihood opportu- level were worryingly absent in 2014, even the highest rates of severe acute malnu- nities across the region are closely linked in areas where IDPs had already returned trition in the country, and that the death to access to land, a fact particularly true or resettled. rate among displaced children under five for displaced pastoralists, who require in Mogadishu is six times the average. special attention if they are to achieve In Kenya, localised clashes such as durable solutions. National and international those in Marsabit and Turkana counties In Zimbabwe, poor tenure security and response disrupted markets and with it access to lack of access to civil registration and Some progress was made in respond- supplies, heightening food insecurity for documentation are major obstacles for a ing to displacement from a legal and both IDPs and the general population. significant number of IDPs, both to their policy perspective in 2014. In October, Overcrowding and unhygienic conditions achievement of durable solutions and ac- Somalia’s federal government adopted a were widespread in many of Kenya’s and cess to essential services. In Uganda and policy framework on displacement, and Somalia’s displacement camps, increas- Kenya the legal system governing land is in December it established an agency ing the risk of outbreaks and the spread complex, and Somalia has no written land for refugees and IDPs responsible for its of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea law or policy at all. Such factors, com- implementation. Puntland adopted policy and malaria. bined with the high number of disputes guidelines on IDPs in 2012, and Somali- The majority of the region’s IDPs resulting from large-scale displacement land developed a draft policy framework struggle to access basic services, includ- and return, hamper the determination of in 2014, but it was still to be adopted as ing healthcare and education. Poverty tenure rights and compensation. of the end of the year.

30 Global Overview 2015 The efficacy of such initiatives will and sustainability of access got worse hinge on their implementation, which in many places as result of deteriorating requires a functional government focal security and intensified conflict. The gov- point to lead and oversee the process, ernment resumed control of some urban coordinate among stakeholders and en- areas as a result of its offensive against sure the necessary human and financial al-Shabaab, but access and supply lines resources. Without such efforts, the best are still highly vulnerable to attack. Towns intentions on paper will not translate in the rebels have laid siege to are only ac- effective action on the ground. cessible by air, and providing assistance Kenya developed a comprehensive in many rural areas remains extremely draft policy and adopted an Act on IDPs in difficult. 2012, but as of the end of 2014 it had made Humanitarian funding for Somalia little progress either in moving the policy was critically low throughout the year. beyond the draft stage or in implementing The UN’s humanitarian coordinator for the Act. In Zimbabwe, findings from an the country blamed competing global earlier rapid assessment to determine the crises, growing needs but static funding scope of displacement were not released levels and a shift from a humanitarian to in 2014, and plans for an update and a a political agenda among donors.104 nationwide quantitative survey have not In Kenya, assistance and donor atten- moved forward. tion continued to decline despite ongoing displacement. Several civil society Displacement issues organisations that have played a major role in protecting and assisting IDPs for should be incorporated many years have been left with very lim- into development, peace- ited funding to continue their work. The Kenya Red Cross Society is usually the building and state-building first responder to a crisis, but the deterio- efforts rating security situation and burgeoning number of IDPs in the north of the coun- There were no new ratifications of try put significant strain on its resources the Kampala Convention in east Africa in and demanded concerted efforts from all 2014. Somalia ratified it internally in 2013, stakeholders. but has not yet registered the fact with In Ethiopia, the government and its hu- the AU. Zimbabwe is still to incorporate manitarian partners work jointly to provide its provisions into domestic law, but in emergency assistance to people affected December 2014 representatives of minis- by conflict and disasters, including IDPs. tries, humanitarian agencies, civil society There continues to be a significant organisations and displaced communities need for development and peace-building took part in a workshop to identify steps partners to become involved in address- towards doing so. ing displacement in east Africa. As it From an operational perspective, re- has done in the past, the Kenyan gov- sponses differed from country to country, ernment’s response to violence in 2014 but they share some common threads. focussed on enforcing security, to the IDPs living outside camps, who often con- detriment of other areas such as peace- stitute the vast majority, are largely invis- building and social cohesion programmes. ible throughout the region, meaning they In Somalia, long-term efforts to shore tend not to be included in data collection up and stabilise the state are critical to exercises and in turn may be excluded IDPs’ being able to achieve durable solu- from protection and assistance. This is a tions. As such, displacement issues should significant issue in Somalia and Kenya, be incorporated into development, peace- and has been in Uganda as well. building and state-building efforts. The Insecurity, poor infrastructure and vast implementation of the New Deal compact distances to cover continue to make hu- constitutes an opportunity to do so, and in manitarian access difficult in areas af- 2014 the international community pushed fected by conflict and violence in Ethiopia, for IDPs’ durable solutions to be included Kenya and Somalia. Larger parts of So- in its provisions. Sustained advocacy will malia opened up in 2014, but the quality be needed to make it happen.

Internal displacement worldwide 31 Protracted displacement in:

Kenya Data collection challenges

Political, ethnic and land-related violence, disasters and development projects have all repeatedly triggered displacement in Kenya since independence. The worst violence took place in the aftermath of the disputed December 2007 presidential election, and forced nearly 664,000 people to flee their homes. Inter-communal violence attributed to competition over resources such as land and water, cattle rustling and struggles for political representation also continue to cause displacement. According to OCHA, more than 220,000 people were newly displaced in 2014 alone. Some episodes of displacement have been short lived, but many have become protracted, the result of a combination of factors. Some national authorities only recognise those who were regis- other than that associated with the De- determined by a political decision, but by tered as displaced by the 2007 to 2008 cember 2007 election are not consid- reality, and solutions must be pursued post-election violence as IDPs. The reg- ered IDPs at all, and tend to be unable to more rigorously for all IDPs in an equal istration process also excluded so-called achieve durable solutions on their own for manner”.105 “integrated” IDPs, an estimated 300,000 years. Even many of those registered are The lack of official, comprehensive people who found shelter with host com- still struggling to do so, despite govern- and up-to-date data on IDPs also helps munities or in rented accommodation in ment efforts to resettle or assist them. to perpetuate displacement. Data gather- urban areas. Given that assistance was The ICC’s investigations into respon- ing has focused on new displacements limited to those registered, “integrated” sibility for the 2007 to 2008 post-election caused by violence and rapid-onset dis- IDPs were always less likely to achieve violence increased political interest in asters, and there is little quantitative or durable solutions to their displacement. showing that displacement had been fully qualitative information on IDPs’ move- People forcibly evicted, those dis- addressed. As highlighted by the special ments beyond their initial flight. placed by disasters, displaced pastoral- rapporteur on IDPs’ human rights, how- The most recent informed estimate, ists, and those who have fled violence ever, “the end of displacement cannot be provided by OCHA in December 2014, put

32 Global Overview 2015 Displaced mother and daughter. Are Kalenjin fled with her three children in 2007 to their relatives’ place in Molo, Kenya. Photo: NRC/Astrid Sehl, June 2012

claims and incompatibility between formal and informal tenure systems. Disasters increase competition for limited resources, including land, and contribute to violence between herders and farmers, and among different pastoralist groups, leading to displacement. Many IDPs live in marginalised areas that are environmentally and economically vulnerable, with poor infrastructure and extremely limited access to basic services such as water, healthcare, education and markets. In Mandera county almost 3,800 women in every 100,000 die during child- birth each year, compared with the national average of 360, and 860 in Somalia. The government’s response to protracted IDPs’ protection needs and support for their pursuit of durable so- the number of IDPs at 309,200, but the fig- the end of the year. lutions could be improved by the appli- ure accounts mainly for people displaced Over the years, many others have in- cation of the existing national legal and by election-related violence between tegrated locally, settled elsewhere in the policy framework on displacement, which 1992 and 2008. It does not include those country or returned to their places of ori- Kenya has made progress towards put- displaced by disasters and development gin, but there has been no official assess- ting into place. The cabinet endorsed a projects, or displaced pastoralists. Nor ment of their number or their outstanding draft national policy in October 2012 and does it include those more recently dis- protection needs. parliament adopted an Act on IDPs in placed by violence, though some remain The achievement of durable solutions December of the same year. Since then, in displacement, particularly in the Coast for Kenya’s IDPs depends on ensuring however, there has been little progress region and the northern pastoralist ar- access to services and livelihood op- towards implementing the Act or moving eas. Humanitarian assessments suggest portunities, and dealing with complex the national policy beyond the draft stage. that at least 60,000 of those displaced in issues of land tenure. Forced evictions Kenya is also still to sign and ratify the Mandera county in 2014 were still living and violence are closely linked to tenure Kampala Convention. in camps or with host communities as of insecurity, arising from competing land

Internal displacement worldwide 33 IDP ﬁgures as of December 2014

Mali At least 61,600 Niger 11,000

Senegal 24,000

Nigeria At least 1,075,300 Côte d´Ivoire At least Liberia 300,900 23,000 Togo Cameroon 10,000 At least 40,000 West Africa

Nigeria was worst affected by new Figures of displacement displacement in 2014. Increasingly brutal As of the end of 2014, there were at attacks by Boko Haram intensified dra- least 1.5 million IDPs across eight west Af- matically in the second half of the year, rican countries: Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, causing an unprecedented humanitarian Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and crisis in the north-east that spilled over Togo. Nigeria had the largest number with into neighbouring countries. Its attacks at least a million, followed by Côte d’Ivoire and abductions, heavy-handed counter- with just over 300,000 and Mali with at insurgency operations against it and least 61,000. We reported displacement inter-communal violence displaced at in Cameroon for the first time, after cross- least 975,300 people.107 Data gathered border attacks by the Islamist militant in the north-eastern states of Adamawa, group Boko Haram forced at least 40,000 Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba and Yobe people to flee their homes.106 revealed nearly 75,000 people displaced Improvements in data collection led by inter-communal violence during the us to increase our cumulative estimate year.108 for Côte d’Ivoire four-fold and reduce our The majority of assistance targeted figure for Nigeria by 70 per cent. The lat- IDPs taking refuge in camps and camp- ter is likely to be an underestimate, given like settings, but 92.4 per cent were liv- that the assessments were not conducted ing with host families.109 Boko Haram’s country-wide nor did they cover situations attacks and abductions also drove at of protracted displacement, but at year least 150,000 people across the border end it was the most reliable figure avail- into Cameroon, Chad and Niger.110 The able (see page 85). In the absence of new group has abducted at least 500 people data, our estimates for Liberia, Niger, in north-eastern Nigeria since 2009,111 and Senegal and Togo remain unchanged. such abuses escalated exponentially in

34 Global Overview 2015 2014. IDPs cited fear of abduction as a key Mali continued its slow recovery from clarity about the volatile and rapidly evolv- factor in their decision to flee.112 the crisis triggered in 2012 by Islamist ing situation in the north-east. Access In Côte d’Ivoire, a pervasive climate armed groups’ occupation of the north, a restrictions still prevented reliable data of fear and inter-communal mistrust per- region historically neglected. By the end being collected for some areas, notably vaded in the west of the country, where of 2014, a third round of unsuccessful in Borno state where only three out of recurrent clashes and cross-border at- peace negotiations had concluded and 27 local government areas were acces- tacks by armed groups along the Liberian armed groups continued to seek self-rule sible. There are also undoubtedly many border continued to force thousands of from the south to overcome economic people living in protracted displacement people to flee their homes. We estimate and political marginalisation.115 in other parts of the country who were not that such clashes have displaced at least Recent clashes in Côte d’Ivoire have captured by the assessments. Data col- 33,800 people since 2012, including more long-standing roots in west Africa’s “re- lected on people fleeing inter-communal than 5,500 people who fled from Fetai gional conflict” in the 1990s. Charles violence in the Middle Belt was inconsist- and surrounding villages in 2014.113 Ten- Taylor’s armed rebellion in northern Li- ent and incomplete,119 and there was no sions also simmered in northern Mali, beria plunged the region into progressive official and impartial forum dedicated to where militants’ increasingly frequent destabilisation that displaced more than sharing and analysing data for the coun- attacks forced at least 19,000 people three million people over the following try as a whole. The lack of a holistic un- to uproot their families and seek safety decades, most of them internally.116 Taylor derstanding of displacement dynamics elsewhere.114 also had a direct role in setting up armed in Nigeria resulted in a fragmented and groups that led a coup in Côte d’Ivoire in inadequate humanitarian and develop- 2002117, which effectively split the country ment response to those in need. Causes of displacement in half and kindled a north-south divide for Displacement across the region as a the following decade. Information on the extent to whole was caused by extremist violence, political power struggles, disputes over which IDPs have achieved natural resources and inter-communal Data collection durable solutions is all but conflict often linked to land tenure. Con- Information on the extent to which flicts have shifted from one country to IDPs have achieved durable solutions is absent in west Africa another over the last two decades, and all but absent in west Africa, but improve- Boko Haram’s insurgency took on a more ments in data collection in 2014 shone a In Côte d’Ivoire, the government and regional dimension in 2014. A common light on other aspects of displacement in UNHCR carried out a profiling exercise pattern also emerged in which the mar- the region. in 2014 with technical support from JIPS. ginalisation and underdevelopment of In Nigeria, IOM set up its displacement The exercise focused on urban centres certain areas fuels north-south divisions tracking matrix to support the government and areas in the west of the country most and leads to surges in violence that force in collecting and disseminating data on affected by displacement, and revealed large numbers of people to flee within and IDPs. Teams composed of members of that more than 2.3 million people had across borders. the National Emergency Management been displaced since 2002, of whom up Agency (NEMA), the state emergency to 300,900 were still to achieve durable Conflicts have shifted from management agencies and the Nigerian solutions.120 This figure was considerably one country to another over Red Cross Society identified 997,300 IDPs higher than previous estimates. Sixty-two in the north-eastern states of Adamawa, per cent of the country’s IDPs live in the the last two decades, and Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba and Yobe capital Abidjan.121 Boko Haram’s insurgency as of the end of 2014.118 The majority of people covered by the exercise cited took on a more regional Boko Haram’s insurgency as the reason Protection issues dimension in 2014 for their flight, while a smaller number IDPs caught up in the region’s un- said they had fled inter-communal clash- folding emergencies and conflicts faced Poverty, increasing inequality and so- es. NEMA also collected data on IDPs many protection threats in 2014. Thou- cial frustration in northern Nigeria form in Abuja, Kaduna, Kano, Nasarawa and sands of people in Mali, Côte d’Ivoire the backdrop to Boko Haram’s expansion, Plateau, and an assessment by the Na- and Nigeria in particular were exposed as it carries out unrelenting attacks on tional Commission for Refugees (NCFR) to risks to their physical security includ- civilians in its campaign to establish an revealed IDPs living in Benue and Ebonyi ing armed attacks and clashes, forced independent Islamic state. Communal ten- states. We combined information from all recruitment, arbitrary killings, sexual vio- sions along ethnic and religious fault-lines three sources to arrive at our estimate lence and abductions. have also sparked violence throughout the for the country of at least 1,075,300 IDPs. IDPs in north-eastern Nigeria also had underdeveloped north and Middle Belt, The establishment of IOM’s displace- their freedom of movement restricted, the dividing line between Nigeria’s Muslim ment tracking matrix and the estimates in some cases severely. Boko Haram’s north and wealthier Christian south. from NEMA and NCFR provided some proclamation of a caliphate in parts of

Internal displacement worldwide 35 Adamawa and Borno trapped people in particularly exposed to violence, abuse be addressed as a short-term and hu- those areas, with reports of those trying and exploitation. There is a tradition in the manitarian issue, with minimal resources to flee being summarily executed.122 As region of confiage, sending children from dedicated to helping IDPs return, inte- the insurgents fought the security forc- rural areas to live and work in the urban grate locally or settle elsewhere in the es for the control of main roads, civilians households of extended family members, country. The lack of focus on durable so- were often forced to flee to the surround- but separations prompted by displace- lutions and the absence in many cases ing forests, where many lost their way ment have left many to cope on their own. of countrywide monitoring means little and some died of hunger and thirst.123 The In Nigeria, vulnerable IDPs in Ad- information is available about IDPs liv- fact that IDPs often have to pay to pass amawa state, including children, are ing in protracted displacement. There is through Boko Haram checkpoints also thought to have resorted to survival sex to evidence, however, to suggest that they steered people towards the forests, and meet their basic needs.131 Young men and face significant obstacles in exercising away from areas where they may have boys, particularly those who are separat- their human rights, particularly in terms of been more likely to receive assistance.124 ed or unaccompanied, risk forced recruit- physical security, property and livelihoods. ment into Boko Haram’s ranks in Nige- Continuing insecurity in northern Ni- ria, Cameroon and Niger.132 Self-defence geria, Mali and Côte d’Ivoire prevents Those who did go back to groups in north-eastern Nigeria, including many IDPs from returning safely and their homes often found the Civilian Joint Task Force formed to sustainably. Those who did go back to protect the capital of Borno state, are also their homes often found themselves at themselves at risk of being reported to use child fighters.133 risk of being displaced again, or without displaced again, or without The degree of brutality in Mali and the basic services needed to support their the basic services needed to Nigeria has left many people with symp- reintegration. Mali saw more returns than toms of extreme stress and psychological any other country in the region in 2014. support their reintegration trauma that have gone unaddressed and As many as 178,400 IDPs went back to untreated. Many children are terrified of the north,139 often pushed to do so by dire Gender-based violence has been a loud noises that remind them of the vio- conditions in their places of refuge in the feature of Boko Haram’s attacks, and lence they witnessed.134 south. its members have systematically abused Access to education continued to Access to land, restitution and tenure the women and girls it has abducted. As be a major challenge in northern Mali. security are among the many challenges the number of IDPs living in camps in the More than 80 per cent of teaching staff IDPs face in making their returns sus- north-east increased during 2014, there in Timbuktu region were displaced dur- tainable. Returning IDPs and refugees in were reports of rape and the trafficking ing the 2012 crisis,135 and schools in Kidal western Côte d’Ivoire often find their land, of hundreds of girls, particularly those region relied on volunteers because no plantations and homes have been illegally unregistered.125 There were also reports state teachers had resumed their posts.136 occupied or sold in their absence.140 Oth- of “discipline committees” meting out cor- Attendance rates in Nigeria declined dra- ers in Côte d’Ivoire, Mali and Nigeria wish poral punishment to displaced women.126 matically as Boko Haram stepped up its to return, but are unable to afford the cost Children make up a disproportionate 58 attacks on schools.137 Given that many of rebuilding their damaged or destroyed per cent of IDPs living in camps in the IDPs shelter in school buildings, and hu- property.141 north-east.127 manitarian assistance tends to be limited As of the end of the year, seven of the Many IDPs continued to face protec- to life-saving interventions, displaced chil- west African countries we monitor had tion risks even once they had returned dren are generally unable to pursue their IDPs living in protracted displacement. to their places of origin, preventing them education. In Côte d’Ivoire, having coped with life from achieving durable solutions. In Côte Many IDPs in Nigeria’s north-east and in displacement for more than ten years d’Ivoire, returns were marred by land dis- Middle Belt, northern Mali and western in some cases, 90 per cent of IDPs no putes, some of which led to violence.128 Côte d’Ivoire have been displaced more longer wanted to return to their homes.142 Government-sanctioned evictions from than once, but information on their situa- Information on IDPs displaced from past protected forests in the west and south- tion is scarce. Repeated displacement in- conflicts in Liberia, Niger and Senegal west of the country continued to be a creases households’ needs and reduces was not available. threat to thousands of people.129 their coping strategies, but those affected In Mali, people going back to their have not received commensurate assis- homes in the north often found their return tance, leaving many unable to recover National and international to be unsustainable as a result of insecurity from their plight. response that continues to strain the country’s social Côte d’Ivoire and Mali made a number fabric. Many who would have returned to of promising commitments in 2014 that rural areas have instead made their way to Durable solutions signalled hope for an improved response urban centres thought to be safer.130 Ten west African countries have to displacement. Côte d’Ivoire ratified Displaced children, who account for ratified the Kampala Convention,138 but the Kampala Convention,143 and as a pi- more than half of west Africa’s IDPs, are displacement in the region still tends to lot country for the implementation of the

36 Global Overview 2015 UN framework on ending displacement sponse plan for Nigeria was only 13 per in the aftermath of conflict it developed cent funded as of the end of the year148 a durable solutions strategy informed by – undermined an already weak response a profiling exercise.144 Mali also developed in hard-to-reach areas still further. As a durable solutions strategy that was still such, host communities have been left to be approved as of the end of the year.145 to provide the majority of assistance to There was little if any progress on de- people displaced by Boko Haram and veloping national legal and policy frame- inter-communal violence receive.149 works for IDPs’ assistance and protection. Côte d’Ivoire’s Commission for Dia- Nigeria’s national policy on displacement logue, Truth and Reconciliation delivered remained stalled for a second year,146 its final report in December 2014 after hampering the coordination of humani- three years of deliberation.150 Doubts tarian and development efforts and ul- remain, however, about its impartiality timately failing those in need. Liberia’s and the logistics of the compensation draft bill endorsing the Kampala Conven- process. The effective processing of all tion was shelved by the lower chamber of victims’ claims will be crucial in rebuilding parliament.147 trust, particularly during the investigative phase, which has yet to start. It is also The unprecedented unclear how the various institutions set up to address similar issues will function to- crisis in north-eastern gether, given their overlapping mandates Nigeria and the ensuing that depend on different ministries. There were also questions about the large-scale displacement inclusiveness of Mali’s peace process. have created enormous Civil society, including IDPs and others affected by the crisis, were only allowed operational challenges for to take an active part in the second of the government, whose many rounds of negotiations,151 leaving concerns at the community level in dan- efforts to respond have ger of being overlooked. been fragmented and uncoordinated

Despite significant insecurity, national and international humanitarian organisations continued to assist the most vulnerable people in areas of northern Mali, most notably in Kidal. Access restrictions made it more difficult, however, to reach those in need in north-eastern Nigeria. Policy in Côte d’Ivoire shifted to recovery and development in 2014, with the inherent risk of diverting already limited funds away from interventions to address the needs of those still living in displacement. The unprecedented crisis in north- eastern Nigeria and the ensuing large- scale displacement have created enormous operational challenges for the government, whose efforts to respond have been fragmented and uncoordinated. The international community was also late in reacting to escalating needs in the country. Unreliable data on displacement and funding shortfalls – the strategic re-

Internal displacement worldwide 37 IDP ﬁgures as of December 2014 Syria At least Lebanon 7,600,000 19,700 Iraq Palestine At least At least 275,000 3,276,000

Libya At least 400,000

Middle East and Yemen 334,100 north Africa

Figures and causes of chronic political instability and civil war, displacement with conflict and its repercussions spilling The number of IDPs in the Middle East over national borders and convulsing the and north Africa rose to a new record for region. In the last four years, more than the third consecutive year, reaching at 7.8 million people have fled their homes, least 11.9 million by the end of 2014. The joining 4.1 million people already living in figure, which aggregates estimates for protracted displacement. Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Palestine, Syria and There were at least 7.6 million IDPs in Yemen, represents nearly a third of all the Syria as of the end of 2014, the highest people displaced by conflict worldwide. number in the region and almost an 18- From 2001 until 2011, displacement in fold increase over the last four years. The the region accounted for a mere seven number of IDPs in Iraq has almost nearly to 14 per cent of the global figure, the in- doubled over the same period to at least crease caused by the US-led invasion of 3.3 million. The two countries accounted Iraq in 2003 and the subsequent sectarian for 91 per cent of the displacement re- war. Iraq aside, the region as a whole was corded in the region, but the number of relatively stable until 2011, with displace- IDPs also increased in other countries. ment driven primarily by low-intensity and At least 400,000 people had fled their nationally contained conflicts involving homes in Libya, more than a 6-fold in- sporadic large-scale military operations. crease on 2013, and the number of IDPs The 2011 uprisings coined the “Arab in occupied Palestine reached at least spring”, however, ushered in a period of 275,000. In Yemen, returns ebbed and

38 Global Overview 2015 around 100,000 people were displaced by Data on displacement in Libya has be- in informal settlements in urban areas. renewed conflict, bringing the total figure come much sketchier since July, when Only two per cent of IDPs in Syria live for the country to 334,100. most international humanitarian and de- in camps in areas beyond government The sharp increase in the number of velopment organisations, UN agencies control along the Turkish and Jordanian IDPs in Iraq and Syria reflects not only the and ICRC moved their operations to Tu- border. In Iraq the figure is nine per cent. failure of national authorities to prevent nisia following the outbreak of renewed As many as 96 per cent of Yemen’s IDPs displacement and protect those fleeing, fighting. In Yemen too, the resumption are thought to live in urban settings, but also the role they have played in ex- of conflict and the access restrictions it avoiding camps for cultural reasons and ploiting and instigating conflict for politi- caused were significant challenges to their perception of them as promiscuous cal or economic gain. As noted by the UN data collection. Complex displacement environments.155 special rapporteur on IDPs, displacement patterns and the fact the many people has been used as a strategy of war, with have been forced to flee more than once the Syrian armed forces directly targeting made the task more complicated still. Protection issues civilians and forcing them to flee.152 NSAGs Displacement in the region has in- have resorted to the same strategy. creased mainly as a result of gross and In occupied Palestine, discrimina- New displacement and systematic violations of human rights and tory Israeli policies and practices have displacement patterns international humanitarian law perpe- caused the displacement of Palestinians. Across the region, 3.8 million peo- trated by various states and NSAGs over The Islamic State(ISIL)’s territorial expan- ple, or around 10,500 a day, were newly decades. The asymmetrical nature of the sion from Syria into Iraq, and the Iraqi displaced in 2014. Iraq, Libya and Syria region’s conflicts, in which conventional authorities’ response, have also forced accounted for much of total, but Israel’s armies such as those of Israel, Syria and civilians to flee their homes.153 Displace- military incursion into the Gaza Strip in Iraq are pitted against NSAGs, and the ment in Yemen and Libya has been made July and August also displaced as many fact that fighting often takes place in ur- worse by renewed insurgencies that have as 500,000 Palestinians, at least 117,000 ban areas, mean that civilians have been caused significant political instability. of whom were still displaced at the end disproportionately affected. Monitoring IDPs in urban areas, where of the year. Israel’s blockade of the Gaza most are located, is a particular challenge, Strip effectively trapped IDPs in the con- Monitoring IDPs in urban made more difficult by the intensity and flict area, meaning that the safety they unpredictable dynamics of the fighting, were able to seek when they fled their areas, where most are which has also led to people being dis- homes was distinctly relative. By compari- located, is a particular placed more than once. son, displacement inside Israel occurred on an extremely limited scale. challenge In the last four years, more IDPs were also trapped in conflict areas in Syria, where civilians were displaced Counterinsurgency operations have than 7.8 million people have a number of times as front lines shifted, eroded the distinction between combat- fled their homes, joining 4.1 both in fighting between government ants and civilians, who are often clubbed million people already living forces and armed opposition groups, and together with the “terrorists”. Those liv- among the rebels themselves. ing in areas controlled by NSAGs have in protracted displacement. In Iraq, almost all those newly dis- been targeted with the aim of driving placed came from areas that fell under them out and depriving them of poten- OCHA leads data gathering in Syria ISIL’s control. The Kurdish region received tial sources of support.156 Authorities in in consultation with other UN partners, almost half of the new IDPs, while 38 per Iraq and Syria have increasingly relied on NGOs and the national authorities. Its ef- cent remained within their own governo- sectarian paramilitary forces that have forts, however, have been hampered by rate. ISIL fighters specifically targeted not been held accountable for grave and insecurity, access restrictions imposed certain religious and ethnic communities, widespread human rights abuses and the by the authorities and NSAGs. In addi- including Christians, Shia Muslims, Druze, mass displacement of many thousands tion, both have been reluctant to share Yazidis, Kurds and Turkomen, who fled to of families.157 The collapse of central au- information on displacement. In July 2014, escape massacres, abductions, the de- thority in weaker states such Libya and the UN estimated that 4.7 million people – struction of property, forced marriages Yemen has also driven displacement to IDPs and local residents – were trapped and the sexual enslavement of women.154 a lesser extent. in hard-to-reach areas of the country. In Libya and Yemen conflict engulfed the As with previous incursions, Israel’s In Iraq, IOM and UNHCR rely on their most populated areas of both countries. military operation in the Gaza Strip in July local staff and the national authorities for In a region where camps are associ- and August 2014 affected all 1.8 million information, but areas under ISIL’s con- ated with the Palestinian cause and Israeli people living in a small territory with a trol have been extremely hard to reach. violations, governments have generally population density of 4,661 inhabitants The group controls almost all of Anbar, been reluctant to establish them. The per square kilometre. Two thousand peo- Ninewa and Salah-el-Din governorates. majority of IDPs live with host families or ple were killed during the incursion, in-

Internal displacement worldwide 39 cluding almost 1,500 civilians, and around Up to 1.7 million people in Syria were economies are weak and in some cases 500,000 people were displaced. in need of shelter support as of Decem- in danger of collapse and prospects for Israeli forces also targeted and de- ber 2014, with the governorates between political reconciliation are remote. stroyed six UN schools and damaged 108 Damascus and Aleppo being the worst The bombing of densely populated others where more than 100,000 IDPs had affected. The areas most in need have urban areas that accompanied Israel’s taken refuge, killing 38 civilians and 11 UN high numbers of IDPs, have suffered ex- 2014 incursion into the Gaza Strip severely workers. Palestinian militants had stored tensive damage and destruction and are damaged at least 16,000 homes. It left rockets in some of the facilities in viola- difficult to access. According to a multi- 117,000 Palestinians living in protracted tion of humanitarian law.158 Israel’s strict sectoral needs assessment carried out displacement as of the end of 2014, blockade of the Gaza Strip, in place since in 2014, 40 per cent of IDPs in need of alongside around 16,000 still displaced 2007, has left 80 per cent of its population shelter assistance were living in Aleppo after previous Israeli operations. Given dependent on humanitarian assistance governorate, which has been particularly Israel’s blockade, which among many to meet their basic needs. At least 57 per hard-hit by the conflict.164 other things severely restricts the import cent are food insecure.159 of building materials, durable solutions Syrian forces have carried out regu- Durable solutions are simply are all but beyond their reach. lar and indiscriminate attacks in urban At least 142,000 Palestinians live in areas, including the use of barrel bombs not a realistic prospect for protracted displacement in the West packed with explosives and shrapnel, and the vast majority of the Bank including East Jerusalem, the re- sometimes hitting areas with high consult not only of Israel’s discriminatory zon- centrations of IDPs.160 Government and, region’s IDPs ing policies and practices that support to a lesser extent, NSAGs have also pre- settlement expansion at the expense of vented civilians from fleeing and seeking Food insecurity is a serious concern in Palestinians’ rights, but also because of refuge, most notably by imposing sieges. the region. In Yemen, 41 per cent of children the restrictions it imposes on where those At least 212,000 people came under siege under five are stunted because of malnu- affected can flee to. in 2014.161 trition, with the most acute cases preva- The sectarian nature of the conflict The situation was particularly alarming lent among IDPs.165 Outbreaks of diseases in Iraq has prevented many IDPs from for 18,000 Palestinian refugees trapped in such as polio have also been reported as a returning or making a voluntary and in- the Yarmouk camp south of Damascus, result of inadequate sanitation facilities in formed choice about their preferred set- where heavy fighting prevented the deliv- Iraq and Syria.166 Health facilities in conflict tlement option. Sectarian divisions are ery of humanitarian aid, and famine and zones are often overstretched, damaged further complicated by the lack of national morbidity set in.162 Civilians’ right to free- and sometimes out of IDPs’ reach. Israeli reconciliation and the absence of effec- dom of movement has also been restricted air strikes and artillery fire have damaged tive state authorities, as is also the case by internal and border checkpoints. A num- 17 of the Gaza Strip’s 32 hospitals. Libya’s in Libya and Yemen. ber of Syrians have been prevented from health system is thought to be close to 215,400 people in Yemen, the majority crossing international borders in search collapse, the result of a chronic shortage in the south of country, were registered of safety and have become IDPs instead. of medical supplies and the fact that most as returnees in November. Return, how- Since the beginning of the conflict, Pales- staff, who were expatriate in the first place, ever, cannot necessarily be equated with tinian refugees in Syria have been among have fled the country.167 the achievement of durable solutions, as those most affected by such restrictions, many are still likely to have assistance and given that both Lebanon and Jordan have protection needs.168 policies and regulations in place that make Durable solutions For hundreds of thousands of IDPs in it almost impossible for them to enter. In- Given continuing conflicts and civil war Syria, return is simply not an option, given creasingly, similar policies have also come in which all parties have deliberately tar- that 1.2 million homes, or 30 per cent of to affect all asylum seekers. geted civilians, killing tens of thousands the country’s housing stock registered in Armed militias in Libya have targeted of people and driving millions into dis- the 2014 census, are thought to have been Tawergha, Mashashya, Gualish, Tuareg placement, durable solutions are simply damaged or destroyed.170 and African migrants with retaliatory not a realistic prospect for the vast major- violence, because they were known or ity of the region’s IDPs. perceived to be former Qadhafi loyalists. A few have managed to go back to National and international First displaced in 2011, they were regularly their places of origin in the immediate af- response forced to flee again in 2014 by fighting in termath of large-scale military operations, Most governments in the region have Tripoli, Benghazi and the Nafusa moun- but most face major if not insurmountable failed to fulfil their international obli- tains. In Yemen’s Amran governorate, dis- obstacles to return, local integration or gations to prevent and respond to displaced members of the Muhamasheen settlement elsewhere. Insecurity, high placement, leading to a lack of durable community complained about their exclu- levels of violence, gross human rights solutions and an ever-increasing rise in sion from humanitarian assistance and abuses and the destruction of housing the number of IDPs living in protracted harassment based on their ethnicity.163 and infrastructure are all widespread, displacement.

40 Global Overview 2015 In the West Bank including East Je- were the largest, accounting for around rusalem, Israel has not only failed to pre- $4.4bn. The Palestine appeal more than vent or respond to the displacement of doubled from around $400 million to more Palestinians. It has intentionally caused than $920 million. The Yemen appeal fell it with the aim of changing the physical by more than $100 million to stand at al- and demographic character of the ter- most $600 million, a reflection more than ritories it occupies.169 Israeli authorities anything of the scale of the country’s hu- have also hampered humanitarian efforts manitarian crisis in 2013.175 to help IDPs. They have even destroyed New donors have contributed to the aid, which led ICRC to suspend its deliv- 2014 appeals. Saudi Arabia gave more ery of tents to displaced Palestinians in than $684 million, most of which went to February 2014.171 Iraq. Kuwait gave $348 million, and the All parties to the conflict have prevent- United Arab Emirates and Qatar around ed the delivery of international assistance $264 million between them. Other than since 2011, despite two UN Security Coun- Iraq, the main recipients were Palestine cil resolutions calling for the restrictions and Syria. to be eased.172 In Iraq’s Kurdish region, Despite such donations, all of the ap- where 1.45 million IDPs sought refuge in peals were severely underfunded as of 2014, the authorities provided shelter for the end of 2014, with none of them reach- Kurds, Christian and Yazidi communities, ing 50 per cent except for Yemen, which but they sent Sunni, Shia and Turkomen was funded at 54 per cent. As a result, the IDPs back to temporary sites on the re- World Food Programme reduced its vital gion’s borders or elsewhere in Iraq.173 food distributions in Syria in September.176 Libya issued its first ever appeal, but less The main challenge in terms than two per cent of the modest $35 million request was funded. of the international response The main challenge in terms of the has been one of access international response has been one of access. The Syrian authorities have long The country has made noteworthy ef- prevented assistance from reaching op- forts to address displacement in terms of position areas, while Israel has imposed registering IDPs, coordinating between a number of obstacles in Palestine, from federal and local authorities and allocat- permit regimes and closures to the de- ing cash allowances. That said, however, struction of aid supplies. The deteriorat- corruption, bureaucracy and political ten- ing security situation in Libya has forced sions at all levels have prevented an ef- international responders to relocate to fective response, either for those newly Tunisia, and insecurity in Yemen has se- displaced in 2014, or for the 1.1 million peo- verely restricted humanitarian access. ple who have been living in protracted NSAGs such as ISIL have also targeted displacement since as far back as 2006. international humanitarian organisations In Libya, a crisis committee set up by and prevented the delivery of aid in areas the prime minister in September to coor- under their control. dinate the delivery of assistance to IDPs174 was unable to fulfil its functions when the authorities collapsed, leaving most of the response to the Libyan Red Crescent Society and local tribes. Yemen’s national policy on displacement, which was adopted in 2013, has not been implemented. The deterioration of the situation in the Middle East in 2014 was met with a significant increase in funding requests for international responses. The appeals for the 2014 UN strategic response plans for Iraq, Libya, Palestine, Syria and Yemen totalled almost $6 billion, up from $3.4 billion in 2013. The Syria and Iraq appeals

Internal displacement worldwide 41 Protracted displacement in:

Occupied Palestine A deliberate deadlock

IDMC estimates that there were at least 275,000 IDPs in occupied Palestine as of December 2014. All but a few were living in protracted displacement. They include at least 133,000 people forced to flee their homes by the recurrent hostilities in the Gaza Strip, and at least 142,000 in the West Bank including East Jerusalem, displaced as a result of wide-ranging Israeli policies and practices linked to the 1967 occupation. These estimates should not be understood as reflecting the full scale of displacement, because no cumulative and confirmed figures are available. NGOs and observers continue to document and respond to violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, which constitute major trig- gers of displacement. The underlying causes of the abuses, however, and the expanding their country’s territorial con- leaving most residents vulnerable to ex- Israeli-Palestinian conflict in general re- trol, in support of the colonisation of what propriation and evictions, the revocation main largely unaddressed, because Israel Israelis see as part of their ancestral of residency rights, housing demolitions, has taken the position that neither inter- homeland. Israel’s Supreme Court and military incursions, the illegal expansion national human rights law nor the fourth the military legal corps have promoted of settlements and settler violence. Geneva Convention are applicable in the and expanded settlements in the West The internal displacement of Pales- territories it occupies. As such, it fails to Bank through restrictive and discrimina- tinians results from these policies and recognise its international obligations to tory regulations and policies. practices, by virtue of which Israel has prevent the displacement of Palestinians, These regulate all aspects of Palestin- changed the physical character and de- and when it takes place to ensure durable ian life despite being illegal under inter- mographic composition of the West Bank, solutions to their plight. national law. Palestinians have been ex- including East Jerusalem. This means Instead, all Israeli governments since cluded from planning schemes and land that Palestinian communities have not 1967 have displaced Palestinians while registration has been frozen since 1968, only been displaced by Israel’s destruc-

42 Global Overview 2015 A tenant of Al Nada Tower, trying to salvage his belongings after it was destroyed by Israeli airstrikes. Photo: Emad Badwan, August 2014

tion wrought by Israel’s frequent military operations is the principal cause of protracted displacement. In August 2014, at least 16,000 homes were destroyed or severely damaged during operation Pro- tective Edge. The majority of IDPs return to their homes once a ceasefire is in place, but Israel’s seven-year economic blockade of the territory makes effective reconstruction all but impossible. The only building materials allowed into the Gaza Strip since 2007 are designated for international organisations and are subject to a complex and lengthy approval process. Based on the current operating capacity of the only crossing points for the transfer of goods, it would take around 20 years to import the aggregates required to complete housing tion of their homes and livelihood struc- ning, construction and zoning. reconstruction.177 This effectively means tures, but also by forced evictions since In a context where the Israeli authori- that the number of people living in pro- 1967. The same policies expose IDPs to ties are perpetrating forced displacement tracted displacement in the Gaza Strip a set of coercive measures linked to set- and are unwilling to respond to its conse- grows continuously, and faster than re- tlement expansion and “closed military quences, the international humanitarian construction is able to take place. areas” that prevent them from making a community struggles to deliver emergen- Palestine’s IDPs will only be able to voluntary and informed choice in terms of cy aid, let alone make progress towards achieve durable solutions to their dis- durable solutions. ending protracted displacement by help- placement if a political solution to the In other words, returns are not al- ing IDPs achieve durable solutions. 47-year-old occupation is found, the lowed and locations to which people are In the Gaza Strip, the majority of those economic blockade of the Gaza Strip is forcibly displaced are dictated by Israel, living in protracted internal displacement lifted and the culture of impunity for hu- because Palestinians have been left with are also protracted refugees. The extent man rights violations ended. no means of taking decisions about plan- and severity of the damage and destruc-

Internal displacement worldwide 43 Ukraine At least 646,500

Russian Federation At least 25,400 Serbia 97,300

Uzbekistan Kosovo Turkmenistan At least 3,400 At least Turkey At least 4,000 17,100 At least 953,700

FYR Macedonia At least 200 Armenia Azerbaijan Bosnia and 568,900 Herzegovina Cyprus Georgia Up to 8,400 At least 100,400 Up to 212,400 Up to 232,700

IDP ﬁgures as of Europe, the Caucasus December 2014 and central Asia

Figures and causes of curity forces and the Kurdistan Workers’ displacement Party, village raids and forced evacuations There were at least 2.8 million IDPs in by the authorities. the Balkans, Caucasus, central Asia, Cy- The number of IDPs in the region rose prus, Turkey and Ukraine as of the end of by more than 685,000 during 2014. The 2014. Most were displaced decades ago increase was mainly the result of Rus- as a result of armed conflict, generalised sia’s annexation of Crimea in March and violence and human rights violations. In armed conflict between government and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herze- separatist forces in eastern Ukraine since govina, Georgia and Russia, people first April, which between them displaced at fled their homes in the late 1980s or early least 646,500 people. An increase of up 1990s as a result of inter-ethnic conflict to 25,500 was recorded in Azerbaijan and that accompanied the breakup of the So- 26,100 in Georgia, where children born in viet Union and former Yugoslavia. displacement are eligible for status as Displacement is more recent in Ko- IDPs. sovo and Former Yugoslav Republic of The number of IDPs fell slightly in Bos- Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), where nia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and FYR inter-ethnic conflict occurred in 1999 and Macedonia as a result of returns, and 2001 respectively, and in Turkmenistan in Russia because its five-year “forced and Uzbekistan, where authorities forci- migrant” status expired for some IDPs, bly relocated people in the early 2000s. which meant that people were no longer People have been displaced the longest counted as IDPs regardless of whether in Cyprus and Turkey, since 1974 and 1986 they had achieved a durable solution. In respectively. In Cyprus, people fled their the absence of new data for Armenia, Cy- homes to escape conflict and communal prus, Serbia, Turkey, Turkmenistan and violence. In Turkey, they were displaced by Uzbekistan, figures remained the same internal armed conflict between the se- as in 2013. The latest figure for Turkey,

44 Global Overview 2015 from 2006, is at least 953,700, the high- female IDPs, except for Ukraine where that salaries and pensions have not been est in the region. FYR Macedonia had many men have stayed behind to pro- paid for months.183 Crimean Tatars and the fewest, with at least 200. No figures tect family property or have chosen not Roma have been discriminated against, are available for the disputed territories to register as an IDP for fear their flight both in their places of origin and refuge.184 of Nagorno Karabakh, Abkhazia and the may be interpreted as evidence of sup- “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” port for Kiev. Others considered the sta- Ukraine was the only (TRNC). tus incompatible with the responsibilities Displacement figures for the region traditionally incumbent on men. Adult and country in which conflict are compiled using different methodolo- elderly IDPs are mostly female, bearing caused new displacement in gies and definitions of what constitutes testimony to the significance of female- an IDP. Kosovo and Ukraine are the only headed households. 2014 countries that regularly issue figures, In Bosnia and Herzegovina, a third of though in both cases they combine dif- all households are headed by women,179 Protection issues ferent data collection methodologies. which may reflect the loss of male rela- Many IDPs remain displaced in the re- In Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, tives during the conflict or labour migra- gion because they are unable to access Cyprus, Georgia, Russia and Ukraine, the tion abroad. In Kosovo, the displaced pop- adequate housing. The vast majority live authorities grant legal status to IDPs in ulation is particularly young. Nearly 40 per in private accommodation that they rent, accordance with their domestic laws and cent of IDPs are children, not including share, own or otherwise occupy. Little is policy frameworks on displacement. Sta- those born in displacement. Ukraine has known about their living conditions except tus is granted and maintained based on the highest percentage of elderly IDPs for in Georgia, where some in private ac- whether a person is physically displaced in the region.180 The UN Committee on commodation endure dire conditions.185 or not, rather than their needs. the Elimination of Discrimination against Homeowners have been excluded from Women noted in 2014 that the authori- government housing assistance, which ties in Georgia did not adopt a gender- they feel is unfair because their living Displacement figures for the based approach when providing services conditions can be just as bad as those in region are compiled using to IDPs.181 collective centres.186 Some IDPs in Azerbaijan, Bosnia and different methodologies Herzegovina, Georgia, Kosovo, Russia and definitions of what New displacement and Serbia have been living in collective constitutes an IDP Ukraine was the only country in which centres for 20 years. Initially provided as conflict caused new displacement in 2014. temporary accommodation, living condi- People were first displaced from Crimea tions have deteriorated over the years The figure for Bosnia and Herzego- in March, and then others fled the east to the point of becoming a health and vina is probably an underestimate, be- of the country in increasing numbers as safety risk, despite numerous repairs to cause many Roma IDPs, who are among the conflict intensified. There have been leaking roofs, broken sewage systems the country’s most vulnerable displaced reports of torture and ill-treatment, sexual and dilapidated shared kitchens and bath- people, often do not have the personal violence, forced disappearances, harass- rooms.187 Over time those who were able documents required for registration.178 In ment and indiscriminate attacks on civil- find alternative housing moved out, but the other countries in the region, the cur- ians in disputed areas.182 As the front lines many others – particularly elderly people, rent number of IDPs may be different from in the conflict have shifted, the distances those with physical or mental disabilities, that given in the country figures table (see IDPs have to cover to reach safety have the chronically ill and people traumatised page 82) because figures are outdated. also changed. Humanitarian access has by gender-based violence – have been The figure for Serbia is the only one to been restricted by insecurity and the unable to secure other accommodation broadly reflect the actual number ofIDP s cumbersome regulations and procedures on their own. in need. It is based on a comprehensive put in place by the Ukrainian authorities. Although not included in IDP figures profiling assessment in 2011, though the In areas of refuge, registration centres in this report, returned IDPs continued to figure may have changed somewhat in for IDPs have provided accommodation, face protection issues in their places of the last three years. In Kosovo, a profiling humanitarian assistance and psychoso- origin in 2014. In Kosovo, they included exercise was initiated in 2014 to provide a cial support. Available housing, however, insecurity, inadequate housing, poor infra- more accurate picture of the number of has become scarcer as the conflict drags structure, limited opportunities to become IDPs in need. It is expected to be com- on, and the vast majority of IDPs have self-reliant188 and hostile statements by pleted during 2015. had to seek refuge in private accommo- municipal authorities about Serbs and Data disaggregated by age and sex dation. This has proved a costly option Roma.189 Many returnees in Bosnia and is available in just under half of the coun- for people whose financial situation was Herzegovina have only been able to par- tries in the region: Azerbaijan, Cyprus, already compromised by Kiev’s decision tially reconstruct their homes and the Georgia, Kosovo, Turkey and Ukraine. In to freeze all financial transactions in sep- education system in some areas remains most, there are slightly more male than aratist-held territories, which has meant ethnically focused.

Internal displacement worldwide 45 In Georgia some people in return ar- Durable solutions ing their property but did not return to it eas were detained for crossing the fences Some IDPs in the region have been after discovering that it had been unlaw- set up by Russian forces since 2008 along displaced more than once, interrupting fully occupied or that they could not afford the administrative border with South Os- their pursuit of durable solutions. In Bos- to rebuild.195 setia in pursuit of their livestock.190 The nia and Herzegovina and Serbia, IDPs fences, combined with poor infrastruc- who had previously fled conflict were ture, loss of access to firewood, land and displaced again in 2014 by the worst Displacement in the region cattle, and the closure of markets, also floods on record. Multiple displacement has become increasingly worsen returned IDPs’ living conditions. is not new to the region, where people Returned IDPs in Abkhazia have faced displaced in the 1990s had to move again protracted, primarily an increased presence of Russian bor- in the following years as unresolved sim- because of the absence of der guards too in recent years, when mering conflicts in Georgia, Russia and political solutions to conflicts they cross into Georgia proper. They also Turkey flared up again. Multiple displace- continue to struggle to obtain birth cer- ment has further eroded the assets and tificates, passports and other documents coping mechanisms of those affected. Others still have legal claims pending, required to make the crossing, restricting Hundreds of thousands of IDPs have complicated in Bosnia and Herzegovina their access to better healthcare, mar- returned, but many later moved back to by the fact that the defendant is an insti- kets, allowances and family visits. Some their areas of refuge or on to a third lo- tution that no longer exists, and in Ko- have crossed illegally and have been de- cation because of inadequate housing, a sovo by authorities’ ineffective response tained temporarily. lack of jobs, limited access to services, to fraudulent transactions and illegal oc- poor infrastructure and insecurity, and in cupation of empty reconstructed prop- Some IDPs in Azerbaijan, Kosovo and Turkey, the marginalisation erty. Access to justice for ethnic Serbs of minority returnees.192 In some cases, in Kosovo is hampered by lengthy and Bosnia and Herzegovina, IDPs have shuttled between their places expensive proceedings, and the fact that Georgia, Kosovo, Russia of origin and refuge, while in others dif- courts do not recognise the Serbian lan- ferent family members chose different guage or property documents.196 In most and Serbia have been living options. In Georgia, for example, some countries, landless IDPs and those un- in collective centres for 20 decided to return to Abkhazia to protect able to document their previous residence their property, while others stayed to ac- have not been offered remedies, as has years cess better jobs, schools and healthcare. been the case for Roma IDPs in Bosnia Displacement in the region has be- and Herzegovina and Kosovo. IDPs across the region struggle to come increasingly protracted, primarily access livelihoods and regain their self- because of the absence of political solu- reliance. Few have long-term jobs, and tions to conflicts. In Azerbaijan, Cyprus National and international access to credit and land is difficult. and Georgia, IDPs’ places of origin are response Their coping mechanisms have included still not under government control. Peace National authorities in the region in- incurring debts, eating less, taking their negotiations continued in Azerbaijan and creasingly acknowledge local integration children out of school and, in Georgia, Georgia during 2014 and in Cyprus they and settlement elsewhere as options for Azerbaijan and Turkey, child labour. The resumed after a two-year break, but none IDPs’ durable solutions in addition to re- majority of IDPs rely on social benefits as produced tangible results. The return of turn. In 2014 the Georgian government their main source of income.191 IDPs to Nagorno Karabakh, Abkhazia, continued to renovate collective centres Given that their needs related to their South Ossetia and TRNC was still im- and transfer ownership to IDPs, and to displacement have not been met after so possible. resettle others in alternative housing, many years, it is feared that some IDPs, Unresolved property issues also ob- sometimes building new apartments for such as those with disabilities or suffering struct the achievement of durable so- them. In Serbia, the closure of all collec- trauma, may never be able to achieve self- lutions, and in Azerbaijan and Georgia, tive centres is planned by the end of 2015 reliance and will require specialised care, remedies for restitution or compensation and an EU-funded project is to build 60 as has been the case in Bosnia and Her- have not been instituted. They have, how- new homes by 2016.197 Similar plans are in zegovina and Georgia. Others lack the ini- ever, been put in place in Cyprus, where place in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where tiative to improve their financial situation more than 750 cases had been settled by authorities were building social housing on their own after years of dependence 2014, mainly in favour of compensation.193 in 2014. The authorities in Kosovo said on aid. They require targeted support to Around 181,000 families in Turkey and they intended to move IDPs from collec- develop the confidence, skills and motiva- more than 3,200 in Russia have received tive centres to improved accommodation tion needed to regain their self-reliance. compensation, but the amount was not and support return for those who wish enough for them to rebuild their homes.194 to do so.198 In Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, The governments in Georgia and some IDPs succeeded in legally recover- Azerbaijan have paid IDPs a monthly

46 Global Overview 2015 allowance since the beginning of their Decades of international humanitarian National authorities in displacement. In 2014, the Georgian au- interventions geared towards short-term thorities switched from making the pay- support have improved the lives of many the region increasingly ments in accordance with beneficiaries’ IDPs. They have not, however, succeeded acknowledge local status as IDPs to a system based on fam- in ending displacement and such assis- ily income, a first in the region. The au- tance has dwindled over the years as or- integration and settlement thorities in Armenia, Turkey, Turkmenistan ganisations move on to other crises. That elsewhere as options for and Uzbekistan failed to pay IDPs enough said, the EU instrument for pre-accession attention or respond to their needs. Hu- assistance in the Balkans and other inter- IDPs’ durable solutions in manitarian access to IDPs and returnees national initiatives have provided signifi- addition to return in Nagorno Karabakh, Abkhazia, South cant support for durable solutions. Ossetia and Crimea remained limited, and Countries in the region should fol- profiling exercise of their IDPs to inform information on their situation is scarce. low Serbia and Kosovo in conducting a durable solutions programmes that cor- respond to their needs and wishes. The OSCE’s protection checklist for displaced populations and affected communities was rolled out in Ukraine in 2014 and contributed to improved reporting on IDPs’ protection issues, information that should be useful to the numerous agencies op- IDP Voices erating in the country.199 Eight of the 13 countries in the region with displaced populations have adopted Ukraine Need graph laws or policies on displacement. Geor- gia’s Law on IDPs entered into force in March 2014, marking a major policy shift Luda Zdorovetz, 26 from status-based to needs-based assis- Dzerzhisk, Donetsk oblast tance.200 It provides for the protection of Anton Leonenko, 27 IDPs’ rights and their reintegration, takes Makeevka, Donetsk oblast the realities of protracted displacement As of 25 December 2014, they were into account and includes provisions for residing in rental housing in Kyiv. adequate rather than only temporary housing. In October 2014, Ukraine adopted a Our lives are now divided even before we did. In this sense it resolution on the “registration of internally into “before and after”. Be- was easier, at least emotionally. We displaced persons from the temporarily fore the war, I was work- are worried about our parents who occupied territory of Ukraine and anti- ing in marketing, and Anton and his stayed behind though. They don’t terrorist operation area” and the Law on father were developing their small want to leave their homes. IDPs’ Rights and Freedoms. Both are business assembling and restoring We don’t know what’s going important steps towards IDPs’ protec- furniture. Life was quiet and peaceful. to happen next, and not knowing tion, but their definitions of anIDP differ, Then the war came to our towns and makes it more difficult. We had a leading to inconsistencies in the registra- turned everything upside down. What hard time finding housing and jobs, tion process and excluding some, such made it worse is that we ended up on of course. But that doesn’t stop us as those without Ukrainian citizenship. different sides of the barricades, be- from living and working and believ- Kosovo does not have a legislative frame- cause Makeevka had already been ing in a better outcome. What else work for IDPs’ protection, but the results captured by the rebels. What could can we do? of its profiling exercise are expected to we do? General decline, constant fear We are busy working in a home inform a discussion on the development for the lives of our loved ones, panic, bakery and during our spare time we of a law or policy.201 that’s how we lived. Of course, that volunteer with organisations that are couldn’t last long. In early December helping the displaced people. Don’t we fled to Kyiv. stop halfway, don’t give up! Every- We are not alone here. Many of thing will turn out well. It can’t be any our friends had left our hometown other way.

Internal displacement worldwide 47 Protracted displacement in:

Bosnia and Herzegovina Redress and reconciliation challenges

Nearly 20 years after the end of a conflict that displaced around a million people, there were still at least 100,400 IDPs in Bosnia and Herzegovina as of the end of 2014.202 The true number is likely to be higher, given that the figure only represents those who have obtained legal status as a “displaced person” and their children. Around 580,000 IDPs have returned to their homes.203 The vast majority of those still dis- tion and the property law implementation Many who wished to return have already placed live in private accommodation, but plan. The plan resolved nearly 94 per cent done so, though others are still in need around 8,500 live in collective centres, of more than 200,000 property claims.204 of assistance to rebuild their homes or the temporary shelter they were allocated Most IDPs returned to areas where they are entangled in legal battles to reclaim some two decades ago. They are being formed part of the ethnic majority. their property. Some are also unwilling resettled to social housing. Some IDPs IDPs who return and repossess their to return to areas that witnessed gross and returnees were displaced again in property lose their “displaced person” human rights abuses and where the per- 2014 by the worst floods and landslides on status, but this cannot be equated with petrators have either gone unpunished record, reigniting past trauma for some. the achievement of durable solutions. or have been released from prison after Over two decades of displacement, The sustainability of returns has not been serving their sentence. the number of IDPs decreased dramati- monitored, and many returnees have left For IDPs who have returned to areas cally twice. The first fall was from 1996 again, including because of the poor liv- where they are in the ethnic minority, a to 1997 and followed the cessation of ing conditions they encountered and the lack of acknowledgement of events dur- hostilities and a push by the government unlawful secondary occupation of their ing the war and the commemoration only and the international community for their property. of victims from the local ethnic majority return. The second was from 2000 to Since 2007, the number of IDPs return- hinders their ability to move on from their 2005 as a result of housing reconstruc- ing to their pre-war homes has flat-lined. wartime traumas. On 31 May 2014, par-

48 Global Overview 2015 First grade primary school children at the Mihatovici collective centre, attending their classes with scarce school materials and no heating. After the classes they go ‘home’ to Norwegian-built barracks from 1994, many with no food on the table - food comes from the public cuisine in the collective centre. After graduating from primary school the majority do not go on to secondary school as transport costs to the nearby town of Tuzla are too high for these families. The majority of IDPs in Mihatovici originally come from the eastern Bosnia- Srebrenica, Zepce, Bratunac and Zvornik. They have been waiting since 1995 for a ‘durable solution’. Photo: CESI, February 2014

IDPs, however, are still waiting for justice. In 2009, the council of ministers mandated the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Human Rights and Refu- gees to develop a national transitional justice strategy with UNDP’s support.207 The strategy is a comprehensive framework for dealing with the legacy of human rights violations and war crimes, and includes provisions on fact finding, truth ents of children killed or disappeared Justice for the grave violations of inter- telling, reparations, memorials and insti- in the town of Prijedor during the war, national humanitarian law that IDPs and tutional reforms. It was drafted through many of whom are returnees, gathered others suffered during the war is essential a consultative process with national and to rally against local authorities’ refusal to to the achievement of durable solutions. international NGOs and civil society. publicly acknowledge the killing of more Violations include mass killings, torture, The strategy document and its ac- than 3,100 civilians, 102 of whom were chil- systematic rape, forced labour and con- companying action plan are still awaiting dren.205 Such protests are typical across finement to camps. Remedies to address endorsement by the council of ministers. the country. them have been put in place, including so- The failure to adopt them so far has ben- The number of attacks on returnees cial protection and benefits for the civilian efitted those who profit from the status has declined over the years, but they still victims of war. Truth commissions have quo and often inflame ethnic tensions for take place, and displaced and returnee been established in Bijelina, Sarajevo and political gain, as was seen during the 2014 children continue to be educated sepa- Srebrenica, commemorations take place elections.208 Protracted displacement will rately from their counterparts in the local and the International Criminal Tribunal for continue until ethnic divisions have been population according to their ethnicity. All the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and domes- overcome and IDPs and returnees have of which shows that ethnic reconciliation tic courts have prosecuted some perpe- received redress for the injustices they is still a work in progress and tensions trators. ICTY’s mandate came to an end in suffered. remain. 2014 after making 69 convictions.206 Many

Internal displacement worldwide 49 India At least 853,900

Afghanistan At least Bangladesh 805,400 At least 431,000

Pakistan Nepal At least Up to 50,000 1,900,000 Sri Lanka Up to 90,000

IDP ﬁgures as of South Asia December 2014

Figures and causes of drive displacement as in previous years. displacement The number of IDPs increased from at As of the end of 2014, there were at least 631,000 to at least 805,400.210 least 4.1 million IDPs in south Asia, an in- The figure for India increased from at crease of 1.8 million on the previous year. least 526,000 to at least 853,900 mainly Pakistan accounted for 46 per cent of the as a result of inter-communal violence.211 region’s displaced population, Afghani- Small-scale inter-communal violence con- stan and India a fifth each, Bangladesh tinued to cause displacement in Bangla- 10 per cent, Sri Lanka two per cent and desh, but the number of people affected Nepal one per cent. is not known. The increase in Bangladesh The number of IDPs in Pakistan in- from up to 280,000 to at least 431,000 creased from at least 746,700 to at least is not the result of new displacement in 1.9 million as insurgency and counterin- 2014, but rather our inclusion of more than surgency operations intensified, reversing 151,000 Urdu speakers forced to flee in a slow downward trend since 2009 when 1971, who were not previously considered the end of year figure was 1.2 million.209 In IDPs.212 The estimates for Nepal and Sri Afghanistan, armed conflict, the activities Lanka are the same as in 2013. of NSAGs – including targeted killings, The data available on displacement kidnappings and the use of improvised varies considerably from one country to explosive devices – and inter-tribal and another, depending on the level of moni- other community disputes continued to toring by national authorities, civil society

50 Global Overview 2015 groups and international organisations, ter people flee their homes. They rarely Asia. It is not unusual for people already and media coverage. provide information with which to assess displaced by conflict to be affected, mak- The number of IDPs in Pakistan’s how IDPs’ situations evolve over time. The ing their situation more precarious still, north-western Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) premature closure of camps in India pre- but the numbers involved are not known. province and Federally Administered Trib- vented the collection of data beyond the al Areas (FATA) is based on the number emergency phase. Our 2014 figures for of families UNHCR registers on behalf Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka New displacement and of the provincial authorities.213 Not all are based wholly or partly on past es- displacement patterns IDPs are captured, however, and others timates, in part because of the lack of New displacement in the region in- remain registered despite no longer being new information and in part because the creased fourfold, from 328,000 in 2013 to displaced. Insecurity restricts humanitar- situations in each country make it unlikely more than 1.4 million in 2014. As in the pre- ian access, meaning that profiling data that IDPs have achieved durable solutions. vious year, Afghanistan, India and Paki- does not cover all IDPs nor all areas af- Displacement in the region is driven stan accounted for all new displacement, fected by displacement.214 Information on by armed conflict and generalised vio- and figures for each country increased. Balochistan province comes from media lence, such as inter-communal clashes Pakistani military operations against sources. KP, FATA and Afghanistan are to which minority groups in Bangladesh insurgents in FATA’s North Waziristan the only areas of south Asia for which and India are particularly exposed. In Af- and Khyber agencies caused the largest data disaggregated by sex and age is ghanistan, NSAGs took effective control new displacements of the year, with up to available. It indicates that the displaced of more territory, particularly in rural areas 907,000 people forced to flee their homes population is made up of more men than of the south and east of the country. Gov- compared with 140,000 in 2013. women and more children than adults.215 ernment forces partially contained their In Afghanistan, UNHCR provides expansion. Insecurity in the country as a Disasters triggered by monthly updates on the number of IDPs whole worsened as the mandate of the profiled, but they tend to underestimate International Security Assistance Force natural hazards displace the true situation because not all are in- (ISAF) drew to an end, and the number hundreds of thousands if terviewed immediately after their flight, of civilian deaths increased by 25 per the result of resource constraints and cent compared with 2013.218 This made not millions of people each insecurity that prevents access to some access to IDPs more difficult, particularly year in south Asia. It is not areas. IDPs may only be profiled a couple in the south and east. In Pakistan, NSAGs of months after their displacement, once sought to expand their power bases and unusual for people already their areas of refuge become accessible to territorial control in 2014, and government displaced by conflict to be humanitarians, if they are profiled at all.216 forces pushed them back. Most IDPs in Bangladesh and India affected The data available on belong to ethnic or religious minorities. In Bangladesh, indigenous people in the In India, at least 345,000 people were displacement varies Chittagong Hill Tracts and Hindus and newly displaced, five times as many as in considerably from one Buddhists across the country were par- 2013. NSAG violence targeting Adivasis ticularly affected by inter-communal vio- in western Assam was responsible for country to another lence, but the number of people newly dis- the vast majority of new displacement, placed is not known.219 Armed gangs also forcing 300,000 to flee their homes in De- In Sri Lanka, UNHCR’s last compila- attacked Hindus and indigenous people cember.222 The remainder were displaced tion of local government statistics dates during the January 2014 presidential elec- by inter-communal violence in western back to December 2012. It is also likely to tions, leading to some displacement, but Assam in May, along Assam’s border with be an underestimate, because in 2010, again little information is available as to Nagaland in August and by cross-border a year after the end of the conflict, the its extent.220 In India, Adivasis and Mus- skirmishes between India and Pakistan government began deregistering IDPs lims in western Assam, where both are in Jammu and Kashmir in October and without determining whether or not they local minorities, were disproportionately December.223 had achieved durable solutions. Deregis- affected by inter-communal violence.221 Armed conflict between Afghanistan’s tration continued in 2013 and 2014, result- Land issues were also a significant armed forces and ISAF on the one hand ing in very low official figures.217 driver of past conflict in Bangladesh and and various NSAGs on the other displaced In Bangladesh and India, neither the Sri Lanka, and failure to resolve them has at least 156,000 people, up from 124,000 government nor international organisa- led to displacement becoming protracted. in 2013. As in previous years, most of the tions provided comprehensive displace- The same is true of other issues, including new displacement took place in the south ment data for 2014. Estimates rely on inter-communal violence. and east, but there was also an increase information from local NGOs and media, Disasters triggered by natural haz- in central areas of the country.224 which tend to focus on individual events ards displace hundreds of thousands if With the exception of 104,000 IDPs in and only report numbers immediately af- not millions of people each year in south Pakistan who returned during the year,

Internal displacement worldwide 51 most of those newly displaced in the indigenous people were injured and ar- 2014 who returned soon afterwards.233 region were still living in displacement rested in June following clashes with the It is unclear, however, whether any re- at the end of 2014. IDPs tended to seek paramilitary forces that evicted them from turns were sustainable given continued refuge near their places of origin, with their home area. The same month in Dha- insecurity and the extent of damage most in India fleeing to camps within or ka, slum residents including IDPs from the and destruction in some areas. Further near their home districts. The majority of country’s Urdu-speaking minority were counterinsurgency operations in North IDPs from North Waziristan and Khyber killed and injured, allegedly as part of a Waziristan forced more people to flee moved to nearby districts in KP province. campaign to forcibly evict them.227 from May through to the end of the year, Most chose to stay with host communities IDPs across south Asia lack access to this time in much larger numbers.234 More rather than in camps, in part because tak- drinking water, food, sanitation, shelter, than 24,000 IDPs displaced from Khyber ing refuge in government-run sites makes education, livelihoods and tenure security. in 2012 returned in May, but counterinsur- them a target for NSAGs. In Afghanistan, Those living in informal urban settlements gency operations from October onwards IDPs took shelter with host communities in Afghanistan are worse off than others caused further displacement. Many who or in informal settlements. In Bangladesh among the urban poor in terms of access had returned to the agency since 2008 and Sri Lanka, most were living outside of to food and livelihoods. This is particu- were forced to flee their homes for a sec- camps including with host communities. larly true for people recently displaced, as ond time.235 There is evidence to suggest that sig- they have little access to local networks The majority of IDPs in Bangladesh, nificant numbers of IDPs flee to urban that might enable them to borrow money India, Nepal and Sri Lanka live in protract- areas, but they are not systematically to make up for the shortfall in their in- ed displacement, and in the absence of monitored and as such it is impossible to comes.228 systematic monitoring, progress towards estimate the number of people involved Members of minority groups are of- durable solutions is difficult to assess. across the region as a whole. In Afghani- ten discriminated against during their dis- Evidence suggests, however, that ob- stan, however, 40 per cent of the country’s placement. Despite their Bangladeshi citi- stacles remain, including continued in- IDPs, or more than 322,000 people, make zenship being officially recognised since ter-communal tensions and violence in up part of the urban poor in Kabul, Herat, 2008, displaced Urdu-speakers living in north-eastern India and Bangladesh’s Mazar-e-Sharif, Jalalabad and Kandahar. urban slum-like settlements still have Chittagong Hill Tracts. They perceive urban areas as relatively difficulty in obtaining passports because In Sri Lanka, the scale of the military safe and as providing better access to their addresses give away their ethnicity presence in the north of the country and infrastructure and livelihoods. People who and the fact that they are displaced.229 state surveillance of Tamil civilians have have undertaken some form of migration, In Sri Lanka, ethnic Tamils make up the made it more difficult forIDP s and those be they IDPs, returned refugees or eco- overwhelming majority of IDPs, with some who have returned since the end of the nomic migrants, make up the majority of Muslims also still displaced. Both groups conflict in 2009 to re-establish sustain- the population in these cities.225 are minorities and the government has able livelihoods and rebuild their lives.236 not prioritised a response to their needs, It is hoped that the change of government prolonging their displacement.230 in January 2015 may help to facilitate du- Members of minority groups rable solutions. are often discriminated Authorities in Afghanistan, particularly Durable solutions at the provincial level, have not helped against during their There was little progress towards IDPs to integrate locally, despite the displacement durable solutions across the region in majority expressing a preference to do 2014. Continuing insecurity in Afghani- so and the inclusion of all three settle- stan and Pakistan rendered returns to ment options in the country’s policy on Protection issues many areas of origin unsustainable if not displacement.237 In other countries of the Threats to IDPs’ physical security var- impossible. No returns were documented region, IDPs’ settlement preferences are ied both between and within countries in in Afghanistan, though there were reports not known. 2014. In Pakistan, NSAGs targeted dis- of short-term displacement followed by Tenure insecurity is also an obstacle placement camps because they are gov- returns in insecure areas without humani- to the achievement of durable solutions. ernment-run. In May, June and Septem- tarian access. No further information was In Afghanistan, addressing disputes ber, such attacks killed and injured IDPs available.231 The presence of landmines through formal and customary justice in two camps in the Peshawar and Hangu and unexploded ordnance (UXO) prevent mechanisms at the local level remains districts of KP. The Hangu attack forced many IDPs from returning, and clearance a challenge, and discrimination makes it the majority of the camp’s population to teams are among those NSAGs target, particularly difficult for displaced women seek temporary refuge elsewhere.226 making their work more dangerous still.232 to exercise their housing, land and prop- In Bangladesh, simmering tensions In Pakistan, 104,000 IDPs moved back erty rights.238 Urban IDPs in Afghanistan linked to unresolved land issues peri- to their places of origin during the year, and those in both rural and urban areas of odically lead to clashes that affect IDPs. including 45,000 people displaced from Bangladesh live with the threat of forced In the Chittagong Hill Tracts, displaced North Waziristan in January and March eviction, because their tenure has not

52 Global Overview 2015 been formalised.239 In Sri Lanka, the oc- by conflict and violence. LocalNGO s are by conflict rather than on IDPs them- cupation and acquisition of IDPs’ land by largely left to assist those affected on selves. This despite a recommendation the state continues to prevent returns and their own, but their capacity to respond to the contrary by the special rapporteur prolong displacement. Tenants displaced is limited. on IDPs’ human rights in June.245 from the land and homes they had been International humanitarian organisa- In Bangladesh, neither the local con- renting have not been compensated.240 tions continued to support national and sultative group made up of government, local authorities on the ground in Afghani- international development partners and stan and Pakistan, coordinating their re- UN agencies for the country-wide coordi- National and international sponse through the cluster system and, in nation of development work nor the Chit- response the case of Afghanistan, a working group tagong Hill Tracts development facility The responses of the Indian and Bang- and task forces on IDPs. Insecurity and managed by UNDP included a focus on ladeshi governments to displacement restricted humanitarian access, however, displacement or durable solutions. caused by conflict and inter-communal prevented a needs-based response in violence were ad-hoc and piecemeal in many cases. 2014. Responses across the region tend- Funding for international humanitarian ed to focus on emergency assistance work has also been dwindling. While 67 rather than the establishment of condi- per cent of funding for the 2014 strate- tions that facilitate durable solutions. gic response plan for Afghanistan had Afghanistan’s government adopted a been covered by the end of the year, the comprehensive policy on displacement total amount of funding requested was in February 2014, but following contested the lowest since 2002.241 The national presidential elections in April and delays demining programme, which is crucial in the formation of a unity government, to the achievement durable solutions, is the dissemination and roll-out of the pol- also chronically underfunded.242 A lack icy through workshops and sensitisation of funding for programming in Pakistan with local stakeholders only started in means that both international aid and selected provinces in the autumn. government assistance tend to prioritise people newly displaced over those living Some countries have in protracted displacement, perpetuating the latter’s plight.243 been reluctant even to Most existing development pro- acknowledge displacement grammes and frameworks, including those of regional and international bodies caused by conflict and such as the Asian Development Bank, the violence, which has World Bank and UN development agencies, fail to mention durable solutions for prevented them from IDPs. The exception is Afghanistan, which developing comprehensive has received more official development assistance than any other country world- frameworks for response wide each year since 2007. UNDP’s draft country programme for 2015 to 2019 lists Some countries have been reluc- IDPs among its beneficiaries and plans tant even to acknowledge displacement measures including livelihood support to caused by conflict and violence, which help them achieve durable solutions.244 has prevented them from developing Afghanistan is also a pilot country for comprehensive frameworks for response. the UN secretary general’s framework Sri Lanka’s resettlement policy, for ex- on ending displacement in the aftermath ample, focuses only on the emergency of conflict, but ongoing fighting and dis- phase and is not in line with international placement seriously hampered its imple- standards. It has languished in draft form mentation. since 2013, and the last government did International humanitarian organisa- not carry out or support a comprehen- tions continued to reduce their presence sive assessment of the country’s IDPs. in Sri Lanka in 2014, and development India and Bangladesh received interna- work, including that taking place under tional support to respond to displacement the under UN’s development assistance caused by disasters during the year, and framework for 2013 to 2017, continues to in the case of India, also for some caused focus on populations and areas affected

Internal displacement worldwide 53 Protracted displacement in:

Internally displaced children studying in their temporary shelter in Trinco- malee district. Their families were displaced from Sampur in 2006, and cannot return because their home Sri Lanka area, first declared a high security zone and later a special economic zone, remains closed for resettlement. Militarisation and land occupation Photo: Mirak Raheem, January 2015

54 Global Overview 2015 Sri Lanka is an example of the way rights and addressing their needs. Of the military established a high security zone displacement becomes increasingly dif- hundreds of thousands of IDPs who have in Sampur, part of which was later trans- ficult to resolve the longer it lasts, particu- returned, tens of thousands are likely to formed into a special industrial area. The larly when there is no political will to do have outstanding needs related to their IDPs live in temporary shelters near their so. We estimate that there were as many displacement.247 home areas and are unable to practice as 90,000 IDPs in Northern and Eastern When the conflict ended in May 2009, their original livelihood of fishing because provinces as of December 2014, all of the majority of the population of Northern they no longer have access to the sea.254 them living in protracted displacement. province with the exception of Jaffna had Current and former IDPs running small The majority were displaced before April been displaced at least once and many businesses in Northern province struggle 2008.246 Almost six years after the end of several times, as had significant numbers to compete with the military’s agricultur- the country’s 26-year civil war, they con- of people in Jaffna and Eastern province. al and tourism ventures, some of which tinue to face obstacles in exercising their 248 A large majority of the country’s pro- are based on IDPs’ own land.255 Many tracted IDPs, as well as those who expe- displaced female heads of household, rienced displacement in the past, belong particularly war widows, face obstacles to the Tamil ethnic group. It is not known accessing land they have inherited from how many among the 25,000 Sinhalese a deceased spouse or family member.256 displaced by fighting after 1983 are still Under the last government, the sur- living as IDPs. The same is true of the veillance of civilians and draconian pow- 75,000 Muslims the Liberation Tigers of ers enshrined in the 1979 Prevention of Tamil Eelam expelled from Northern prov- Terrorism Act endangered the safety of ince in 1990.249 current and former IDPs and contributed Sri Lanka lacks comprehensive data to displacement becoming protracted.257 on its IDPs, and little up-to-date informa- The high ratio of security force personnel tion is available. The results of the govern- to civilians in the north, estimated at one ment’s exercise with UNHCR to reconcile to five, and their extensive involvement in figures and its joint needs assessment matters usually reserved for the civilian with OCHA, both undertaken in 2014, were realm are indicative of the militarisation not available at the time of writing. Avail- that took place.258 able numbers250 are unlikely to reflect the Sri Lanka has no national policy or true scale of displacement, given that the legislation on displacement to provide government has deregistered IDPs since a framework for addressing protracted 2010 without carrying out a durable solu- IDPs’ needs. A 2013 draft policy, which tions assessment.251 was never finalised, falls short of inter- Lack of access to housing, land and national standards, including the Guid- property rights has proved a significant ing Principles.259 Development organisa- obstacle to IDPs’ long-term solutions. The tions, which have continued to work in last government undermined the coun- the country after the UN humanitarian try’s legislative and policy framework on cluster system was phased out in 2013, land tenure by evicting residents in the have not included a focus on displace- north and in Colombo.252 IDPs’ loss of land ment in their programming to facilitate in the north, for which most have received durable solutions for IDPs. OCHA scaled no compensation, has limited their ac- down its presence to a small humanitar- cess to sustainable livelihoods, and their ian advisory team in December 2014. situation is made worse by the absence of a mechanism to resolve land disputes. Around 20,000 IDPs are unable to return to their land because it is occupied by the military, or has been acquired by the state under the Land Acquisition Act for questionable public purposes, including a military-run holiday resort. Tenants have faced particular challenges in returning.253 Sri Lanka’s protracted IDPs include the inhabitants of Mullikulam in Mannar district and Sampur in Trincomalee district, who were forced to flee in 2007. Mul- likulam is occupied by the navy, and the

Internal displacement worldwide 55 IDP ﬁgures as of December 2014

The Philippines Myanmar Laos At least 77,700 645,300 Up to 4,500 Thailand Up to 35,000

Indonesia Papua At least 84,000 New Guinea At least 7,500 Timor-Leste At least 900 South-east Asia

Figures and causes of at the local level and limited access to displacement some areas affected by violence also There were 854,900 IDPs displaced hamper the task. Data disaggregated by by conflict and violence in south-east sex and age was only collected in Myan- Asia as of the end of 2014, down four mar’s Rakhine, Kachin and northern Shan per cent from 887,000 a year earlier. The states and to a lesser extent in the Philip- gentle decline reflects an overall trend in pines’s city of Zamboanga.260 Elsewhere the region over the past decade. Around in the region the lack of such data was a 134,000 people were newly displaced barrier to providing an adequate response during the year, 65 per cent fewer than to the needs of the most vulnerable IDPs. in 2013. This was mainly the result of a Fighting between government forc- reduction in the number and intensity of es and NSAGs was the main cause of violent incidents, particularly in Myanmar displacement in 2014, forcing people to and the Philippines where the largest dis- flee their homes in Indonesia, Myanmar, placements have taken place in recent the Philippines and southern Thailand. years. Inter-communal violence between ethnic Around 95 per cent of the region’s and religious groups, often triggered by IDPs are concentrated in three coun- disputes over land and resources, also tries. Myanmar has 645,300, Indonesia caused displacement in Indonesia and at least 84,000 and the Philippines 77,700. Papua New Guinea. There are thought to be around 35,000 No new major armed conflicts flared people displaced in Thailand and 7,500 up in the region. In the Philippines, the in Papua New Guinea. Displacement in signing of the Comprehensive Agree- Laos and Timor-Leste is small-scale but ment on the Bangsamoro in March 2014 unresolved. put an official end to 40 years of conflict Gathering data on displacement pre- between the government and the Moro sents a number of challenges across the Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) in Mind- region, mainly related to the lack of a anao. common and standardised definition of In many south-east Asian countries, what constitutes an IDP. Poor resources displacement is multi-causal. Natural haz-

56 Global Overview 2015 ards, conflict and development projects The largest new displacement in My- IDPs in most of the region’s displace- combine to create not only an environ- anmar took place in Kachin state in April, ment camps lacked access to basic ment conducive to flight, but also con- when government forces clashed with the necessities such as food, clean water ditions that increase IDPs’ vulnerability Kachin Independence Army (KIA) near and adequate sanitation facilities. Local and undermine their resilience. Millions of the border with China. The fighting lasted authorities were only willing or able to people in the region are displaced each for a week and forced 2,700 people to provide basic relief on a temporary basis, year by disasters caused by natural haz- flee, many of whom had been displaced and residents were often expected to re- ards, but there is no data on the scale of by violence before. Some crossed the bor- turn to their places of origin after a few displacement triggered by development der into China, but most took shelter in weeks or months, or to find alternative so- projects. camps within Kachin.263 Fighting between lutions on their own. The living conditions the military and the Democratic Karen of those who failed to do so deteriorated Benevolent Army displaced another 2,000 over time, and those belonging to eth- New displacement and people in the south-east of the country in nic or religious minorities were at risk of displacement patterns October. Some sought refuge in nearby further marginalisation and vulnerability. Most new displacements in 2014 were villages, but others went into hiding in the In July, the UN highlighted the “de- short-term and IDPs returned home within jungle to escape alleged violence and plorable” living conditions in camps in a matter of days or weeks. The majority abuses by the military, including intimi- Myanmar’s Rakhine state, where tens of sought refuge with friends or family, but dation and forced labour.264 thousands of people displaced in 2012 by others went into hiding in the forest for The majority of those displaced by inter-communal violence between Rakh- fear of suffering abuses at the hands of fighting between the Indonesian military ine Buddhists on the one hand, and Ro- military forces or NSAGs. Most stayed as and the Free Papua Movement (Organ- hingyas and other Muslims on the other, close as possible to their homes so as to isasi Papua Merdeka) in Papua and West have been living for more than two years be able to return as soon as conditions Papua provinces also fled into the for- without access to adequate water, sanita- allowed. est, a pattern of displacement observed tion or healthcare. The special rapporteur in previous years. They included those on human rights in Myanmar said some displaced by counter-insurgency opera- displaced Rohingya Muslims had died in Around 95 per cent of tions in the Puncak Jaya region of Papua their camps because they were unable to the region’s IDPs are in January.265 Elsewhere in Indonesia, access emergency medical attention.271 inter-communal violence continued to Unable to leave their camps and vil- concentrated in three cause sporadic displacement. In August, lages because of movement restrictions countries. Myanmar has 500 people were displaced when a long- imposed by the government, Rohingya 645,300, Indonesia at least standing land dispute between two vil- IDPs also struggle to find livelihood op- lages in East Nusa Tenggara province portunities. 84,000 and the Philippines turned violent.266 Most sought refuge in 77,700 neighbouring villages.267 In many south-east Asian countries, displacement is The Philippines accounted for the Protection issues multi-causal majority of new displacements. Around Armed conflict and the excesses of 124,000 people fled their homes to es- both state forces and NSAGs put IDPs’ Around 20,000 IDPs were still living cape armed conflict, the main cause, and lives and physical security at risk across in camps and transit sites in the Philip- criminal and clan-related violence.261 IDPs the region in 2014. In Myanmar, IDPs in pine city of Zamboanga at the end of were concentrated in the Autonomous Kachin and northern Shan states faced 2014, more than 15 months after being Region of Muslim Mindanao. The largest threats from ongoing fighting, anti-per- displaced by fighting between the govern- displacement was caused by a military sonnel mines and UXO, human trafficking, ment and a faction of the Moro National operation launched in early 2014 against forced recruitment and sexual violence.268 Liberation Front. They have struggled to the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fight- They also experienced harassment and access basic services, in particular wa- ers, a MILF breakaway group opposed to interrogation in camps. In May, the military ter and healthcare, and more than 200 the peace process. Around 48,000 people arrested 14 IDPs in Kachin on suspicion people have died in displacement, half of were displaced in North Cotabato and of being KIA members.269 them children under five. Pneumonia was Maguindanao provinces. Some left in In the Philippines, indigenous people the leading cause of death.272 Children anticipation of the violence, and others who fled the militarisation of their com- were also at risk of malnutrition. An Octo- fled government air strikes and shelling. munity in Mindanao’s Agusan del Sur ber 2014 survey conducted in camps and Most sought refuge with host families province in November said the military transit sites showed that more than half of or built temporary shelters, though a had harassed them in their camps and those over two years old were stunted.273 smaller number made for government- accused them of being members of the In Papua New Guinea, around 4,000 run camps.262 New People’s Army.270 IDPs displaced by inter-communal vio-

Internal displacement worldwide 57 lence in May 2010 were still living in very option, but they face many obstacles in to such places in 2014, where without poor conditions in a camp in Bulolo town, the form of continuing conflict in their adequate access to basic services and Morobe province. The government initially places of origin, the destruction of homes livelihood opportunities, they have been provided food, water and shelter materi- and infrastructure, loss of livelihoods and unable to start their recovery and face als, but a lack of funding meant the assis- inability to exercise their housing, land deepening poverty and vulnerability. tance tailed off in less than a year, despite and property (HLP) rights. Those who For those attempting to integrate lo- IDPs’ continuing needs.274 In the absence had weak tenure security before their cally or settle elsewhere, their lack of ac- of food aid, many struggled to feed their displacement have particular difficulty in cess to land, basic services and livelihood families during 2014.275 reclaiming their homes and property. opportunities has impeded their pursuit There is little information available of durable solutions. Many do not have on the assistance and protection needs In the absence of tenure security, and without it may also of IDPs who take refuge outside official monitoring, it is difficult face the risk of eviction. Many are unable camps. The relative invisibility of those to afford to buy and register land, and living with host families or in rented ac- to estimate how many competition for scarce resources, includ- commodation means they are often over- IDPs may have achieved ing land, has been a source of tensions looked by responders, who also tend to and clashes between IDPs and their host assume that their needs are less acute durable solutions, but communities. This has been the case in than those of IDPs in camps. evidence suggests they West Timor, the Indonesian portion of the A profiling exercise conducted in 2014 island of Timor, where around 22,000 IDPs among IDPs living in host communities in face significant obstacles in displaced in 1999 are still living in pro- Zamboanga found otherwise. It revealed doing so tracted displacement in camps.279 respondents’ main concerns to be lack of access to shelter, healthcare and liveli- In Myanmar, ongoing fighting, the hoods. Some had received humanitarian presence of UXO and landmines, and National and international assistance, but less than a third were able failure to restore HLP rights continued response to provide for their families’ basic needs to hamper returns in Kachin and north- Several countries in the region took because they had depleted their assets ern Shan states. In Rakhine state, Muslim concrete steps to meet IDPs’ assistance and lost their livelihoods as a result of IDPs’ lack of freedom of movement con- and protection needs in 2014, particularly their displacement.276 tinued to prevent them from accessing during the emergency relief phase. Most healthcare, education and livelihoods. In have failed, however, to put policies and Kachin and northern Shan states, the My- resources in place to address their long- Durable solutions anmar armed forces have also given IDPs’ term recovery needs effectively. All too The majority of south-east Asia’s IDPs land to agribusinesses. Without formal often displacement is seen as a tempo- live in protracted displacement. Some tenure documents, those affected were rary problem requiring only short-term have been displaced for up to 15 years and unable to reclaim their property. 277 solutions, and decisions to wind down few were able to return, integrate locally Governments often encourage return, humanitarian assistance often do not co- or settle elsewhere during 2014. In the but in some cases they have used secu- incide with IDPs’ needs having been met. absence of monitoring, it is difficult to es- rity considerations to prevent it in favour In Zamboanga, the city government timate how many IDPs may have achieved of relocation. They have tended, however, announced the end of the humanitar- durable solutions, but evidence suggests not to consult or inform IDPs properly ian phase in August, but IDPs still had they face significant obstacles in doing about such moves, the upshot being that significant needs and no early recovery so. The longer displacement goes on, the those relocated struggle to access basic strategy was put in place to ensure a less data is available on IDPs’ needs and services and livelihoods and generally to smooth transition between humanitar- whereabouts. rebuild their lives. ian and development interventions. The That said, at least 76,000 IDPs were In Zamboanga, the main obstacle to authorities have made repeated commit- reported to have gone back to their places return has been slow progress in rebuild- ments to prioritise long-term solutions, origin during the year, nearly all of them ing the 10,000 homes destroyed during but progress has been only limited. in the Philippines. Many were people who the conflict. The city government’s deci- The Indonesian government made a fled their homes for short periods, but sion to declare “no-build zones” in Mus- number of efforts to address protracted others displaced before 2014 also man- lim-majority coastal areas where many displacement. The national development aged to return. The number of IDPs in IDPs had their homes has also been a agency held consultations in early 2014 Zamboanga decreased from 65,000 early factor, as has weak tenure security. The with local authorities in West Timor and in the year to 35,000 by the end of it. In authorities have prioritised those who international agencies working in the Myanmar, at least 6,200 IDPs were able own land for return and assistance, leav- province, with the aim of using their expe- to return. ing those without formal tenure living in riences to inform the country’s medium- For the majority of IDPs across the protracted displacement in camps and term development plan for 2015 to 2019.280 region return is their preferred settlement transit sites.278 Many were forced to move In March, the president instructed minis-

58 Global Overview 2015 tries to improve the handling of “social In Zamboanga, efforts by the interna- conflicts” and continue efforts to address tional humanitarian community, including people’s post-conflict needs, including donors, focused mainly on the delivery of those of IDPs.281 Whether such commit- immediate relief and transitional shelter ments have translated into improvements solutions. As of August, the UN’s action on the ground is unclear. plan for the city was funded at 47 per cent, No new legislative frameworks on dis- but the early recovery component had placement were adopted in the region in received no support at all. The humanitar- 2014, but significant progress was made ian country team’s adoption of a durable in the Philippines, where the lower house solutions strategy for the city’s IDPs at of congress adopted a bill in August cov- the end of the year laid the foundation ering people displaced by both conflict for continued international involvement and disasters.282 in 2015, and raised hopes that increased International response efforts contin- attention would be paid to long-term so- ued in Myanmar, the Philippines and to lutions, particularly the right of the most a lesser extent Papua New Guinea. In vulnerable IDPs to adequate housing. other countries, such as Indonesia and Ti- The strategic response plan for My- mor Leste, humanitarians were no longer anmar for 2014 appealed for $192 million. engaged and the shift to recovery was One of its key strategic objectives was to considered complete, although in reality restore livelihoods and access to basic IDPs continued to face challenges. services of all IDPs in Rakhine, Kachin and northern Shan states, and to link up Several countries took steps initiatives with recovery and development efforts.284 As of the end of the year the to meet IDPs’ assistance overall appeal was 58 per cent funded, and protection needs in but the early recovery component at only 22 per cent. 2014, particularly during Building on initiatives taken in recent the emergency relief phase. years to improve national and regional capacity for disaster risk management,285 Most failed, however, to put members of ASEAN made commitments policies and resources in in 2014 to address displacement caused place to address their long- by disasters, including the adoption of policies and laws to strengthen IDPs’ as- term recovery needs sistance and protection.286

International assistance plays a significant role in plugging gaps in government responses to displacement, particularly in Myanmar and the Philippines. That said, restricted humanitarian access to some areas of Myanmar affected by conflict and displacement, such as Kachin and northern Shan states, hampered responders’ efforts. In Rakhine state, international staff have also been harassed, threatened and accused of bias in favour of Muslim IDPs when providing aid.283 Efforts to plan for recovery and long- term solutions as early as possible in the relief phase and to engage the development sector in the response to displacement were limited in 2014, despite increased recognition in recent years of the importance of doing so. Underfunding continued to hamper the implementation of early recovery programmes.

Internal displacement worldwide 59 Protracted displacement in: Children in the Cawa-Cawa displacement site, a camp that was situated on the sea shore near a traffic road. The Zamboanga authorities dismantled the camp in mid-2014, moving most IDPs to the Masepla transtional The Philippines camp. Most Cawa-Cawa IDPs remain there as of today. Photo: IDMC/ Frederik Kok, Housing challenges in urban areas June 2014

60 Global Overview 2015 Millions of people are displaced each who try to integrate locally or settle else- The fact that eligibility criteria for year in the Philippines, mainly as a re- where, including in urban areas, often housing assistance had not been for- sult of disasters brought on by natural face significant challenges because of malised as of early 2015, and that new hazards, but also as a result of conflict lack of tenure security and insecure en- “temporary” transit sites were still being and violence. Displacement tends to be vironments. National authorities’ lack of constructed, have added to the confu- short-term and localised. IDPs seek ref- political will and engagement, particularly sion and scepticism of many IDPs, who uge with host families or in government when IDPs belong to marginalised eth- fear their temporary stay may become a camps before returning home when con- nic or religious minorities, is often behind permanent one. ditions allow. such challenges. Others are at risk of being completely Return may not always be possible, The extent of protracted displacement excluded from assistance, because the however, either because of insecurity or is not known, but available data suggests government considers them “illegitimate” the loss of housing and livelihoods. IDPs that half of the 461,000 people displaced IDPs on the basis of a tenure survey by conflict and disasters as of the end of which purported to reveal that many had 2014 had fled their homes more than a come to Zamboanga after the conflict.294 year before.287 This includes 31,000 IDPs in Assessments by international aid agen- Zamboanga city on Mindanao, who have cies, however, showed the vast majority been living in displacement for 14 months. had been living there for more than five In September 2013, three weeks of years.295 fighting between the government and a Despite its genuine efforts to help faction of the Moro National Liberation Zamboanga’s IDPs, the city government Front destroyed around 10,000 homes has so far failed to take adequate meas- and led to the displacement of 120,000 ures to ensure the most vulnerable, par- people within the city.288 Most belonged to ticularly those with poor tenure security, Muslim minority groups who had moved to are provided with long-term recovery Zamboanga over the past decades to es- assistance. The absence of an early re- cape conflict, insecurity and disasters.289 covery strategy following the end of the The majority of the city’s IDPs returned humanitarian phase in August 2014 has home in the weeks and months after the left many at risk of entrenched poverty, conflict, but many have been unable to vulnerability and protracted displacement. do so. As of early 2015, around 20,000 Poor donor response to the Zam- were still living in camps, including transit boanga action plan in 2014, particularly sites to which many were forced to move its early recovery component, and limited during 2014, and 11,000 were living in host engagement from the development sec- communities.290 Most camps and transit tor have seriously hampered the interna- sites do not meet minimum standards in tional community’s capacity to respond. terms of shelter or access to food, water, The humanitarian country team adopted sanitation and healthcare.291 a durable solutions strategy in October The main obstacles to their return are 2014, raising hope that more attention will government restrictions, including “no- be paid to long-term solutions, particu- build zones” declared in Muslim-majority larly in terms of the most vulnerable IDPs’ coastal areas where many IDPs had their right to adequate housing. homes, and the slow pace of reconstruction. Fewer than 200 of the 7,800 permanent homes earmarked for reconstruction had been completed a year after the conflict ended.292 Tenure insecurity is also a major factor preventing the return of the remaining IDPs. The majority owned their homes, but not the land on which they were constructed.293 The government has prioritised landowners for return and housing assistance, leaving others to wait. Some have been promised return once reconstruction is complete or relocation outside the city, but most have no information on when this might happen.

Internal displacement worldwide 61 Injured man standing in his destroyed house, Palestine. Photo: Emad Badwan, July 2014

62 Global Overview 2015 Protracted internal displacement in focus

There are IDPs who have been living in in 2014. In more than a third, no interna- protracted displacement for more than tional or regional agency was actively ten years in almost 90 per cent of the involved in trying to resolve the situation. countries we monitored in 2014. The ma- Humanitarian agencies and NGOs were jority made no visible progress during the still the main responders to another third year against the eight criteria set out in of IDPs living in protracted displacement, the IASC framework for durable solutions. but there was little involvement from de- The failure to anchor IDPs’ return, lo- velopment agencies and donor govern- cal integration or settlement elsewhere in ments, and no private sector investment broader development and peace-building was visible at all. programmes was responsible for the ma- The failure to address the causes of jority of displacement lasting ten years protracted displacement is the main factor or more. In one in five cases, governance behind the ever-increasing global figures failures by absent states were also a ma- on IDPs. Finding the right solutions re- jor factor. quires a better understanding of the phe- People already displaced at least once nomenon, from clarifying key concepts to by conflict and violence before 2014 were recognising its complexity and diversity. forced to flee their homes again dur- There are many descriptive terms that ing the year in a third of the countries allude mainly to the length of time spent we monitor. In more than 80 per cent of in displacement – prolonged, chronic, ex- cases, further exposure to conflict or tended, long-standing - and to the static generalised violence in IDPs’ places of nature of the situation – stalled, trapped refuge was the cause. Others were driven and in limbo. Most descriptions empha- to move again because they were unable sise a sense of intractability, a long-term to meet their immediate survival needs separation from home and the absence or access assistance to help them do so. of a solution in sight. Forced eviction and the impact of natural UNHCR defines protracted refugee hazards such as floods and earthquakes, situations as those in which people have or the threat of them, were also factors. been displaced for five years or more and Government restrictions on settle- have no immediate prospect of finding a ment options contributed to prolonging solution to their plight by means of vol- displacement in a fifth of cases monitored untary repatriation, local integration or

Protracted internal displacement in focus 63 settlement elsewhere. It also defines a the first place. That being the case, the protracted situation as one involving a end of conflict and violence is unlikely to refugee population of 25,000 or more, and Features be enough in itself to resolve IDPs’ plight. focuses on the fact that their basic rights Governments have the primary duty to and economic, social and psychological establish the conditions for durable solu- needs remain unaddressed after years in and tions and to provide the means of achiev- exile. Taken as a whole, UNHCR’s defi- ing them. In some cases, however, they nition includes elements of time, scale, prioritise return as the only option while barriers to solutions, unaddressed needs obstructing IDPs’ efforts to integrate lo- and aid dependency. dynamics cally or settle elsewhere, as has been the Two criteria are generally accepted case in Burundi, DRC and Sudan. In Azer- as key features of protracted internal dis- of protracted baijan, the government maintains return placement: that the pursuit of durable solu- as the only permanent settlement option tions has stalled, and/or that IDPs are mar- available, but negotiations to resolve the ginalised as a result of a failure to protect displacement conflict and make that possible have been their human rights. This definition, howev- deadlocked for years. Such restrictions er, also has its limitations. Under it, the vast worldwide are a major factor in perpetuating dis- majority of internal displacement could be placement in 20 per cent of cases. deemed protracted. It could equally apply Governments may also prefer to re- to situations involving ongoing or stalled Politicisation and barriers to locate IDPs to new areas rather than conflict, and to displacement spanning a solutions engage in peace-building and reconcili- few months or years or several genera- There is a need to consider the links ation processes. This too prolongs their tions. It also treats the pursuit of durable between protracted displacement and po- displacement, as is the case for ethnic solution as an on-or-off process when in litical crises, and to distinguish between and religious minorities displaced by inter- reality it is far more complex. IDPs may governments’ inability and governments’ communal violence in Indonesia. In Israel secure small steps towards the achieve- unwillingness to resolve it. State fragility and occupied Palestine, return is for many ment of one aspect of a durable solution, and failure of governance – a typically simply not an option. Continued fear of such as freedom of movement, while the “unable state” - commonly lead to inter- persecution and uncertainty about the process may be stalled in another respect mittent conflict, inter-communal violence, sustainability of peace agreements have such as the right to adequate housing. endemic insecurity and poverty, and re- prolonged displacement in a number of There could be value in including an peated population movements over years countries, including CAR, DRC, Kosovo element of duration to the definition, for or decades. This applies to a number of and South Sudan. the purposes of statistical analysis. The countries around the world, from Af- problem with setting an arbitrary point be- ghanistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar to yond which displacement becomes pro- the Central African Republic (CAR), the Multiple waves and patterns of tracted is that it groups IDPs into catego- Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) displacement ries that may exclude them from relevant and Somalia. While the stagnation of displacement response frameworks and deprive them Displacement can also be prolonged over time reflects a chronic failure of gov- of the assistance to which they would oth- by a strong government’s deliberate po- ernance, repeated and multiple waves of erwise be eligible and most likely need. liticisation of the issue or its refusal to displacement can also mirror the different Neither is it self-evident what an appropri- enter into the formal resolution of a crisis. stages of a political crisis. Many IDPs liv- ate cut-off point would be. A government may assert control over ing in protracted displacement have been In the absence of a more compre- territory to the detriment of some seg- forced to flee a number of times over the hensive definition, it is useful to draw on ments of society, or try to marginalise mi- years. Repeated cycles of displacement the experiences of those who have fled nority groups it perceives as hostile. The make IDPs’ circumstances, needs and conflict around the world to highlight the excesses of authoritarian regimes and vulnerabilities more complex and acute. complexity, diversity and dynamism of state-led repression also perpetuate dis- IDPs’ movements tend not to follow protracted displacement. Our monitor- placement. Governments’ unwillingness a simple, linear trajectory from places of ing points to a set of commonly-observed to provide solutions often stems from the residence to places of refuge. Complex features that can help to identify, analyse same logic that triggered displacement in patterns are frequently observed among and respond to the phenomenon. and between displaced communities and households over time, and they take Displacement can also many forms. More than 80 per cent of be prolonged by a strong IDPs forced to flee again in 2014 did so to escape further conflict or generalised government’s deliberate violence in their places of refuge, as in politicisation of the issue CAR, DRC, Iraq, Libya, Myanmar, Somalia,

64 Global Overview 2015 Special topic

Women in protracted displacement

Current data suggests that women living Sri Lanka have reportedly resorted to sex dled by customary or religious authorities in protracted displacement slightly out- in exchange for extended stays with host that favour men. number men, and given the difficulty in families.298 A survey carried out in emer- In occupied Palestine, sharia law and accessing female IDPs in many contexts gency and transitory sites in Zamboanga the broader legal system do not officially it is likely that their number is underesti- city showed that prolonged displacement prevent women from owning or leasing mated.296 tended to intensify frustrations and ten- property, but cultural norms dictate that In Burundi and Colombia, data disag- sions within communities and families, it is men who are named on tenure and gregated by sex shows that women make leading to an increase in domestic, ownership documents.303 Similar norms up the majority of IDPs. Higher male mor- psychological and sexual violence.299 In apply in Liberia, where family members tality rates go part way to explaining the Cote d’Ivoire, women who had become have sold women’s land and property, figures, but women and children also tend the family breadwinner during three or occupied it with impunity or allocated to flee first and remain displaced for long- four years in displacement found that it to male heads of households in their er. Men tend to stay longer in their areas their new roles were a source of tension, absence.304 of origin, either as fighters or to protect hostility and gender-based violence when Given that HLP rights are closely their family’s property and assets. They they returned to their homes in the west linked to other elements of durable solu- also often return earlier to assess the of the country.300 tions such as access to livelihoods, safety, situation and start to rebuild their homes Gender-based violence has serious security and an adequate standard of and livelihoods. consequences for economic, human living, failure to uphold them constitutes It is generally acknowledged that and social development, and the trauma a serious impediment to women’s pros- female IDPs face specific barriers in caused only adds to women’s fear of stig- pects for return, local integration or set- exercising their rights, but there is little matisation and marginalisation. Coupled tlement elsewhere. reliable disaggregated data on gender- with impunity for perpetrators, it com- Access to justice and remedies for specific needs and vulnerabilities in pro- promises their prospects of achieving displaced women who suffer gender- tracted displacement. Analysis shows, durable solutions. In northern Mali, the based human rights abuses is also key however, that displaced women’s and fact that alleged perpetrators of sexual to their achievement of durable solutions. girls’ hardships get worse over time. They violence in 2013 are still at large and un- Conflict and violence can have devastat- face a range of complex protection issues punished has made female IDPs wary of ing consequences for women, but experi- both in camps and outside them, and in returning and undermined their confi- ence shows that opportunities also arise many places affected by conflict and cri- dence that the state will facilitate condi- to promote equality during recovery, when sis they are extremely vulnerable. They tions for them to bring their displacement lives are rebuilt. Progressive initiatives suffer marginalisation and are often un- to a sustainable end.301 that work towards ending discrimination able to make decisions freely about their Tenure insecurity is also a major ob- and support women in reasserting their lives and their communities. The stigma stacle to durable solutions, and a particu- rights following a crisis should be further attached to gender-based violence, the lar challenge for female IDPs.302 Women’s explored.305 consistent under-reporting of cases and housing, land and property (HLP) rights There is an imperative to collect and inadequate service provision for those are all too often violated not only by par- analyse gender-specific data at the coun- affected make it impossible to draw an ties to a conflict, but also by their own try level during all stages of displacement accurate picture of its prevalence and families and communities. Despite na- to inform humanitarian and development dynamics. tional laws to protect them, displaced programmes that create a protective en- Evidence from DRC suggests that women are often unable to assert their vironment for women. Without such data, as IDPs gradually exhaust their savings HLP rights when they return to their plac- the prospects of establishing a compre- and assets and aid becomes scarcer, the es of origin, either because they do not hensive, rights-based framework for re- likelihood of women resorting to survival have official documents in their name, or sponse from the onset of a crisis through sex and other negative coping mecha- because inheritance, marital property and to longer-term development planning for nisms increases.297 Displaced women in dispute resolution mechanisms are han- durable solutions are greatly compromised.

Protracted internal displacement in focus 65 A displaced woman sits on a bed next to the remnants of her burnt house in Khor Abeche, South Darfur. Photo: UN Photo/ Albert Gonzalez Farran, April 2014

Syria and Yemen. Others were driven to many of them from farming communi- More than 80 per cent move again because they were unable ties, choose to take refuge near their to meet their immediate survival needs land and revisit it regularly in an attempt of IDPs forced to flee or access assistance to help them do so. to continue to farm. Some have been again in 2014 did so to Forced eviction and the threat or impact doing so for more than a decade. of natural hazards such as floods and Secondary, repeated or onward move- escape further conflict or earthquakes were also key factors. ments: Conflict or other drivers force generalised violence in their IDPs to flee from or within their places of refuge before long-term recovery places of refuge Many IDPs living in and local integration are complete, protracted displacement contributing to spiralling vulnerability. Increasing neglect have been forced to flee a Displaced families and individuals also Many IDPs living in protracted displace- employ a range of mobility strategies to ment find that international attention de- number of times over the provide for their immediate and longer clines over time, leaving them neglected by years term needs as different options become donors, the media and regional and inter- available to them. Voluntary movement national responders. Some, such as those or relocation may be positive strategies in India and Bangladesh, never received IDPs use their freedom of movement to improve their living conditions or ac- much attention in the first place. As dis- to minimise the risks they face, and to cess employment and services. placement continues, funding decreases, maximise their access to rights, goods Changing composition over time: The international organisations leave the coun- and opportunities, both to overcome cur- demographic composition of displaced try and assistance tails off, as does the at- rent challenges and to progress towards populations changes over the years and tention of national authorities to their plight. their preferred and sustainable settle- decades. New waves of IDPs join those The priorities of governments and in- ment option. Some forms of movement previously displaced, many blend in with ternational organisations may also switch commonly observed include: others displaced for different reasons to focus on new displaced communities, Pendular or cyclical movements between and migrants in search of better oppor- as was the case in Chad and Pakistan in places of refuge and origin: Changes in tunities. Displaced children grow up, el- 2014. Such decisions may be understand- the security situation in IDPs’ places derly IDPs die and new generations are able in countries with only limited resourc- of origin may allow for periodic visits born into displacement. es, but neglected IDPs living in protracted home while risks and obstacles to more displacement may even find themselves permanent return remain. Some IDPs in excluded from government statistics and Senegal, DRC and occupied Palestine, policy documents altogether.

66 Global Overview 2015 Special topic

Livelihoods and self-reliance

Displacement leads to a loss of assets, of firewood, petty trade, day labour, do- impact. A multi-sectoral livelihoods and jobs, income and documentation. It dis- mestic work and begging, but the meagre market assessment is key to determining rupts social networks and sometimes income they earn often fails to cover their appropriate assistance that takes IDPs’ restricts freedom of movement and basic needs. Without adequate livelihoods skills and wishes into account, meets choice of residence, all key to rebuilding IDPs live from hand to mouth, which is not their immediate needs and helps to bol- and maintaining livelihoods. In countries conducive either to their exercising their ster their self-reliance. It may include cash recovering from conflict with fragile econ- rights or to their achievement of durable assistance, food and housing support, omies, high unemployment and weak solutions. and access to microcredit, income-gen- foreign investment, IDPs in protracted The proportion of vulnerable IDPs erating activities and vocational training. displacement are just one group among tends to increase over time as they are Projects further tailored to address the many who struggle to find work. often the least able to become self-re- specific needs of the most vulnerable Competition can be fierce and IDPs liant. People living with trauma, elderly are also important. They should include may suffer discrimination or find their people and those with mental or physical psychosocial support that encourages skills are not valued or in demand in their disabilities may not be able to engage personal recovery and self-reliance. Ini- places of refuge. This is particularly true in livelihood activities or have access to tiatives should mix short and long-term of those who flee from rural to urban the right type of assistance. They are at approaches across sectors and focus on areas. Towns and cities offer a range particular risk if they are separated from IDPs’ interests and potential to adapt. of new opportunities, but the transition their relatives. from a lifestyle based on agriculture can The lack of livelihood opportunities in mean acquiring whole new skillsets, as IDPs’ places of origin is a serious obsta- has been seen in Afghanistan, Somalia cle to return and the pursuit of durable and Sudan. In some countries, the social solutions. In rural areas of Burundi, DRC, stigmatisation of IDPs can hinder their Kosovo and Uganda, where access to efforts to find work even decades into land is largely synonymous with access their displacement, as seen in Colombia to livelihoods, their inability to repossess and Georgia. land and property that has been occupied Limited access to resources can lead or destroyed makes return impossible IDPs to make choices that prejudice their and prolongs their displacement. Land safety and protection. Families take their restitution is made more difficult still if children out of school to seek additional the occupants are powerful local figures, sources of income, as has happened in private companies, criminal groups or mili- Uganda, and women stray into unsafe tary forces, the latter being the case in areas in search of firewood, as has hap- Sri Lanka. In Colombia, violent opposition pened in the Darfur region of Sudan. to land restitution led to new waves of Women may resort to survival sex, and displacement in 2014. In the Philippines, families may move to informal settle- some IDPs’ places of origin were declared ments in areas prone to natural hazards “no return” areas, but the site offered for to save on housing costs. their relocation made it highly unlikely Some IDPs in DRC have risked their they would be able to continue practic- lives going back to their places of origin ing their traditional livelihoods. temporarily to access their land. In Azer- Improving livelihood opportunities baijan, Georgia, Kosovo and Serbia, some requires initiatives that target IDPs, are have taken work in the informal labour supported by an enabling policy environ- market while others have incurred new ment and involve sustainable economic debt. Many in Somalia depend on the sale interventions if they are to have a lasting

Protracted internal displacement in focus 67 Liubov, 70, on the premises of the Troyanda Sanatorium in Sviatogorsk in the Donetsk region of Ukraine. She and her son live with disability and they fled their home in Sloviansk by bus. Most of the internally displaced people at the Troyanda camp have returned home, but Liubov is afraid to go back. Photo: UNHCR / Iva Zimova, July 2014

Changing needs and ing strategies and a lack of justice for have split their lives, using their original vulnerabilities over time the violations they have suffered. The land for shelter and cultivation while As attention and assistance decrease, psychological impact of displacement is maintaining businesses in their places of solutions to displacement become more often neglected and responses are un- refuge. Around a third of IDPs in Burundi elusive. The number of IDPs may fall over derfunded, leaving mental health issues work their original land while continuing time, but our analysis suggests that their associated with trauma to get worse. to live in displacement. problems can become harder to resolve as Other dominant concerns include in- the pursuit of durable solutions becomes adequate housing, limited access to land The needs of IDPs in more complex. Land grabs and the state and employment opportunities and a lack occupation or acquisitions of land, for ex- of good-quality education. Women, chil- protracted displacement ample, make it difficult for IDPs to reclaim dren and elderly and disabled people are may no longer be urgent, their property after many years of absence. at particular risk of further marginalisa- The issue has become a source of serious tion and impoverishment. Assessments but they can be just as acute grievance in Burundi, DRC and Sri Lanka. in Uganda found that the majority of IDPs as in the emergency phase still living in camps would be unable to Many IDPs living in return under their own steam because of In Serbia, older IDPs would prefer to old age, illness and disability. return if they could remain under Bel- protracted displacement find grade’s jurisdiction, while younger ones that international attention are not interested in doing so unless liveli- Different intentions and hood opportunities are made available. declines over time preferences Among ethnic groups, Roma IDPs are IDPs should not be considered as a less interested in return than their Serb The needs of IDPs in protracted dis- homogenous group. They have different counterparts. Indigenous IDPs in Colom- placement may no longer be urgent, preferences based on their personal ex- bia, whose attachment to their original but they can be just as acute as in the periences and circumstances, and these land is of vital importance, have returned emergency phase. In many cases, their may change over time and vary even with- only to be displaced again several times, vulnerabilities actually increase and their in a single family. In Georgia, some fam- but still continue to try. IOM assessments living conditions deteriorate over time, ily members have chosen to go abroad, in Iraq show that the longer families are the result of less humanitarian attention some to return and others to stay in their displaced, the less likely they are to show and assistance, the exhaustion of cop- places of refuge. Some IDPs in Uganda any interest in returning.

68 Global Overview 2015 Special topic

Invisibility in urban areas For many IDPs, displacement also marks the beginning of a transition from a rural to an urban way of life. In 2014, IDPs were living predominantly in homes without permission on public land urban settings in 16 of the 60 countries that was at risk of flooding. we monitored. There is little informa- Urban Forced evictions not only create new tion on the situation of urban IDPs displacement but also tend to lead to a living in protracted displacement, but deterioration in IDPs’ living and housing evidence from Afghanistan and Tur- conditions. Even when alternative hous- key suggests they increasingly seek housing ing is provided, for example in relocation to integrate locally rather than return, sites, there is a risk that the site will not even if doing so involves significant A shortage of housing stock is a problem offer adequate livelihood opportunities, marginalisation. Urban IDPs are often in many rapidly expanding cities, and a as has proved the case in Indonesia, the invisible to the international commu- particular challenge for urban IDPs living Philippines and Somalia. nity among the broader urban poor, in protracted displacement. An influx of Inadequate housing conditions in pro- and they receive little or no assistance, IDPs increases demand for housing at tracted displacement often reflect the in- which tends to go to more visible ben- a time when conflict or a disaster may ability of national authorities to respond, eficiaries. have damaged or destroyed stock and but sometimes their unwillingness. There authorities lack the capacity to respond. may be political interests that would pre- Many urban IDPs join the broader urban fer IDPs to return rather than integrate poor in informal settlements with no ac- locally. In other cases, inadequate policies cess to basic services and little if any designed without taking IDPs’ needs and tenure security, exposing themselves to preferences into account may be at fault. the risk of forced eviction and secondary Urban settings create specific chal- Policy displacement. lenges for humanitarian organisations in Inadequate housing perpetuates trying to address housing needs. IDPs displacement by leaving urban IDPs in tend to be dispersed and largely invisible advances crowded and precarious slum-like con- among the wider poor and there is often ditions, increasing their vulnerability to little or no urban planning. The lack of disasters, disease and sexual exploitation, clear land registries and regulatory frame- The Brookings-LSE Project on Internal and limiting their capacity to gradually works makes tenure, potential land use Displacement states in a recent report become self-reliant. Their housing situa- and the provision of utilities uncertain. that protection was the most impor- tion tends to deteriorate over time as they In part because of such complications, tant humanitarian policy advance of deplete their assets. In Azerbaijan, Bosnia housing assistance tends to be limited to the last decade, but the priority for and Herzegovina and Georgia, temporary the provision of emergency or temporary the next one will be to address the housing provided some 25 years ago at shelter. Many providers recognise that protracted nature of displacement. To the onset of the displacement crisis has those without tenure are often the most do so means bridging “the much-la- become dilapidated and overcrowded vulnerable and in need of assistance with mented relief-to-development gap”306 despite investments over the years. Dis- longer-term solutions, but they may choose by finding effective ways of engaging placed children have grown up, married not to intervene because the risk that tenure the development sector in the pursuit and had families of their own, but still will be disputed and beneficiaries subjected of durable solutions. live in the same facilities because they to eviction is considered too high. This con- There have been many efforts in are unable to afford their own homes. tributes to perpetuating urban displacement this direction over the last five years. Acknowledging this, national authorities and IDPs’ inadequate housing conditions. Various global initiatives have rec- in these countries have recently em- To overcome these challenges, close ognised the need to create a com- barked on major housing improvement cooperation between national authorities, prehensive framework for long-term programmes for IDPs. their municipal counterparts, humanitar- integrated responses to protracted IDPs who try to settle in areas prone ian organisations and the development displacement. Building on the work to natural hazards, without permission or sector is needed to ensure that urban of the Transitional Solutions Initiative, without respecting building regulations, IDPs’ housing needs are addressed as the Solutions Alliance was launched expose themselves to the risk of sec- part of broader urban development poli- at the April 2014 Copenhagen confer- ondary displacement. This was the case cies. Area-based approaches that meet ence on displacement with the aim of in Bosnia and Herzegovina in May 2014, the needs of all of the urban poor in a finding innovative approaches and de- when IDPs and returnees who had fled given neighbourhood, including shelter, velopment-led solutions. The initiative conflict in the 1990s were displaced again tenure security, services and livelihood is global in scope, but examines the by floods and landslides, having built their opportunities, are key.

Protracted internal displacement in focus 69 situation in individual countries closely. key development challenge. They empha- were developed in Mali, Zamboanga city The alliance aims to work on the one hand sise the need to improve the resilience in the Philippines and Kachin state in with donors, UN agencies, NGOs and gov- of vulnerable people, including IDPs, and Myanmar. As of the end of 2014, however, ernments, and on the other with affected reduce the risks and impacts of future only 40 per cent of the countries we moni- communities in an effort to improve co- shocks such as conflict and disasters. tor had adopted specific national laws or herence among all participants’ efforts. 2014 also brought about positive devel- strategies on displacement. The importance of establishing a opments at the national level. Following Advances such as those above are post-2015 development framework that the adoption of the UN secretary gen- clearly welcome, but there is still much includes IDPs and builds on their capaci- eral’s framework on durable solutions to be done to implement these initia- ties to ensure they are fully included in in 2012, an ad hoc working group under tives and make concrete progress to- peaceful and stable societies has also the leadership of UNHCR, UNDP and the wards durable solutions. In more than gained traction among global policymak- resident coordinator drafted a joint dura- a third of protracted displacement situ- ers. No consensus was reached in 2014 ble solutions strategy in Kyrgyzstan that ations monitored throughout the year, on a standalone target for IDPs and refu- was endorsed by the UN country team no international or regional agency was gees in the new sustainable development in August 2014. A group of UN and gov- actively involved in trying to resolve the goals, but progress was made in formulat- ernment agencies developed a similar situation. ing indicators specific to displacement strategy in Côte d’Ivoire, which remains The transition from humanitarian re- as part of related goals and targets. The in draft form. Similar national and sub- sponse to long-term development is far indicators recognise displacement as a national durable solutions strategies from seamless. Once a conflict is over, the expectation is that the development sector will take the lead in addressing IDPs’ needs. In reality, however, the gap between relief and development continues to be hard to bridge. Aggravating factors include different operational mandates and timeframes for engagement IDP Voices and results, a shortage of coordination mechanisms, diminishing investment, Papua New Guinea competition for funding and failure to incorporate IDPs’ needs into recovery and development plans. Pikas Kapi The very existence of protracted Bulolo care centre, displacement is evidence that ap- Bulolo town, Morobe province proaches to durable solutions have 9 October 2014 largely failed.307 Displacement becomes protracted when conflicts remain unre- We are the fifth generation Fortunately some of us can still solved and reconciliation processes stall, of East Sepik settlers. Our access our farmland so we don’t die mainly as a consequence of governments’ ancestors came to Bulolo from hunger, but it is barely enough inability or unwillingness to assume their town in the 1940s, to work in the gold to survive. The government doesn’t national responsibilities. Ultimately, politi- mine and never left. Myself, I am mar- care about us and would prefer us all cal action is needed. With no clear signals ried to a woman from Morobe prov- to leave this place, but it’s our home. from the highest levels of government, it ince. We have been in this care centre In 2011, the government encour- is unlikely that effective measures will be for almost four years, living in broken aged us to ‘repatriate’ to East Sepik, taken to establish the necessary condi- tents and with no one helping us. but this would not work. We no longer tions to resolve protracted displacement. Life is very difficult, particularly for have any links there, no land and no our children. Many are still trauma- way to make a living. Some accepted tised by the fighting and don’t want the money from the government to to go back to school. They want to go back, but almost all returned here stay with us in the camp, but what after a few weeks. kind of education can we give them We hope the government will now here? Many get ill because they don’t provide funds to help us return and get enough to eat. Water is also not rebuild our homes, so we can live like good. We have to hope for rain if we normal people again. want to drink. We feel abandoned.

70 Global Overview 2015 Special topic

Normative frameworks and durable solutions strategies

National and international frameworks on At the national level, Somalia’s policy ate displacement. Its other goals include displacement are key entry points for ad- framework on displacement adopted in reducing poverty, revitalising local econo- dressing its protracted form. They require 2014 is to date the only instrument that mies, restoring basic social services and states to prevent and mitigate long-term explicitly mentions protracted displace- socio-economic reintegration. As of the impacts, reinforce the idea of IDPs as ment. It calls on authorities to “gradually end of 2014, the country’s planning min- rights holders and identify national au- upgrade living conditions of internally dis- istry was leading a follow-up committee thorities as primary duty bearers. They placed and other displacement-affected tasked with finalising the strategy and also provide guidance and establish ac- communities in situations of protracted ensuring its alignment with the national countability for both humanitarian and displacement and pending a durable so- development plan. development organisations that should, lution in order to avoid a manifestation Similar attempts to bridge the gap be- in theory at least, ensure a smooth tran- of a dependency syndrome and chronic tween humanitarian and development re- sition between the different phases of a poverty”. The policy also recommends in- sponses were made in Mali. Anticipating response. terventions focused on improving exist- waves of return to the north and possible Given that displacement increases the ing services, increasing access to shelter, protracted displacement in the south, a risk of gradual and long-term impover- guaranteeing HLP rights, creating liveli- durable solutions working group that ishment by depriving IDPs of their livelihood opportunities and protecting IDPs brought together UNHCR, UNDP and IOM hoods and the means of re-establishing from forced displacement to unsafe areas. established a framework for collaboration them, the involvement of the development Durable solutions are often neglected between responders at the beginning of sector in drafting frameworks and the in normative tools to accommodate other the year. It helped to clarify the terms of acknowledgement of its role in their im- priorities in the emergency phase, but the humanitarian and development engage- plementation should help to prevent dis- monitoring of their implementation helps ment by assigning to UNDP and UNHCR, placement from becoming protracted.308 to identify gaps and suggest changes the respective leads of the early recovery The Kampala Convention is a cham- that reflect needs and vulnerabilities that and protection clusters, the leadership pion in this respect in that it provides for emerge during protracted displacement. role in the development of the strategy. a multi-pronged approach involving the This was the case in Georgia, where the The adoption of policies and other state and other actors, including develop- 1996 law on IDPs was complemented by normative tools is a significant expres- ment agencies. The need to address the new legislation adopted in 2014 that sets sion of national responsibility and signals increasing vulnerabilities and progressive out the conditions for dignified and safe authorities’ intention to address displace- impoverishment caused by protracted dis- return and supports improved living condi- ment. Such tools are also needed to placement and eliminate the factors that tions and local integration. frame a comprehensive and collabora- contribute to it is spelled out in article 3(1) A number of other countries sought tive approach to ensure that all those in- (k), which establishes the need to promote to prevent and address protracted dis- volved in the response are engaged from “self-reliance and sustainable livelihoods placement through the development of the outset. To be effective in preventing amongst IDPs” and implies the adoption national durable solutions strategies in displacement from becoming protracted of specific action to strengthen their resil- 2014. Cote d’Ivoire’s draft, which was de- and addressing IDPs’ needs, they need ience. Article 11 obliges states to bring dis- veloped as part of its piloting of the UN to assign responsibilities to all respond- placement to an end, putting the emphasis Secretary General’s Decision on Ending ers, including development agencies, on “promoting and creating satisfactory Displacement in the Aftermath of Con- and ensure that such responsibilities are conditions”, which means restoring access flict, recommends measures to address translated into principled action in areas to basic entitlements, including economic, problems linked to the lack of arable land, relevant to human rights. social and HLP rights and creating long- employment and livelihoods opportuni- term livelihood opportunities.309 ties, factors that both trigger and perpetu-

Protracted internal displacement in focus 71 72 Global Overview 2015 Displaced children from Ghor province in Afghani- stan sit by their shelter outside Herat in freezing temperatures. Photo: IRIN/ John James, February 2014 Methodological challenges in data collection

IDMC bases its monitoring on the review needs, but one of them may have been of others’ primary and secondary data. counted as an IDP while the other is not. This chapter describes the data we ob- A person may be considered an IDP one tain and how we analyse it. It includes day but not the next, despite their situa- a discussion of the methodologies our tion not having changed, as has been the partners - which include governments, case in Sri Lanka. international humanitarian and develop- Collecting and reporting data on IDPs ment organisations, NGOs and research is primarily the responsibility of the state, institutes - use to collect data, and the but very few governments do so. Even applicability and limitations of their ap- when they do, it is rarely if ever possible to proaches. It also highlights data gaps, base estimates entirely on their statistics. how we address them and other chal- The extent to which displacement is a po- lenges inherent in estimating new and litical issue or even acknowledged varies cumulative displacement figures. from country to country and sometimes One of the main challenges in esti- within a country, meaning careful scrutiny mating the scale of displacement is the is required. lack of an accepted definition of an IDP at With very few exceptions, compre- the operational and data collection level. hensive data does not exist. It may be Distinguishing IDPs from other vulnerable available for some but not all areas of a groups and “populations of concern” and country, or it may be collected for some determining when they have achieved but not all of the factors that determine durable solutions tends to be a context- an overall caseload. Such factors include specific decision taken by national or lo- the number of IDPs who have returned, cal authorities and humanitarians working integrated locally or settled elsewhere, in the field. and the number of those born or who During the early phases of a crisis, have died in displacement. Our analysis data tends to be collected by international and figures are constrained by the lim- humanitarian organisations and govern- ited amount and scope of information ment agencies as they take stock of the collected and made available by others. situation and compile IASC’s humanitar- The fact that there is no widely used ian profile (see figure 4.1). Two people in model to capture the number of people two different places may have the same displaced or to track them beyond their

Methodological challenges in data collection 73 initial flight contributes to incomplete and evidence in our Global Overview. We tri- the lead in filling these gaps. In the com- inconsistent data. Governments and other angulate and validate data from a variety ing months and years, we will be working stakeholders have not been trained in the of sources, and supplement it with field with partners to provide guidance on how data to collect or how to do it. Nor is there visits, research and contextual analysis. to collect this information in order to over- one body in charge of supervising and Every figure can be traced to its sources come the challenges discussed. maintaining data on IDPs at the field level. for independent verification. The figures These limitations have a number of im- are transparent and are intended to pro- plications for our estimates. Rather than mote open dialogue and invite others to Minimum data requirements for painting a complete picture of displace- contribute to improved data collection monitoring internal displacement ment in a country, they give a general in- when possible. To paint a comprehensive picture of dication of the scale of a number of situa- internal displacement, data on key groups tions at a given point in time. As such they of people – stocks - and their movement make comparisons between countries With very few exceptions, from one category to another – flows – is difficult, particularly given that most dis- comprehensive data does needed (see figure 4.2). Data on differ- placement situations are dynamic. They not exist ent population groups would indicate how are also inherently conservative, in that many people there were in each category we subtract people reported as having at a given moment in time, and data on returned without knowing whether they The extended review of methodologi- different movements would indicate how have achieved durable solutions or not. cal limitations that follows was undertak- – and how quickly – people were moving Many may still have needs related to their en with an eye to contributing to a grow- from one category to another. At present, displacement, and in effect still be IDPs. ing awareness across the humanitarian however, stakeholders have no data mod- With such issues in mind, we attempt community of the need for better quality el with which to comprehensively capture to compile the best available data and data and analysis on IDPs, and to taking such information.

Figure 4.1 IASC humanitarian profile – a common operational dataset

Affected Casualties

Displaced Non-displaced Dead Missing Injured

Refugees and Others of Host Non- IDP Note: not mutually asylum concern host exclusive of affected

Standard categories with fixed definitions seekers may vary between emergencies Optional categories whose definitions

Private or individual Camp or camp-like accomodation All categories on the same level of the hierarchy sum to their parent in the next higher level in the hierarchy. For example: Planned camp Privately hosted or settlement + = Non- Host Non-host displaced Self-settled camp Non-hosted (individual) All categories on the same level of the hierarchy are mutually exclusive with the exception of “injured”, which is mutually exclusive of “dead” and “missing”, Collective centre but may overlap with any of the categories under “affected”. Therefore:

Reception or Affected + Dead + Missing = Total # of victims transit site of an emergency

74 Global Overview 2015 In keeping with the literature on meas- event. Estimates based on needs assess- uring population movements, this section ments exclude IDPs who do not require of the Global Overview makes regular use assistance, or at least not at that moment of the terms “stocks” and “flows”, but we in time. Those dispersed outside camps would like to emphasise that behind these tend not to be covered. As such the por- abstract and impersonal terms are real trait of displacement we present – of a human beings. given moment in time and how the situ- Not all stocks and flows are relevant ation is evolving – is usually incomplete. to each displacement situation. In some In some parts of eastern Democratic contexts return is not a viable option. In Republic of the Congo (DRC), our part- others, settlement elsewhere is not real- ners provide us with monthly data on the istic. When borders are closed, people number of IDPs in certain villages. The trying to flee may become trapped in data tells us how many there might be at their own country. When displacement certain points in time, but not how many becomes protracted, the relevance of the new IDPs have arrived or how many have different stocks and flows may change left. If there are 100 IDPs in a village two over time. Years or decades after an initial months in a row, the situation may be un- crisis, flows such as births and deaths changed, or it may be that 20 have arrived become more important in determining and 20 have left. the number of IDPs. It is very rare that we and our partners have all the data on the different stocks and flows for a particular displacement

Figure 4.2 Main stocks and flows

IDPs settled elsewhere

Failed settlement Settlement elsewhere elsewhere

IDP returns Returnees

Internal displacement

Failed returns / IDPs (includes secondary returnee Children born and tertiary displacement) displacement to IDPs

Local integration Locally IDP deaths integrated IDPs

Failed local integration Cross-border Cross-border return flight to displacement

Refugees

Methodological challenges in data collection 75 Measuring stocks

There are many different tools and meth- tion and deregistration are not inherently data can be manipulated. Changes in ods to gauge the numbers of IDPs and problematic. Rather the problem lies in governance structures between cen- other populations of concern. Several are how the tools are used, and how they in- suses can also skew their findings. The likely to be used for any one displacement fluence incentives by conferring benefits devolution of authority and budgets to situation, and often simultaneously. according to people’s responses. Kenya’s county governments changed In the early phases of many crises, incentives between the country’s 1999 data on IDPs is collected as part of com- and 2009 censuses, and produced new Counting new IDPs piling a humanitarian profile. It is some- county population figures not be easily In many crises, the registration and times disaggregated by sex and age, explained by demographic data such as deregistration of IDPs determines the dis- which helps to understand the specific birth and death rates. tribution of assistance and compensation. protection risks IDPs face and tailor pro- The prospect of receiving benefits is the grammes accordingly. As with registration In 2014, information on all main reason for many to come forward, and deregistration data, that collected for but doing so may also lead to protection humanitarian needs assessments is also three settlement options risks. Personal data may be misused and subject to manipulation - or at least the was available in only four the process may associate IDPs with a perception it has been manipulated - for particular party to a conflict with the po- fundraising purposes or to shape the me- countries tential for reprisals. It may also exclude dia’s portrayal of a crisis. Putative benefi- some IDPs, making them ineligible for ciaries may be led to believe they will be A complete picture of displacement assistance. Data may be out-dated if da- compensated for responding to questions would include the number of people who tabases are not properly maintained. in a certain way. The prospect of receiv- have returned, settled elsewhere, inte- As such, compiling estimates from ing benefits may spur those genuinely in grated locally or crossed an international registration and deregistration process- need to come forward for assessment, border. With the exception of those who es is difficult. The nature of the data de- but it may also encourage others who in have returned to their places of origin, pends on who is running the scheme, who reality are not eligible to do so too. however, there is very little data to de- comes forward and what their motives termine the extent to which IDPs have are for doing so. In Ukraine, registered achieved durable solutions. Only seven IDPs receive benefits for six months, a Accounting for longer-term of the 60 countries we cover had data fact that may influence people’s decision displacement available on local integration and only six to sign up. IOM’s displacement tracking matrix is on settlement elsewhere. Information on used regularly to gather baseline informa- all three options for durable solutions was Deregistration does not tion on displaced populations, including available in only four countries - Armenia, their number, demographics, needs and Ethiopia, Lebanon and Sri Lanka – and necessarily mean that IDPs conditions in their places of refuge. It can only Lebanon had data on Syrian IDPs have achieved a durable also be used to monitor movements such as who had become refugees. returns and secondary displacement. Since solution its introduction in Iraq in 2006, the matrix has been used in more than 24 countries, New technologies The methodology for registration may including Afghanistan, the Central African Given insecurity and lack of access to also vary. IDPs may be required to present Republic (CAR), Colombia, Haiti, Iraq, Mali, IDPs in Somalia’s Afgooye corridor, UN- identification and other documents, meet Nigeria, the Philippines and South Sudan. HCR has updated its figures by analysing specific criteria or re-register periodically We used its data as a primary source of high-resolution satellite imagery. It used to receive assistance. Many, however, lose data in three countries - Ethiopia, Iraq, Mali the images to determine that there were their personal documents during their - and OCHA and UNHCR may have used 91,397 temporary shelters and 15,495 flight, and security concerns may make it in their initial aggregation before they permanent ones, and used the findings others reluctant to present them. shared their data with us. to estimate that there were more than Deregistration, meantime, does not Many IDPs living in protracted dis- 400,000 IDPs in the area310. The use of un- necessarily mean that IDPs have achieved placement have been displaced long manned aerial vehicles, commonly known a durable solution. Authorities may dereg- enough to be included in official gov- as drones, has also become increasingly ister them, or they may do so for them- ernment censuses. The difficulty with popular in the humanitarian sector. Their selves while they still have needs related censuses, however, is that they are in- size and cost have come down and they to their displacement. That said, registra- herently political instruments and again have become easier to use.

76 Global Overview 2015 Ideally, data from such sources would such as returns become relevant and if no ganisations do not always have access to be verified by organisations on the data on them is available we risk overstat- displaced populations, whether because ground, and without doing so it should ing the number of IDPs. of insecurity, lack of transport infrastruc- be used with caution. Imagery from satel- Given that humanitarian agencies col- ture, high logistical costs or government lites is also more useful in some places lect data to inform their assistance efforts restrictions. Estimating the number of than others, in that cloud cover and dense during a crisis, we generally find that the IDPs and reporting their assistance and forests may prevent them from capturing more time passes after the initial phase, protection needs is a major challenge in images of shelters. It is also a relatively the less data on such flows is available. If such situations. expensive way of trying to count IDPs. there are no humanitarian agencies pre- The contrary is also true. When a num- sent or if governments lack the political ber of organisations are involved on the will to address displacement, there tends ground, each collecting and producing Challenges in estimating stocks to be even less monitoring beyond the their own statistics with little or no coor- We regularly receive data on flows of emergency phase, as in India, Bangla- dination, estimates are equally difficult newly displaced people which, during desh and Sri Lanka. to compile. The areas that humanitarian the initial stages of a humanitarian crisis, There are also a series of issues re- organisations operate in are also deter- determine the stock of IDPs. As a crisis lated to coordination and consistency to mined by their own geographical priori- evolves over time, however, other flows bear in mind. Humanitarian and other or- ties, funding and operating criteria. There are few standards and little guidance for collecting data on IDPs in the field. An IASC survey found that information management staff in country offices and across organisations knew they were required to collect data, but were unsure how to go about the task. IDP Voices This can lead to double or even triple counting, in which one IDP is surveyed various times as a beneficiary of a number Afghanistan of interventions. Without a common operational defi- Wali Khan nition of internal displacement and its Kabul informal settlements: translation into many languages, it is Kart-e-Naw difficult if not impossible to distinguish NRC Afghanistan, 2 February 2015 consistently between IDPs and other vulnerable groups such as the urban poor, I first left my hometown of My brother and his son went to col- economic migrants, returned refugees, Zhari in Kandahar 14 years lect oil when the Taliban attacked one of returned IDPs and so-called “pastoral- ago because of the intense the tankers, killing them and dozens of ist drop-outs”. Decisions by responders fighting, but also because of tensions other poor people. After that, I decided to engage in a situation and then collect with the landowners. I moved my family I had had enough and moved my family data about it depend upon the perceived to Quetta in Pakistan, where we lived to Kabul. I’ve been in this settlement cause of the crisis and the categorisa- for ten years. We heard there were op- for four years now. I have three wives tion of the people affected. This in turn portunities for work in Afghanistan so I and 15 children. leads to inconsistent engagement and returned to my village, but I only stayed We bury so many babies who die data collection. for three or four months. from the cold, I’ve lost count. Maybe Unsystematic data collection makes The Taliban would enter people’s around 20 every winter. The children it difficult to compare different displace- homes and shoot rockets at the Amer- have constant diarrhoea from the dirty ment situations, even within a country. icans’ planes. Then the Americans water. When we have money we buy In Syria, for example, different methods would return fire and drop bombs on water from the water tanks. Our women are used in different areas depending on us. A bomb was dropped on our house, have no skills, they don’t even know how which party to the conflict controls the killing my wife, her sister-in-law and my to sew. The men are all unemployed. territory at the time. Humanitarians in dif- sister. I thought I would be able to en- They occasionally do odd jobs such ferent areas are accused of being partial dure the pain and move on with my life, as helping truck drivers load or unload and manipulating their data for political but it was never-ending. goods. purposes. We feel hopeless.

Methodological challenges in data collection 77 Figure 4.3 Cumulative figures for IDPs in Iraq, 2003 to 2012 5 Pre 2006 Post 2006

2 People displaced (in millions)

0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Data quality the more so in the early phase of a crisis. or group has been displaced. The time As described in chapter one, data We estimate that only a small fraction of series data for displacement in Iraq illus- disaggregated by age and sex was only all IDPs live in camps, collective centres trates this point (see figure 4.3). Prior to available for 15 of the 60 countries we and camp-like settings, meaning the vast the US-led invasion in 2003, there were provide estimates for, and even when majority are not captured and the scale of an estimated 700,000 to a million IDPs available it was not comprehensive. As displacement is significantly understated. in the country. By 2008, the figure had such it is still difficult to assess the pro- The gap is concerning because we often risen to 2.8 million, but it does not tell us tection risks of vulnerable groups such use humanitarian profile data to compile how many of those displaced before the as women, children and elderly people our figures. It forms the basis for 18 of our invasion were included in the total figure. accurately. Disaggregated data is often 60 country estimates and around 63 per collected during the monitoring and as- cent of all the displacement we report It is difficult to assess sessment of health and education pro- on annually. grammes that provide benefits to IDPs. Large humanitarian crises and highly the protection risks of If assisting IDPs is incidental rather than visible emergencies prompt data-gath- vulnerable groups central to such initiatives, then those try- ering efforts as part of the humanitarian ing to collect disaggregated data may not response. Crises that are smaller or less be aware of it. visible tend to be under-reported, either Differentiating IDPs from the popula- because of their location or their nature. tion at large can also be difficult. In prin- There are few standards and Displacement associated with criminal ciple, it is possible to determine if IDPs violence in Central America is one such have achieved a durable solution by es- little guidance for collecting example. Less data is gathered, making tablishing whether or not they still have data on IDPs in the field it more difficult to analyse. vulnerabilities or face discrimination re- Producing a single national estimate lated to their displacement. Some vulner- Accounting for IDPs not living in col- usually involves aggregating displace- abilities, such as their access to identity lective centres, camps or camp-like set- ment from various regions in a country, documents and their ability to exercise tings is also a significant challenge, given new displacement situations within a re- their political rights, are relatively easy that humanitarian profile data tends not to gion or both. Combining various figures to assess. cover them. Those dispersed in urban ar- in this way, however, makes it impossible Others, however, such as their ability eas are particularly hard to identify, and all to determine how long a given individual to meet their basic necessities of life, are

78 Global Overview 2015 more complicated, particularly when their ed”, “people who have left their homes” needs are no longer different from those or even “migrants” and “refugees.” In the of the general population or others affect- Philippines, some IDPs were designated ed by a crisis. In order to make meaning- as “illegitimate” or “fake” in an effort to ful, empirically derived assessments, data deny them assistance and the right to is needed on both the displaced and the return. broader population, and profiling is one Even the humanitarian profile data way of obtaining it (see box on page 80). published by OCHA and UNHCR is the result of discussion and sometimes com- IDPs dispersed in urban promise between the UN and the government in question. A government may be a areas are particularly hard party to a conflict, meaning its forces in- to identify evitably cause displacement. The military will often notify humanitarian organisations about imminent operations for their Politics of displacement figures own security, and so they can prepare Displacement figures are often po- local populations and respond to those litically sensitive. The number of IDPs is who are forced to flee. widely used as a proxy for the scale of a crisis, and different stakeholders may try to use them to exaggerate or downplay a situation. Governments in particular may try to influence how a crisis is perceived by refusing to recognise IDPs as such, but rather as “beneficiaries”, “people affect-

Profiling internal displacement situations and their non-displaced neighbours. By looking at IDPs’ Profiling is a collaborative process of gathering and aspirations, plans and criteria for decision-making, it can analysing information on IDPs and others affected by dis- also inform a forward-looking response, even in volatile placement in order to advocate on their behalf, facilitate contexts. their protection and assistance and ultimately help them Collaboration: Profiling is more than the data it produces. achieve durable solutions. A profiling exercise provides a It is a sequence of interlinked steps beginning with consen- comprehensive picture of displacement, drawing on a wide sus building around the need for the exercise, and ending range of information from disaggregated demographics to with the validation of findings by the profilers and the target indicators about needs, capacities and coping mechanisms, populations themselves, and the dissemination of results. their degree of local integration and their potential plans for It aims to be a transparent and ethical process, actively return or settlement elsewhere. It entails: promoting the buy-in of local, national and international stakeholders. By bringing various partners together to Using mixed methods: Profiling uses a combination of work on a joint process, profiling helps to ensure that the quantitative and qualitative data collection methods at the data collected is broadly agreed upon and widely used. household, individual and community level to provide infor- It reduces the need for a series of parallel assessment mation disaggregated by location, sex, age and diversity. exercises, and helps to ensure that practitioners working Comparative analysis: Profiling aims to analyse the reali- in the same setting have a common understanding of it. ties of the different communities and population groups Capacity building: As a process that is locally owned and living in a particular area. Comparative analysis helps implemented, profiling also helps to increase local capacity policymakers and practitioners understand the similari- and strengthen collaborative working practices. ties between groups in order to identify synergies in their programming, and the differences, such as specific needs JIPS is an inter-agency body established in 2009 to sup- related to displacement, to inform targeted responses. port governments and the humanitarian and development In-depth understanding: IDPs, like all migrants, have skills, sectors in planning and implementing collaborative profiling experience and networks that can benefit their host fami- exercises. Its methodologies can be adapted to different lies and communities, and if tapped into can form the basis displacement contexts, but JIPS has developed specialised for durable solutions. As well as assessing vulnerabilities, expertise in profiling protracted and urban situations to in- profiling sheds light on such assets for IDPs, host families form planning and responses in pursuit of durable solutions.

Methodological challenges in data collection 79 Measuring flows

Comprehensive data on flows is necessary baijan. Despite the fact that protracted Challenges in estimating flows in order to track people beyond their initial displacement is becoming the norm, how- Very little data is collected on people displacement, as they return, integrate lo- ever, data on births and deaths was only who integrate locally or settle elsewhere. cally, settle elsewhere, cross an interna- available for 11 of our 60 country estimates The difficulties in distinguishingIDP s from tional border or die. Flows show the rate - Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the general population and in establish- at which IDPs move from one category to Burundi, CAR, Cyprus, DRC, Georgia, ing a credible pre-displacement baseline another, and as such indicate where at- Lebanon, Mali, Palestine and Yemen. from which to measure their conditions tention might be focused to facilitate the Returns are one of the few flows for are factors. The fact that governments achievement of durable solutions. They are which data is collected, often by govern- tend to prefer and encourage IDPs to re- also essential to understanding patterns ments which report the number of IDPs turn to their places of origin may also help of secondary and tertiary displacement. who have gone back to their places of to explain why so little data is gathered origin or habitual residence. Returns are on the other options for durable solutions. As displacement becomes the main factor in decreases in our cumu- Return, local integration and settle- lative estimates. We do not count people ment elsewhere involve more than just protracted, it is increasingly who have returned as IDPs, whether or geographical location. They are about necessary to account for not they have achieved a sustainable end whether people have overcome their vul- to their displacement as defined by the nerabilities linked to their displacement births and deaths eight criteria set out in the IASC frame- and are able to exercise their rights with- work for durable solutions. out discrimination. But at what point can In an emerging or ongoing crisis, the Nearly all refugees begin their flight vulnerability be said to have been over- flow of newly displaced people is often as IDPs. When they cross international come? Is it when IDPs have full access inferred from the number of IDPs or the borders, we and our partners subtract to all of their rights, when they have full difference between their stocks meas- them from the number of IDPs in their access to certain core rights, when a per- ured at two different points in time. New country of origin. UNHCR introduced a centage have access to all of their rights IDPs are those displaced between the population movement tracking system in or when most are able to exercise their onset of a crisis and the time at which Somalia in 2006 to measure new inter- rights within an given range, for example humanitarians began counting them. nal and cross-border displacements and as set out in IASC’s framework for durable As displacement becomes more pro- returns on a monthly basis. IDPs who be- solutions? tracted, it is increasingly necessary to ac- came refugees were accounted for in our count for births and deaths. We and our estimates for CAR, Iraq, Kosovo, Lebanon, We do not count people partners do this by using demographic Mali and Syria. who have returned as IDPs, data to calculate changes in the size of the displaced population over time, par- whether or not they have ticularly in situations that have remained achieved a sustainable end stable over many years, such as Azer- to their displacement

Innovative ways to estimate flows ments and censuses. It is, however, a good complement be- In 2011, the Kenyan NGO Ushahidi began monitoring dis- cause it relies on a different source and means of collecting placement in eastern DRC by drawing on local people, includ- data, and as more people have access to mobile phones, it ing IDPs, as a source of primary data. Its “crowd-sourcing” is likely to be become more widespread and useful. Draw- methodology encourages people to use their mobile phones ing on Ushahidi’s cache of crowd-sourced incident reports, and the internet to report incidents of displacement and relay the next phase of development may be to include models information about IDPs’ living conditions. Initially piloted in that anticipate future displacement based on the analysis of early 2008 to track displacement related to post-election events as they unfold. violence in Kenya, Ushahidi’s method of referencing incidents Another approach, known as Flowminder, is based solely geospatially and crowd-mapping has directed assistance on “anonymised” mobile phone call and text message re- quickly to the places where it is most needed. cords, regardless of their content. It has been able to track Crowd-sourced information gathering cannot be seen displacement by comparing people’s usual patterns of move- as a replacement for more comprehensive surveys, assessment with those during and after a crisis.

80 Global Overview 2015 The primary reason for the paucity of We sometimes receive credible in- situation is important to the contextual data, however, is the lack of a demand for formation from various sources, often analysis of the displacement figures we it. Once crises have been overcome to without meta-data, resulting in a range receive, indicating whether they are over or the point where IDPs are resettling and of likely displacement figures. This is par- understated and why that may be the case. integrating in significant numbers, hu- ticularly challenging given that we have Ideally, we would be able to produce manitarians begin to withdraw and cede only limited access to the field and to high-quality real-time estimates for dy- to their counterparts in the development figures that pre-date our existence. namic situations and unfolding crises, but sector. The collection of data on displace- there is usually a trade-off between pro- ment sometimes stops altogether once ducing real-time estimates and accurate humanitarian organisations leave, in part Other challenges information. Depending on their objec- because the emergency is deemed to be When a number of organisations col- tives and obligations, different stakehold- over, and in part because there is no real lect data, or figures are aggregated from ers are comfortable with varying degrees focus on understanding the longer term separate sector or cluster reports, the like- of uncertainty. dynamics of displacement. Unless the de- lihood of double counting increases. Pen- velopment sector takes a greater interest dular movements may also result in IDPs in IDPs, there is little reason to believe the being counted more than once, or not at data gap will be addressed. all, depending on how and when the data is collected. In displacement camps around The collection of data on Goma in eastern DRC, for example, large numbers of IDPs leave during the day to displacement sometimes work and find food. If counting takes place stops altogether once during these periods, clearly the figures humanitarian organisations will understate the scale of displacement. Some IDPs are displaced within very leave small geographical areas, those in the Gaza Strip being a case in point. In Syria The complexity of displacement dy- too, more than 210,000 people are esti- namics is an issue too. Many IDPs are mated to have been trapped in besieged frequently on the move, and may return to areas. They may not, however, be consist- their places of origin for short periods to ently included in data gathering by differ- check on their homes, property and other ent stakeholders because they are still in assets. Displaced farmers may undertake or very near their places of origin. such pendular movements to tend or harvest their crops, and pastoralists may Many of the situations we leave a displacement camp temporarily to find grazing for their livestock. Some dis- monitor are dynamic, so placed families may split up, intentionally figures risk misrepresenting or otherwise. Roma IDPs often undertake seasonal migration or live informally on what is really happening private or government land, where they face the risk of eviction and forcible re- In stable displacement situations, an- location. Lack of documentation such as nual nationally aggregated figures may ID cards and passports contributes to the be a reasonable reflection of the reality difficulty in tracking such movements. on the ground. Many of the situations we The sustainability of solutions is also monitor, however, are dynamic, meaning a factor. Too often the conditions for re- such figures risk misrepresenting what is turns, local integration or settlement else- really happening. In the Philippines, large where to be sustainable are not in place, displacements have occurred and been leading to further displacement (shown resolved in a matter of a few weeks. If we as counter-flows in figure 4.2). IfIDP s are were to collect and report on displace- poorly accounted for to begin with, track- ment solely on an annual basis without ing their secondary and tertiary displace- taking these flows into account it would ment is a greater challenge still. They may seem as if they had never taken place. be counted for the first time as “new IDPs” As shown in the diagrams of displace- during what is in fact their second or third ment dynamics in section two, many flight, adding to the difficulty in estimating inter-connected factors influence flows. the duration of displacement accurately. Understanding how they relate to a given

Methodological challenges in data collection 81 Country figures - - - - The figure is the number of IDPs profiled. It does not include all IDPs displaced by conflict in urban and semi-urban areas, nor those in inaccessible areas. Returns are not systematically monitored. The drop from 90,000 at the end of 2013 to 71,000 at the end of 2014 is the result of new available. being data The figure draws on a 2004 NRC survey carried out in coordination with the government. No more recent figures are available. Comments on estimated total number of IDPs Neither the figure for Sudan nor South Sudan includes IDPs from the Abyei area as its final status remains undetermined. No new displacements were registered in 2014, but 20,000 people still displaced as a result of the 2011 conflict. The figure is partially based on a government figure published at the end of 2014 by the State Committee for Refugees and IDPs. It includes children born to male and single or Karabakh, Nagorno 54,000 in and IDPs IDPs. excludes It female IDPs.widowed returned "The figure is based on information published in 2006 and 2009. No updated data is avail settle or local integration returns, displacement, monitor agencies able. international No ment elsewhere. ment The figure is the government figure from the Ministry for Human Rights and Refugees. It includes people with "displaced person" status, including children born to IDPs. It is based on the 2005 country-wide re-registration of IDPs. It excludes returned IDPs, some Roma IDPs and those who have had their property restituted. At leastAt 1,300 IDPs returned to their places of origin in 2014, bringing the overall figure down from 78,900, a 2011 figure determined by a profilingexercise conducted by the gov ernment, UN and NGOs. No displacements were reported in 2014. The government estimated that insecurity had displaced 40,000 people in the Far North, North and East regions of the country as of December 2014. Some IDPs are thought to have returned in 2014, while others sought refuge abroad. More than 172,000 new displacements were reported. IDPs living in the bush and with host fami lies, and those occupying other's homes tend to be invisible, meaning their number could be very different than estimated. – – – Returns in 2014 – – – 1,300 156,200 40,000 172,700 At least – 0 New displacement displacement New in 2014 0 – 0 – At least At least 805,400 71,000 8,400 20,000 568,900 431,000 100,400 77,600 40,000 438,500 At least Up to Up to Total numberTotal of IDPs as 2014 December of Up to At least At least Up to At least Up to - Armenia Country Azerbaijan Abyei Afghanistan Bangladesh Bosnia and and Bosnia Herzego vina Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Europe Region Europe Central Africa South Asia South Asia Europe Central Africa West Africa West Central Africa Central Central Africa – No information available

82 Global Overview 2015 - - - IOM monitors displacement jointly with other humanitarian partners, and in close collabora tion with the disaster risk management and food security sector and the regional disaster prevention and preparedness bureaus. IDPs who returned in 2014 are not included. The estimate is based on the number of people displaced since the civil war, as reported by UNFPA. It also includes people displaced from Petén and Polochic from 2011 to 2013, plus new displacement caused by criminal violence in 2014. New displacements are mass displacements reported in news media. According to the government and UN agencies, all IDPs based in camps had resettled or returned by March 2008, but the UN and other sources suggest that 10,000 may still be living with host families and communities. The figure combines government IDP registration figures from 2013-2014, including chil dren born to IDPs, plus an estimate of 10,000 IDPs in South Ossetia. The figureexcludes returned IDPs and those within Abkhazia. The estimate represents the number of IDPs registered by the government between 1985 and 2014. No figures were available from the civil society organisation CODHES at the time of writing. The estimate is inferred from the National Institute of Statistics permanent multi-purpose household survey. No new results were available for 2014. Comments on estimated total number of IDPs There has been no assessment of the number of IDPs since 2006, and the UN reported no change to the governement figures in its Diplaced Populations Report of October 2009. The estimate is the result of a profilingexercise conducted by the government and UNHCR in 2014, with technical support from JIPS. The exercise focused on areas in the west of the country and urban centres, and may have excluded some pockets of the population. The figure represents the number of people with"refugee status" living in the part of the island controlled by the Cypriot government. The figure includes 863,431IDPs in North Kivu, 609,566 in South Kivu, 551,374 in Katanga, 543,734 in Orientale and 188,480 in Maniema. Figures are approximate as access to infor mal settlements, host communities and the bush is difficult and movements are dynamic. The estimate is inferred from the annual survey conducted by the public opinion institute at the Universidad Centroamericana, which surveyed a sample representative of the national population. 123,500 600 – – – – Returns in 2014 – 5,000 0 561,100 – 137,100 1,400 137,200 5,500 1,003,400 288,900 – 0 At least – New displacement displacement New in 2014 – At least 0 At least Up to 397,200 10,000 232,700 248,500 29,400 6,044,200 7,800 300,900 212,400 2,756,600 288,900 Up to Up to At least At least Total numberTotal of IDPs as 2014 December of Up to At least Up to Up to Georgia Honduras Ethiopia Guatemala Country Congo Congo (Republic of) Colombia Côte d'Ivoire Cyprus DR CongoDR El Salvador El Eritrea Europe Latin America Eastern Africa and Zimbabwe Latin America Region Central Africa Latin America West Africa West Europe Central Africa Latin America Eastern Africa and Zimbabwe – No information available

83 - cause of deteriorating security. Figures may include people displaced a number of times, which could have led to double counting. The estimate does not include IDPs displaced by post-election violence in 2007 and 2008 who sought refuge with host communities, those forcibly evicted or those displaced by violence after January 2012. OCHA reported 220,200 new displacements in 2014 as a result of inter-communal clashes. This figure is based on UNHCR estimates as of December 2014. Comprehensive and precise data is hard to come International by. organisations left the country in July 2014 be The figure combines different data collection methods, sources and units of analysis. Comments on estimated total number of IDPs The figure is based on figures published by Amnesty International in 2012. The authorities continue to limit independent international access, making it difficult to confirm the current number of IDPs, or to assess the extent to which they have been able to achieve durable solutions. The figure is based dataon UNRWA’s for Palestinian refugees displaced from Nahr-el- Bared camp. It subtracts returns from the overall population displaced in 2007. Other instances of displacement in Lebanon are not included as they were temporary and data available is not reliable. The UNHCR estimate is for people still believed to be living in former displacement camps as of 2007. As most IDPs able to return had done so by 2011, the government considers resolved. displacement The figure is compiled from various sources, including media and NGO reports over the last 5 years, and only covers regions where data is available. There are no government or comprehensively. displacement monitor that agencies international The figure is based on aggregated sources from government, UN and INGOs and only covers selected regions where data is available. The figure does not cover displacement in Papua and West Papua provinces as no credible data is available. Dates of the sources range from 2009 to 2014. The figure is based on UN estimates and data published by IOM and national and local authorities. Given the volatile security situation, the fluidity of population movements and access restrictions, the actual number of IDPs is difficult to track and figures are often revised. – – 200 Returns in 2014 – 1,400 – – – – 220,200 340,600 345,000 800 2,176,800 At least At least 0 New displacement displacement New in 2014 0 0 0 At least At least At least 309,200 400,000 17,100 4,500 19,700 23,000 853,900 84,000 3,276,000 At least At least Total numberTotal of IDPs as 2014 December of Up to At least At least At least Kosovo Country Laos India Lebanon Lebanon Liberia Libya Indonesia Iraq Kenya Europe Region South-east Asia South Asia Middle East Africa West Middle East South-east Asia Middle East Eastern Africa and Zimbabwe – No information available

84 Global Overview 2015 - - - - The figure represents a compilation of assessments conducted using the displacement tracking matrix, reports from the National Emergency Management Agency and the National Commission for Refugees. It includes information on IDPs in 14 out of Nigeria's 36 states, but does not include people displaced before 2012. chistan are based on media sources and are only rough estimates. The government figure is based on assessments made in close collaboration with IOM us ing the displacement tracking matrix. The figure is approved by the population movements commission, which has been led by the government since November 2014. The figure for north-west Pakistan is based on registered IDP families as reported by UNHCR. IDMC uses an average family size of 5.2 to calculate the total. Numbers for Balo The figure represents those the government considers as IDPs as of July 2014. No more recent data is available. The figure is based on a UNHCR estimate and represents the number of people displaced by the civil war and still unable to return. No new data has been available since 2010. The figure does not include those displaced from the region Terai since 2007. There have never been any reliable estimates of the number of IDPs in Niger. The estimate covers people still displaced in Chiapas following the Zapatista uprising, people displaced by criminal and communal violence, and mass displacements in Sinaloa, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas and Veracruz, which were not accounted for in the 2013 figure. Data come from civil society and academic sources. No official figures exist. The figure is based on secondary information and surveys that use different methodologies and only reflect ad hoc occurrences of displacement. It does not reflect the full scale of displacement. No organisation or mechanism monitors the number of IDPs systematically. Comments on estimated total number of IDPs The figures for Kachin, northern Shan and Rakhine are based on CCCM cluster assess ments. The number for the south-east is based on the results of a November 2012 survey by the Border Consortium and has not significantly decreased since then. The figure is based on data collected in 2014 by various sources, including the govern ment, ICRC and Amnesty International. No government or international agencies monitor displacement comprehensively and the figure only covers selected regions where data is available. – 178,400 104,000 – – – 2,500 – Returns in 2014 6,200 – 975,300 19,200 907,000 9,000 118,200 6,200 1,200 0 At least – Up to 0 At least At least New displacement displacement New in 2014 At least At least 11,000 200 61,600 50,000 1,075,300 1,900,000 275,000 281,400 645,300 7,500 At least At least Up to At least At least At least At least Total numberTotal of IDPs as 2014 December of Up to At least Pakistan Palestine Mexico Mali Niger Nigeria Country Myanmar Papua New Guinea Macedonia Nepal South Asia Middle East Latin America West Africa West West Africa West Africa Region South-east Asia South-east Asia Europe South Asia – No information available

85 - - The figure is the number of IDPs in need as determined by an assessment conducted by the Serbian Commissioner for Refugees, the Statistical Office of Serbia and UNHCR with the support of the Joint IDP Profiling Service in 2011. The figure is based on a UNHCR compilation of government statistics from December 2012. Official reports indicate a decreasing number of IDPs, but no comprehensive durable solu tions assessment has been undertaken to date. The IDMC figure represents families evicted in 2011 from an abandoned police station in Dili, where they had settled after being displaced between 1999 and 2006. They have since moved to the Aitarak Laran site, where they remain at risk of eviction. Estimates are based on figures from UNHCR's protection and return monitoring network, which it operates with its partners, and triangulated and endorsed by the Somalia humani team. country tarian The figure for new IDPs in 2014 was 1,304,200, bringing the total figure to 1,498,200 since 15 December 2013. There is little information on whether people displaced before 2013 have found durable solutions, were displaced again or are still displaced. OCHA reported 3,100,000 as of 5 January 2015, including protracted and new displacement in Darfur, South Kordofan and Blue Nile. Only limited data on urban displacement as well available. was solutions durable on as Comments on estimated total number of IDPs This is the last figure provided by the government. There are still 45,000 families who have applied to be included on a victims' registry for IDPs, but whose applications have not yet processed. fully been The figure is based on data collected by the Mindanao protection cluster, led by UNHCR. It includes people in government-recognised camps and relocation sites, displaced by armed conflict, clan violence and crime in Mindanao in 2014. IDPs in host communities and those living in protracted displacement are only partially included. The figure combines various sources with different methodologies and definitions of an It excludesIDP. IDPs living outside the North Caucasus and the many who never obtained "forced migrant" status. There are no reliable estimates of the number of IDPs in Senegal. 0 – – 18,200 206,000 141,200 Returns in 2014 – 70,700 – – 89,000 1,304,200 557,500 123,800 0 At least 0 2,100 At least At least New displacement displacement New in 2014 0 At least – – 1,106,800 1,498,200 97,300 At least 900 90,000 3,100,000 150,000 77,700 25,400 24,000 Up to At least Total numberTotal of IDPs as 2014 December of At least At least At least Somalia Sudan South Sudan Lanka Sri Country Timor-Leste Peru Philippines Russian Russian Federation Senegal Serbia Eastern Africa and Zimbabwe Central Africa Central Africa South Asia Region South-east Asia Latin America South-east Asia Europe West Africa West Europe – No information available

86 Global Overview 2015 - - - Comments on estimated total number of IDPs The figure is based on OCHA information gathered from the Syrian authorities, other UN agencies and NGOs in opposition areas. Sources use different methodologies to estimate the number of IDPs. The figure relies on 2007 data, the last credible information available. There are no UN or government figures. There are no reliable estimates of the number of IDPs in Togo. The figure draws on a 2006 study by Haceteppe University in Ankara, commissioned by the government. It determined that between 954,000 and 1.2 million people had been forced to flee their homes between 1986 and 2005. No more recent figures are available. The figure is an estimate of the number of people displaced by urban development or for cibly exiled because of their political affiliation or ethnicity. It is a compilation of information from various sources. No more recent figures are available. The figure includes IDPs assisted by UNHCR, but not people who fled to urban areas or who live with host communities. The Uganda Human Rights Commission began an assess ment of remaining camps at the end of 2014, but its findings were not available at the time of writing. The figure is based on official IDP registration figures from Ukraine's State Emergency Service. It also includes some unregistered IDPs who have approached authorities and NGOs for assistance and an estimated 17,000 IDPs within Crimea reported by UNHCR. The figure represents the number of IDPs the government and UNHCR had registered as of December 2014. It does not include around 215,400 who returned to their areas of origin, as they are counted as returnees. GOs of the number of people forcibly relocated from nine villages in Sukhandaria province following government reports of armed incursions from Tajikistan by the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. No more recent figures are available. The figure, published in 2003, is an estimate by Human RightsWatch, IOM and other IN The figure only covers people displaced by violence associated with the 2008 elections, as reported in the 2009 Other CAP. anecdotal evidence puts the number much higher. Most IDPs have reportedly been able to return to their homes. Returns in 2014 – – – – – – 50,000 215,400 – – 1,100,000 646,500 100,000 New displacement displacement New in 2014 At least – 0 – 0 – At least 0 – 7,600,000 35,000 10,000 953,700 4,000 29,800 646,500 3,400 334,100 36,000 Total numberTotal of IDPs as 2014 December of At least Up to At least At least Up to At least At least Up to - Country Syria Syria Thailand Togo Turkey Turkmeni stan Uganda Ukraine Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Yemen Region Middle East South-east Asia West Africa West Europe Europe Eastern Africa and Zimbabwe Europe Europe Eastern Africa and Zimbabwe Middle East – No information available

87 NOTES

1. When the number of refugees who have fled the conflict in 18. HRW, World Report 2015, 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ Syria are taken into account, the number of people who have SZnj0W been displaced internally represent an even larger portion (more than 40 per cent) of Syria’s inhabitants. 19. UNHCR, Children on the Run: Unaccompanied Children Leaving Central America and Mexico and the Need for International Pro- 2. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Popula- tection, 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/87wiSm; CGRS, Niñez y tion Prospects: the 2012 Revision, June 2013, available at migración en Centro y Norte América: causas, políticas, prácticas http://goo.gl/UtalT2 y desafíos, February 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/OBLP32

3. IASC, Framework on durable solutions for internally displaced 20. Ibid persons, April 2010, available at: http://goo.gl/9du0xo 21. HRW, 2015, op. cit. 4. UARIV, January to December, 2014 22. Noticiasnet, Desplazados triquis, a la deriva; piden apoyo, 13 5. Rey F and Duval S, The humanitarian dimension in the after- October 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/ckZkxV; Chiapas math of a peace agreement: proposals for the international Paralelo, Denuncian indiferencia gubernamental ante la intoler- community in Colombia, 11 February 2015, available at: ht tp: // ancia religiosa en Chiapas, available at: http://goo.gl/ldrPxA goo.gl/hCM71l 23. HRW, 2015, op. cit. 6. Ibid 24. Ibid 7. Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, Los Derechos Humanos en Debate: Entre el cinismo oficial y la 25. OHCHR, Observaciones finales sobre el informe presentado por dignidad de los Pueblos, October 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo. México en virtud del artículo 29, párrafo 1, de la Convención, 13 gl/GaJcLr; SinEmbargo, Chiapas: Tierra de desplazados.. por February 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/oYNtR5 su propio gobierno, 4 February 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo. gl/Q8BzRO 26. Amnesty International, Mexico, 25 June 2013, available at: http://goo.gl/nsqjhe; El Universal, 102 periodistas muertos 8. Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública (Iudop), Encuesta del en el pais en 14 anos, 17 June 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo. país a finales del 2014. Series de Informes No. 137, 16 to 25 gl/3gmCKc November 2014 27. http://goo.gl/iDno00 , last visited 15 February 2015 9. Óscar Martínez, Ser nadie en tierra de narcos, Sala Negra, El Faro, 3 November 2011, available at: http://www.salanegra.elfaro.net/ 28. La Prensa Grafica,UNICEF pide fondos y peso político para e s /2 01110/c ro ni c a s /6 4 51/, last visited 17 January 2015. frenar ataques a niños, 7 May 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ yzIE1y 10. Prensa Libre, Continúa el desalojo en asentamiento Linda Vista, 31 July 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/TgrWW1; El Periódico, 29. CIDEHUM, Forced Displacement and Protection Needs Campesinos denuncian desalojo violento, 16 August 2014, produced by new forms of Violence and Criminality in Central available at: http://goo.gl/TBqoWQ America, May 2012, available at: http://goo.gl/IvFPck; David Cantor, 2014, Op Cit 11. Gema Santamaría, Drugs, Gangs and Vigilantes: How to tackle the new breeds of Mexico’s armed violence, Norwegian Peace- 30. HRW, 2015, op. cit. building Resource Centre, December 2014, available at: ht tp: // goo.gl/C41H2o 31. The Americas Barometer, Latin American Public Opinion Pro- ject, available at: http://goo.gl/HvNeCz, last visited 27 January 12. InSightCrime, Latin America Dominates List of World’s Most 2015 Violent Cities, 22 January 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ Ykn2Wc 32. CIA, The World Fact Book, available at: http://goo.gl/LejdF2, last visited 2 February 2015 13. Santamaría, 2014, op. cit.

33. Aaron Korthuis, op. cit. 14. Animal Político, “¿Qué ocurrió en Tlatlaya minuto a minuto, según la CNDH?” October 2014, available at ht tp: //goo.gl/ lbB3BK 34. CGRS, Niñez y migración en Centro y Norte América: causas, políticas, prácticas y desafíos, February 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/kcFlI9 15. Revista Proceso, La Huella de los Militares, 23 December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/CyvHlU 35. Ibid 16. InSightCrime, Fosas comunes en El Salvador ejercen presión sobre la tregua de pandillas, 11 December 2013, available at: 36. HRW 2015, Op Cit; Korthuis, Op Cit, p.17 http://goo.gl/CDCYau; La Prensa Grafica,IML alerta de más fosas clandestinas en el AMSS, 11 January 2014, available at: 37. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Análisis de fuentes de infor- http://goo.gl/lXRu7i mación existentes sobre migración y violencia en Honduras: Una perspectiva de desplazamiento forzado, 2013 17. Animal Politico, Documenta CNDH más de mil cadáveres en fosas clandestinas, 12 July 2011, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ 38. MAS.SV, Huyen por salbeques, 20 January 2015, available at: ka7hvw http://goo.gl/1BCtbf

88 Global Overview 2015 39. La Prensa Grafica,Familias huyen tras crimen de hermanos, 2 59. Land Restitution Unit, Informe trimestral de gestión, available at: November 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/xABWQA http://goo.gl/Qz9e4s

40. David Cantor, 2014, Op Cit 60. CODHES, Boletín de síntesis del conflicto armado y crisis humanitaria por desplazamiento forzado en zonas microfocali- 41. Brookings, Building Peace in the Midst of Conflict: Improving zadas para restitución de tierras y derechos territoriales, 2014, Security and Finding Durable Solutions to Displacement in Co- available at: http://goo.gl/JlO06G lombia, 16 September 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/qYlVxx 61. Amnesty International, A Land Title is not Enough: Ensuring 42. Reconciliacion Colombia, Los desplazados son más pobres que sustainable land restitution in Colombia, November 2014, avail- el resto de la población, 16 February 2015, available at: ht tp: // able at: http://goo.gl/uijCah goo.gl/eK5F38 62. Ibid 43. Amnesty International, A land title is not enough: Ensuring sustainable land restitution in Colombia, November 2014, available 63. According to Amnesty International, “paramilitaries, often at: http://goo.gl/oNW6KX working with others with a political and/or economic interest in the land being claimed, as well as drug trafficking gangs, 44. Ibid have been primarily responsible for threats against and killings of land claimants and land activists”. At least 30 human rights defenders were killed in the first half of 2014 and more that 45. Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral de las Víctimas, 100 threatened. Ibid Informe analítico sobre la medición de indicadores de goce efectivo de derecho de la población desplazada, January 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/ddXG3l 64. Integral Unit for Victims’ Attention and Reparation, Informe analítico sobre la medición de indicadores de goce efectivo de derecho de la población desplazada, no date, available at: 46. UNHCR, 2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Colombia, http://goo.gl/l3Z0Fq available at: http://goo.gl/2a7r1S, last accessed on 26 March 2015 65. UNHCR, 2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Colom- bia, 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/wZDac3; UNHCR et al, 47. Animal Politico, La Comisión de Atención a Víctimas y el Construyendo soluciones sostenibles, May 2013, available at: desplazamiento interno forzado, 1 December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/Dlu7LC http://goo.gl/ia7zga 66. Brookings, 2015, op.cit. 48. Gavin David White, Desplazamiento, descentralización y repar- ación tras el conflicto en Perú, 1 September 2009, available at: http://goo.gl/JAkLSj 67. OCHA, South Sudan Crisis – Situation Report No. 69, 8 Janu- ary 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/Xy5N3L 49. See: http://goo.gl/R8ZnBX, last visited 12 February 2015 68. OCHA, Sudan: West Darfur – New Displacement in 2014, 31 December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/SQF1xL; OCHA, 50. Movilidad Humana, Posicionamiento de la sociedad civil mes- Sudan: North Darfur – New Displacement in 2014, 31 Decem- oamericana ene el marco de la commemoracion de Cartagena ber 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/6sQnh5; OCHA, Sudan: +30, 2 July 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/Vb5TdF Central Darfur – New Displacement in 2014, 31 December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/JhSzPF; OCHA, Sudan: South 51. +30 Cartagena, Brazil Declaration, 3 December 2014, avail- Darfur – New Displacement in 2014, 31 December 2014, able at: http://goo.gl/8NDAfr available at: http://goo.gl/WAKKa6; OCHA, Sudan: East Darfur – New Displacement in 2014, 31 December 2014, available at: 52. The 2013 Constitutional ruling (award 119) that people dis- http://goo.gl/YOZPvy placed by BACRIM should be included in the victims’ registry prompted many IDPs to come forward. This, however, has had 69. Ibid the effect of reducing their visibility as they are now considered as “one of many victims’ groups”. Brookings, Changing 70. OCHA, RD Congo : 2014 en Revue, 23 January 2015, avail- Times: The International Response to Internal Displacement in able at: http://goo.gl/NUC3vu Colombia, 12 January 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/pz4i3c 71. Ibid 53. Maite de Muller, UNHCR TSI report indicates that 52 per cent of IDPs live in urban areas 72. The Fund for Peace, Fragile States Index 2014, 24 June 2014, available: http://goo.gl/HsccVY 54. From January to May 2014, 382 armed incidents occurred, compared with 907 over the same period in 2013. Fundación Paz y Reconciliación, La tercera tregua: una comparación del 73. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development cese unilateral de hostilidades de las FARC, 28 May 2014, Report 2014, 24 July 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/0gfs2Z available at: http://goo.gl/e1QQWq 74. South Sudan Protection Cluster, Protection Trends Analysis, 55. ACR, Reintegracion en Colombia, hechos & datos, September May 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/0gfs2Z; UN Security 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/TTdx6T Council, The International Commission of Inquiry on the Central African Republic – Final Report, 22 December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/L9Nrcb 56. Brookings, 2015, op. cit. 75. CAR Child Protection Sub-Cluster, Compte Rendu Réunion, 29 57. Brookings, Building Peace in the Midst of Conflict: Improving December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/DaLpi1 Security and Finding Durable Solutions to Displacement in Co- lombia, 16 September 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/qYlVxx 76. International Crisis Group, Sudan and South Sudan’s Merging Conflicts, 29 January 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/uXC0rT; 58. Brookings, Security Sector Reform and Ending Displacement: Small Arms Survey, A widening war around Sudan, 5 January Important, but Neglected, Connections, 17 September 2014, 2007, available at: http://goo.gl/OhLjLm available at: http://goo.gl/ox3lv6

89 77. UN Security Council, 2014, op. cit. 96. UNHCR, Operational Update, 22 December 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/12Hyke 78. IDMC, Increasing resilience of people affected by multiple displacement: innovation to inform new practice, 17 July 2014, 97. IOM, Internal Displacement Monitoring Reports January – De- available at: http://goo.gl/rIoQ5U cember 2014

79. UN Mission in South Sudan, UNMISS PoC Update No. 56, 2 98. OCHA, Eastern Africa: Regional Humanitarian Snapshot, 9 January 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/9ROGYr December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/gwO7xv

80. UNHCR, UNHCR seeking urgent relocation of besieged Peuhl 99. OCHA, Kenya: Inter-communal conflict by county (January - minority in Yaloke, Central African Republic, 23 December November 2014), 4 December 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/hJiz9e; South Sudan Food CMWRmC Security and Livelihoods Cluster, FSCL meeting, 17 December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/yoMLEB 100. OCHA, Kenya: Inter-communal conflict by district (January - December 2013), 30 January 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ 81. South Sudan Protection Cluster, Protection Trends Analysis, t5XOiv May 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/a3nGCV 101. IOM, Internal Displacement Monitoring Reports January – De- 82. Human Rights Watch, Central African Republic: Muslims cember 2014 Trapped in Enclaves, 22 December 2014, available at: ht tp: // goo.gl/K68xTW 102. OCHA, Somalia Humanitarian Bulletin, 17 October 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/SqRiXn 83. UN News Centre, DR Congo: UN refugee agency concerned at sudden closure of displaced persons camp, 5 December 2014, 103. UNHCR, Fact Sheet September 2014, 31 October 2014, avail- available at: http://goo.gl/mLRyB9 able at: http://goo.gl/mUBAeS

84. South Sudan Protection Cluster, op. cit. 104. Reuters, Waiting for another famine declaration in Somalia will be too late - U.N., 19 May 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ 85. UNHCR, December 2014, op. cit. aRjULz

86. UNHCR and Government of Burundi, Enregistrement 105. OHCHR, Solutions for Kenya’s displaced require urgent action d’intention des PDIs, July 2014 determined by reality – UN expert, 7 May 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/dSGzNM 87. UN Human Rights Council, Compilation prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with 106. OCHA, Cameroon: Population displacement due to violence paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolu- against civilians, 30 January 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo. tion 5/1 and paragraph 5 of the annex to Council resolution gl/8dCMQy 16/21, 6 August 2013, available at: http://goo.gl/avlATz 107. IOM/NEMA, Displacement Tracking Matrix, Round II report, 88. OCHA, Darfur: Mass Displacement Continues in 2014, 18 February 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/27Gbyz March 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/s2tmpZ; UN, South Sudan Humanitarian Response Plan 2015, 1 December 2014, 108. Ibid available at: http://goo.gl/VPwoX5 ; OCHA, CENTRAL AFRI- CAN REPUBLIC: Humanitarian Access Snapshot, 8 December 109. IOM/NEMA, The IDP situation in North-Eastern Nigeria (Ad- 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/ZTjMg0; UN, République amawa, Bauchi, Gombe, Taraba, Yobe) - Displacement Tracking Démocratique du Congo - Plan de réponse humanitaire 2015, Matrix (DTM), December 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ 12 December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/Lw9hGL Hx0scC 89. OCHA, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Humanitarian access 110 . OCHA, A call for humanitarian aid - Responding to the needs of Snapshot, 4 August 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/aWnMjo people affected by crises in the Sahel, 12 February 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/zc8bRI 90. Emma Fanning, Safeguarding distinction in the Central African Republic, September 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/CKT8VM 111. HRW, World Report 2015: Nigeria, 12 January 2015, available ; Stacey White, Now What? The international response to at: http://goo.gl/hPYJR4 internal displacement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/SeH3TH 112. HRW, Interview: Life After Escaping Boko Haram’s Clutches, October 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/sQPN59 91. Financial Tracking System OCHA, Strategic Response Plan(s): Democratic Republic of the Congo 2014 - Table D: Require- ments, funding and outstanding pledges per Cluster Report as 113 . UNHCR, Protection monitoring report, May 2014, available of 27-February-2015 (Appeal launched on 16-December-2013), at: http://goo.gl/rOPBvo ; OCHA, Mission report, September 27 February 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/sYnru9 2014; IDMC, New commitments signal hope for 300,000 still internally displaced, 26 February 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo. gl/26xHUj 92. OCHA, September 2014, op. cit. 114 . IDMC correspondance with the Direction Nationale du Dével- 93. Ibid oppement Social, February 2015 94. World Vision et al, Assessing the humanitarian response to 115 . ICG, Crisis Watch Database – Mali - 5 Jan 2015, 5 January chronic crisis in North Kivu, October 2014, available at: ht tp: // 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/ieXTKw goo.gl/66LGnD

116 . IDMC, In Need of Durable Solutions: the Revolving Door of 95. Ibid Internal Displacement in West Africa, March 2006, available at: http://goo.gl/sS3uEm

90 Global Overview 2015 117. Ibid; Global Witness, The usual suspects: Liberia’s Weapons 141. IDMC interview with Nigerian Red Cross Society, May 2013 and Mercenaries in Côte d’Ivoire and Sierra Leone, March 2003, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/9R flWI 142. Joint profiling report on file at IDMC, February 2015

118 . IOM/NEMA, February 2015, op. cit. 143. AU, List of countries which have signed/ratified the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally 119 . ICG, Curbing Violence in Nigeria, December 2012, available at: Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), January http://goo.gl/rHAE28 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/awUNrQ

120. IDMC: New commitments signal hope for 300,000 still inter- 144. UN General Assembly, 68th Session: Protection of and as- nally displaced, 26 February 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ sistance to internally displaced persons, July 2013, available at: ZREWWj http://goo.gl/33R4ns

121. Ibid 145. IDMC: Mali: Ongoing pursuit of durable solutions, May 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/a9WpC7 122. IDMC interview with HRW, October 2014 146. IDMC interview with Nigerian Commission For Refugees, 123. IDMC: Nigeria: multiple displacement crises overshadowed February 2015 by Boko Haram, December 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ HQKi2a 147. IDMC, Workshop report: Domesticating the Kampala Conven- tion: Law and Policy Making, October 2014, available at: ht tp: // 124. Ibid goo.gl/3s9eAE

125. ICIR, Grim tales of rape, child trafficking in displaced persons 148. Financial Tracking System, Sahel crisis 2014: Funding Status, camps, 29 January 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/jQKOJ8 26 December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/QYVwqb

126. IDMC interview with OCHA, October 2014 149. IDMC interview with UNHCR, October 2014

127. IOM/NEMA, The IDP situation in North-Eastern Nigeria 150. Government of Côte d’Ivoire, Remise du rapport final de la (Adamawa, Bauchi, Gombe, Taraba, Yobe) -Displacement CDVR, 15 December 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/o1MKt5 Tracking Matrix (DTM), December 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo. gl/#analytics/goo.gl/Ko3yQq/all_time 151. IDMC: Why long-term solutions for Malian IDPs hinge on more inclusive peace talks, August 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ 128. For more information, see IDMC: New commitments signal UtyVLz hope for 300,000 still internally displaced, 26 February 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/Y0f4oZ 152. UN General Assembly, Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced 129. Ibid People, Chaloka Beyani, Protection of and assistance to internally displaced persons: situation of internally displaced persons in the Syrian Arab Republic, July 2013, available at: ht tp: //goo. 130. For more information, see IDMC: Mali: Ongoing pursuit of dura- gl/cjzlOF ble solutions, May 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/emezEj 153. IDMC, Palestine country overview, 27 October 2014, avail- 131. IDMC interview with OCHA, October 2014 able at: http://goo.gl/NZ4ggK; Al Jazeera, Millions of Iraqis displaced by ISIL, 12 January 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ 132. Watchlist, Who will care for us?, 4 September 2014, available C2Bwst at: ht tp: //goo.gl/14b1lG 154. UNSC, Security Council Press Statement on Persecution of 133. Ibid Minorities in Mosul, Iraq, 12 July 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo. gl/TtzZnp; IASC, Humanitarian Crisis in Iraq - Gender Alert, 134. UNICEF/ Handicap International, Les impacts psychosociaux September 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/Wf3PX2 de la crise du Nord Mali sur la population de la région de Tom- bouctou, March 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/aUTJsf 155. SNAP, Regional Analysis of the Syria Conflict, December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/W9edyt; IOM DTM, Displacement 135. Education cluster, Situation Report - June 27 - July 11, July Continues across Iraq, January 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo. 2012, available at: http://goo.gl/V536W8 gl/KCi0FH

136. Global education cluster, Apercu Janvier 2015, January 2015, 156. UNHRC, Oral Update of the Independent International Com- available at: http://goo.gl/UdWwKr mission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 16 June 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/mHN4X2 137. Watchlist, September 2014, op. cit. 157. HRW, Iraq: ISIS, Militias Feed Cycle of Abuses, 2 February 138. ACHPR, Press Release on the Ratification of the African Union 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/JVPW5p Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), 21 January 158. UNWRA, UNRWA condemns placement of rockets, for a 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/Em7zLp second time, in one of its schools, 22 July 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/XV3PqG; UNSC, UN envoy urges parties to break 139. Correspondence between IDMC and Direction Nationale du ‘deadlock of violence and retaliation’, 18 August 2014, available Développement Social - DTM, February 2015 at: http://goo.gl/5GjyAz

140. IDMC: New commitments signal hope for 300,000 still inter- 159. Oxfam, Crisis in Gaza, July 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ nally displaced, 26 February 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ yh1VsZ twcwSo

91 160. OHCHR, Oral Update of the Independent International Com- 179. Ministry of Finance and Treasury of Bosnia and Herzegovina mission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 16 June 2014, and UN Country Team, 2013, op. cit. available at: http://goo.gl/7ul4Or; HRW, Syria: Barrage of Bar- rel Bombs, 30 July 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ WOV9re 180. Government of Ukraine, State Emergency Services, On the temporary accommodation of citizens of Ukraine who are tem- 161. ECHO, Syria Crisis, 6 March 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ porarily displaced from the occupied territory and ATO region, Uzz6D7 25 December 2014

162. UNWRA, The crisis in Yarmouk Camp, 26 - 28 December 181. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against 2014, 28 December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/ioDgeU; Women, Concluding observations on the combined fourth and SNAP, Regional Analysis of the Syria Conflict, December 2014, fifth reports of Georgia (CEDAW/C/GEO/CO/4-5) 24 July available at: http://goo.gl/IPLcVw 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/iMgOzq

163. IRIN,Yemen IDPs mull return to Amran after ceasefire, 31 July 182. Human Rights Watch, Ukraine: Rebel Forces Detain, Torture 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/sGnI3A Civilians, 28 August 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/CI2MSR

164. MSNA, Syria Multi-sectoral Needs Assessment, October 2014, 183. ZN.UA, National Bank orders to disable ATMs in occupied Don- available at: http://goo.gl/FkrBje bas, 26 November 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/R7EGSJ; UNIAN, Kyiv suspends payment of pensions in militant-held 165. UNICEF, Situation Analysis of Children in Yemen 2014, June Donbas, 1 December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/KaESRI 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/z5ujwn 184. OSCE, Situation Assessment Report on Roma in Ukraine and 166. UNCT, Internally displaced children in Iraq are at high risk of the Impact of the Current Crisis, 29 September 2014, available Polio and Measles outbreak, 2 December 2014, available at: at: http://goo.gl/vdL1M5 ; Unrepresented Nations and Peoples http://goo.gl/XXhUCa Organisation, Discrimination, Disappearances and Exile of Leaders – The Desperate Situation of the Crimean Tatars since Russia’s Illegal Annexation of Crimea, 9 December 2014, avail- 167. IRIN, Libya health care on life support, 2 September 2014, able at: http://goo.gl/Pc8Wqk available at: http://goo.gl/UwF48l; IFRC, Libyan Red Crescent Society continues aid operations as fighting intensifies, 11 November 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/Jr8icV 185. NRC, Privately Accommodated IDPs in Georgia, 2013; Refu- gee Survey Quarterly, The Multiple Geographies of Internal Displacement: Georgia, 4 December 2014, available at: ht tp: // 168. IASC, Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced goo.gl/D2CEyt ; UNHCR, Situation Analysis of IDPs in West Persons, April 2010, available at: http://goo.gl/iCgAE3 Georgia, April 2014

169. UN General Assembly, Human Rights Council, Report of the 186. UNHCR, IDP Monitoring Report for Imereti Region, 2014; NRC, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the A New Life: An Evaluation of the Norwegian Refugee Council Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, 13 January 2014, Self-Help Private Accommodation Rehabilitation Model, 2011, available at: http://goo.gl/XpQ5ha available at: http://goo.gl/sG58B8

170. ESCWA, The National Agenda for the Future of Syria, 2012, 187. Council of Europe, Committee on Migration, Refugees and available at: http://goo.gl/KYqZQV; USAID, Syria - Complex Displaced Persons, Alternatives to Europe’s substandard IDP Emergency factsheet, 12 April 2013, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ and refugee collective centres, 5 May 2014, available at: ht tp: // aoIgW4 goo.gl/q1yvou

171. Haaretz, Red Cross stops providing emergency tents to Pales- 188. Ibid tinians in Jordan Valley, 6 February 2014, available at: ht tp: // goo.gl/0rEi6q 189. Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Resolution CM/ ResCMN(2014)13 on the implementation of the Framework 172. UN, Security Council Unanimously Adopts Resolution 2139 Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in Kosovo, (2013), 22 February 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/sHaxbe 26 November 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/JR0OFL

173. IRIN, Selective treatment for IDPs in Kurdistan, 16 July 2014, 190. UNHCR, Participatory Assessment on Human Security: Human available at: http://goo.gl/HUKABi Security in Shida Kartli, Imereti and Racha Villages, along the Dividing Line with South Ossetia, February 2014 174. UNSMIL/OHCHR, Overview of Violations of International Hu- man Rights and Humanitarian Law during the Ongoing Violence 191. NRC, 2013, op. cit.; IDMC, Azerbaijan: After more than 20 in Libya, 4 September 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/e474Qz years, IDPs still urgently need policies to support full integration, 26 March 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/PibsMB 175. OCHA, Financial Tracking Service - Yemen, 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/AzTnBa 192. European Commission, Turkey Progress Report, October 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/z6YYiz 176. WFP, Funding Shortfall Forces WFP To Announce Cutbacks To Syrian Food Assistance Operation, 18 September 2014, avail- 193. Immovable Property Commission, Monthly Bulletin, 31 Decem- able at: http://goo.gl/KBuP1N ber 2014

177. Gaza Shelter Cluster in NRC, The Rebuilding of Gaza will take 194. Email correspondence with Civic Assistance, 23 February 20 years, 11 September 2014, available at: http://www.nrc. 2014; Government of Turkey, Ministry of the Interior, General no/?did=9183563 Directorate of Provincial Administration, see: ht tp: //goo.gl/ ZGWeQt (Turkish) 178. Ministry of Finance and Treasury of Bosnia and Herzegovina and UN Country Team, Progress Towards the Realisation of Mil- 195. Council of Europe, Advisory Committee on the Framework lennium Development Goals in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2013, Convention of the Protection of National Minorities, Third available at: http://goo.gl/tJwthZ Opinion on Bosnia and Herzegovina, 7 April 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/1KhJqv ; Ministry of Finance and Treasury of

92 Global Overview 2015 Bosnia and Herzegovina and United Nations Country Team, op 212. IDMC, Bangladesh IDP figures analysis, January 2015, avail- cit, 2013, available at: http://goo.gl/tJwthZ able at: http://goo.gl/yCycg7; IDMC, Bangladesh: comprehensive response required to complex displacement crisis, 19 196. UN General Assembly, Human Rights Council, Report of the January 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/cUoOMg Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, Chaloka Beyani: Follow-up mission to Serbia, includ- 213. IDMC uses a family size of 5.2 to calculate the number of ing Kosovo (A/HRC/26/33/Add.2), 5 June 2014, available at: individual IDPs in Pakistan’s KP and FATA ht tp: //goo.gl/A Z0pT0 214. The Internally Displaced Person (IDP) Vulnerability Assess- 197. Housing Centre, Support to the Closure of Collective Centres ment and Profiling (IVAP) project carries out profiling of IDPs Through Improving the Living Conditions of Refugees, internally in FATA and KP. See the project’s website at https://www.ivap. Displaced Persons and Returnees (IPA 2012), no date; UN org.pk/ General Assembly, Human Rights Council, op cit 215. UNHCR, KP and FATA IDP statistics, 31 December 2014 198. Blic, Jablanović: Preko 2000 raseljenih za povratak na KiM, 16 December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/JKVCAa 216. UNHCR, Afghanistan: Monthly IDP update, 1-31 October 2014, 31 October 2014, available at: ht t p: //g o o . gl /11s N rY 199. OSCE, Protection Checklist: Addressing Displacement and Protection of Displaced Populations and Affected Communities 217. IDMC, Submission to 112th session of the UN Human Rights along the Conflict Cycle: a Collaborative Approach, 18 Febru- Committee for October 2014 Sri Lanka review, 12 September ary 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/y6Hdtl 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/Z70arW; IDMC, Sri Lanka IDP figures analysis, February 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ 200. Government of Georgia, Law of Georgia on Internally Displaced vydBTK Persons – Persecuted from the Occupied Territories of Georgia, 1 March 2014 available at: http://goo.gl/0aJfBy 218. UNAMA, Afghanistan: Annual report 2014: Protection of civilians in armed conflict, February 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo. 201. Republic of Kosovo, Strategy for Communities and Return gl/Fv4UJn 2014-2018, December 2013; Republic of Kosovo, Ombudsper- son Institution, Annual Report 2013, 31 March 2014 available 219. IDMC, Bangladesh: comprehensive response required to com- at: http://goo.gl/1Eecwn ; Council of Europe, Committee on plex displacement crisis, 19 January 2015, available at: ht tp: // Migration, Refugees and Displaced Persons, op cit goo.gl/qtXIaS

202. IDMC e-mail correspondence with the Ministry of Human 220. Ibid Rights and Refugees, 30 June 2014 221. Adivasi refers to long-term residents of India’s north-eastern 203. UNDP, Progress Towards the Realisation of Millennium Devel- states who belong to the Santhal, Oaron, Munda, Kharia, opment Goals: Bosnia and Herzergovina 2013, 2013, available Shawra, Bhumij, Bhil and Ho ethnic groups, which have their at: http://goo.gl/tuOnDB origins in central India. IDMC, “This is our land”: Ethnic violence and internal displacement in north-east India, November 2011, 204. OSCE, Property and Return, no date, http://www.oscebih.org/ available at: http://goo.gl/HwjrG6 Default.aspx?id=54&lang=EN 222. ACHR, Assam: The largest conflict induced IDPs of the world in 205. BalkansInsight, Parents Demand Children’s Memorial in Bos- 2014 reel under a massive humanitarian crisis, 2 January 2015, nia’s Prijedor, 30 May 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/DoAG15 available at: http://goo.gl/RgMjB7

206. Human Rights Watch, ICTY: A Tribunal’s Legal Stumble, 3 July 223. AFP/Reuters, Troops deployed as tribal rampage leaves 32 2013, available at: http://goo.gl/jRo3Rt dead in northeastern India, 4 May 2014, available at: ht tp: // goo.gl/E81Ssj; Al-Jazeera, Army called in after deadly India 207. Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees and Ministry of Jus- violence, 21 August 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/V6xuBC; tice, Transitional Justice Strategy for Bosnia and Herzegovina Reuters, India-Pakistan clashes escalate into a humanitarian 2012-2016, March 2013, available at: http://goo.gl/jy0WaJ tragedy, 10 October 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/iC6lMI; BBC, Kashmir: Civilians flee as border fighting continues, 6 January 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/ARSwBk 208. OSCE, Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina held in competi- tive environment, but inter-ethnic divide and mistrust remain key factors, international observers say, 13 October 2014, 224. UNHCR, Afghanistan: Monthly IDP update, 1-31 December available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ WB8YdC 2014, 31 December 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/nRH2OZ

209. IDMC, Pakistan IDP figures analysis, available at: ht tp: //goo. 225. IDMC and NRC, Still at risk: Security of tenure and the forced gl/c2X5Yr; IDMC, Internal Displacement: Global Overview of eviction of IDPs and refugee returnees in urban Afghanistan, Trends and Developments in 2009, May 2010, p.82, available February 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/kzzg5u; OCHA, at: http://goo.gl/l1AWHf Afghanistan 2015 Humanitarian Needs Overview, 26 November 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/4JHKaQ; Samuel Hall, Urban Poverty Report, November 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ 210. UNHCR, Afghanistan: Monthly IDP update, 1-31 December Ah3l58 2014, 31 December 2014, p.5, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ nRH2OZ. It is important to note that these estimations resulting from assessments and profiling only cover areas acces- 226. Express Tribune, At least 4 killed, 11 injured in Peshawar sible to humanitarian actors. In addition, the estimated number suicide blast, 11 May 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/3RD7ix; of people displaced in 2014 may slightly increase in the first OCHA, Pakistan: Humanitarian Snapshot - Internal Displace- months of 2015, as the assessments and profiling still capture ment North Waziristan, 23 June 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo. some displacement which happened during 2014. gl/YmSbGA; The News, Eight killed, 12 injured in Hangu IDPs camp blast, 29 September 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ yVs01O 211. IDMC, India IDP figures analysis, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ PKtlgJ 227. Daily Star, 21 Adivasi families become homeless, 14 July 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/MJczG0; Al-Jazeera, Clashes at

93 Bangladesh refugee camp kill nine, 14 June 2014, available at: UNDP, Draft country programme document for Afghanistan http://goo.gl/CI4Lp5; New Age, 10 dead in arson attack on (2015-2019), DP/DCP/AFG/3, 4 June 2014, available at: Mirpur Bihari camp, 15 June 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ http://goo.gl/LnhH7c V888LP; Redclift, Life, death and land, 22 July 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/dx1NRm; Daily Star, Motive to grab camp’s 245. UNGA, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights land, 19 June 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/08VLFi of internally displaced persons, Chaloka Beyani: Mission to Sri Lanka, 5 June 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/rUOE3l; UN 228. Samuel Hall, Urban Poverty Report, November 2014, available and Government of Sri Lanka, 2013-2017 UN Development at: http://goo.gl/IykPm8 Assistance Framework (UNDAF), 4 October 2012, available at: http://goo.gl/yI1yTR 229. New Age, Biharis kept waiting for passports, 17 June 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/nncpP6 246. IDMC, Sri Lanka IDP figures analysis, available at: ht tp: //goo. gl/W0I5f6; IDMC, Almost five years of peace but tens of thou- 230. IDMC, Sri Lanka IDP figures analysis, February 2015, available sands of war-displaced still without solution, 4 February 2014, at: http://goo.gl/ZOxkD8 available at: http://goo.gl/BlmtNh

231. IDMC, As humanitarian space shrinks, IDP policy must be im- 247. Ibid plemented, 19 June 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/BQmEiP 248. IDMC, Sri Lanka: Continuing humanitarian concerns and 232. Guardian, Afghans live in peril among unexploded Nato bombs obstacles to durable solutions for recent and longer-term IDPs, that litter countryside, 29 January 2015, available at: ht tp: // 10 November 2009, available at: http://goo.gl/mo0rWH; goo.gl/oEe3KN; MACCA, Macca strongly condemns attack on UNGA, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of deminers in Helmand province, 14 December 2014, available internally displaced persons, 5 June 2014, available at: ht tp: // at: http://goo.gl/egBXBd; MACCA, A year of loss and tragedy goo.gl/aFHh7f for the mine action programme of Afghanistan, 20 January 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/5nVOiN 249. IDMC, Sri Lanka: Continuing humanitarian concerns and obstacles to durable solutions for recent and longer-term IDPs, 10 233. OCHA, Pakistan: Humanitarian Bulletin Issue 27: 19 May-19 November 2009, available at: http://goo.gl/rFMqId June 2014, June 2014,available at: http://goo.gl/Lehquv 250. According to government statistics as compiled by UNHCR, 234. PRCS, PRCS IDPs NWA Operation Situation Report no.13 18- there were just over 93,000 IDPs in the country as of De- 08-14, 18 August 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/pkG1LD cember 2012. The Ministry of Resettlement indicated a total number of just over 26,000 at the end of 2014. 235. OCHA, Pakistan: Humanitarian Bulletin Issue 31: October- December 2014, 16 December 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo. 251. IDMC, Almost five years of peace but tens of thousands of war- gl/4Pn1WH displaced still without solution, 4 February 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/7GEUQ1; IDMC, Submission to 112th session of the UN Human Rights Committee for October 2014 Sri Lanka 236. IDMC, Submission to 112th session of the UN Human Rights review, 12 September 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/K5tSDK Committee for October 2014 Sri Lanka review, 12 September 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/LIzGjR 252. CPA, Legal and Policy Implications of Recent Land Acquisitions, Evictions and Related Issues in Sri Lanka, 17 November 2014, 237. Samuel Hall, Urban Poverty Report, November 2014, available available at: http://goo.gl/JhNeG0; CPA, Forced evictions in at: ht tp: //goo.gl/16Z WPA Colombo: The ugly price of beautification, 9 April 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/Evlf8t 238. NRC, Strengthening displaced women’s housing, land and property rights in Afghanistan, 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo. 253. Ibid gl/9fWFOi 254. Groundviews, Will there be “Maithree” and “Yahapalanaya” for 239. Samuel Hall, November 2014, op. cit.; IDMC, As humanitarian Navy occupied Mullikulam?, 22 January 2015, available at: space shrinks, IDP policy must be implemented,19 June 2014, http://goo.gl/bbzTng; Groundviews, Revisiting Sampur: How available at: http://goo.gl/NbHA3N; IDMC, Bangladesh: com- Long Will it Take to Return Home?, 28 January 2015, available prehensive response required to complex displacement crisis, at: http://goo.gl/IFcH5m 19 January 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/M4AYp5 255. IDMC, Submission to 112th session of the UN Human Rights 240. IDMC, Submission to 112th session of the UN Human Rights Committee for October 2014 Sri Lanka review, 12 September Committee for October 2014 Sri Lanka review, 12 September 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/K5tSDK 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/zjZlWw; IDMC, Almost five years of peace but tens of thousands of war-displaced still without solution, 4 February 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ 256. Fokus, Shadow Report to the UN Human Rights Committee, 10 tKF5iq September 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/qW28o4; OHCHR, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Sri Lanka, 27 October 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/NxBG31 241. Financial Tracking Service, Afghanistan 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/PcK0m7 257. UNGA, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, Chaloka Beyani: Mission to Sri 242. Samuel Hall, Mine action in Afghanistan: A success story in Lanka, 5 June 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/oeDzr4 danger, 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/fdYYNZ 258. ICG, The Forever War?: Military Control in Sri Lanka’s North, 25 243. UNHCR/Protection cluster, Protection cluster detailed assess- March 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/3Ao5Xj; CPA, Forced ment - areas of return and areas of displacement, KP FATA, evictions in Colombo: The ugly price of beautification, 9 April Pakistan, 31 May 2014, pp.19-20, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/Q8kVhr LNN2f4 259. IDMC, Almost five years of peace but tens of thousands of war- 244. GHA, Afghanistan beyond 2014: Aid and the Transformation displaced still without solution, 4 February 2014, ht tp: //goo.gl/ Decade, November 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/DE6dUR; Rgykjc

94 Global Overview 2015 260. Shelter-NFI-CCCM cluster, Rakhine Cluster Analysis Report, 283. IDMC, Myanmar: comprehensive solutions needed for recent 1 November 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/uat2Ig; Shelter- and long-term IDPs alike, 1 July 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo. NFI-CCCM cluster, Kachin and Northern Shan Cluster Analysis gl/zie3KA Report, 1 January 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/uv3QX3 284. OCHA, 2014 Strategic Response Plan Myanmar (December 261. Mindanao protection cluster, 15 January 2015 2013), 31 December 2013, available at: http://goo.gl/pzzDb8

262. Mindanao protection cluster, 14 March 2014 285. Brookings, Strengthening regional and national capacity for disaster risk management: the case of ASEAN, November 2014, 263. OCHA, Myanmar Humanitarian Bulletin, Issue 4, 30 April 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/nAnMS6 available at: http://goo.gl/Mmb31s 286. Rappler, ASEAN leaders forge action points for PDDs, 18 Octo- 264. Karen Rivers Watch, Afraid to go home: Recent violent conflict ber 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/8zLscG and human rights abuses in Karen State, 7 November 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/TjA79J 287. Mindanao protection cluster, 2014 Annual Mindanao Displace- ment Dashboard, 11 February 2015, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ 265. ETAN, West Papua Report, February 2014, available at: ht tp: // whwPAB goo.gl/eDAH4P 288. Office of Civil Defence, Zamboanga Post-Conflict Needs -As 266. Jakarta Globe, NTT clash kills one, displaces hundreds, 18 sessment, 2 December 2013 August 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/3QV TG4 289. IDMC interviews in Zamboanga, January 2015 267. Tempo, Police deploys hundreds to conflict-torn Lembata, 18 August 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/ZyIst7 290. OCHA, Zamboanga Humanitarian Snapshot, 30 January 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/mGkz0r; UNHCR, Home-based IDP 268. Women’s League of Burma, Same Impunity, Same Pattern: profiling, Final analysis December 2014 Report of Systematic Sexual Violence in Burma’s Ethnic Areas, January 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/jlWzpI 291. OCHA, Philippines: Humanitarian bulletin, Issue 30, 30 Novem- ber 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/bgrvWM 269. The Irrawaddy, Burma Army Detains 14 Kachin IDPs, NGO Says, 5 May 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/WEZs2k 292. OCHA, Philippines. Zamboanga Durable Solutions Strategy 2014, 17 October 2014 270. Rural Missionaries of the Philippines, On development and war, 18 January 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/73mTo0 293. UNHCR, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) Profiling, Initial Results and Analysis, June 2014 271. RFA, UN Envoy Slams ‘Deplorable’ Conditions in Myanmar Camps, 28 July 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/B8w4Jv 294. Mindanews, Half of refugees in sports complex not Zambo siege ‘bakwits’, 21 June 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/O2UybK 272. OCHA, Zamboanga Humanitarian Snapshot, 30 January 2015, available at: http://goo.gl/uTkV7B 295. UNHCR, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) Profiling, Initial Results and Analysis, June 2014 273. OCHA, Humanitarian Bulletin Philippines, Issue 29, 1 Novem- ber 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/qmA5UZ 296. IDMC, Briefing paper on flood-displaced women in Sindh Prov- ince, Pakistan, 1 June 2011, available at: http://goo.gl/BjguXm; 274. PNG Loop, Shortage of food at Bulolo Care Center, 27 Decem- IDMC, Yemen: resolving displacement essential for long-term ber 2013, available at: http://goo.gl/gR1YIL peace and stability, 18 September 2014, available at: ht tp: // goo.gl/qLLpVn 275. IDMC interviews with IDPs in Bulolo, Papua New Guinea, October 2014 297. UNHCR, TRACKS, War sex and survival, November 2014. available at: http://goo.gl/VKhLVm 276. UNHCR, Home-based IDP profiling, Final analysis December 2014, 7 February 2015 298. IDMC, Almost five years of peace but tens of thousands of war- displaced still without solution, 4 February 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/6QwKfb 277. IDMC, Myanmar: comprehensive solutions needed for recent and long-term IDPs alike, 1 July 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo. gl/fWmFfu 299. NISA, Summary of Findings of the Research on Discovering Futures: Raising IDP Voices on GBV and Helping Find Durable Solutions to the 2013 Zamboanga Siege, IDMC durable solu- 278. UNHCR, Zamboanga: Continued displacement, June 2014, tions workshop, Zamboanga, October 2014 available at: http://goo.gl/UkSnbH 300. IDMC durable solutions workshop in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire, 2-3 279. The Jakarta Post, The forgotten crisis of former East Timorese July 2014 refugees, 4 September 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/zpcNf8 301. UNGA, Report of the independent expert on the situation of 280. Jakarta Post, Eastern Indonesia gives input on rights on land human rights in Mali, 10 January 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo. and housing, 16 January 2014, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ gl/fiY4Oa nOnjO5 302. NRC, Life can change: Securing housing, land and property 281. Jakarta Post, Govt keeping an eye out for potential social con- rights for displaced women, 7 March 2014, available at: ht tp: // flicts, 10 March 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/EUs6EJ goo.gl/f6kdH8

282. Philippine Congress, Proposed Internal Displacement Act of 303. NRC, Realities from the ground, women’s housing, land and 2014 approved on 2nd Reading, 14 August 2014, available at: property rights in the Gaza Strip, 2013, available at: ht tp: //goo. http://goo.gl/AmnlJ6 gl/36ZfHG

95 304. NRC, Violence against women and housing, land and property in Monrovia, 2014, available at: http://goo.gl/lmqrjk

305. NRC, Life can change: Securing housing, land and property rights for displaced women, 7 March 2014, available at: ht tp: // goo.gl/f6kdH8

306. Brookings Institution, Ten Years After Humanitarian Reform: How Have IDPs Fared?, 2 January 2015, available at: ht tp: // goo.gl/La9EnQ

307. RSC et al, Permanent Crises? Unlocking the protracted displacement of refugees and internally displaced persons, October 2011, available at: http://goo.gl/d2hDLj

308. Cernea M, Impoverishment Risks, Risk Management, and Reconstruction: A Model of PopulationDisplacement and Reset- tlement, no date, available at: http://goo.gl/xU3KZ0

309. AU, African Union Convention for the Protection and As- sistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), 6 December 2012, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ EZm392

310. UNHCR, Satellite photos show spectacular urban growth west of Mogadishu, 1 October 2010, available at: ht tp: //goo.gl/ PFXUzV

96 Global Overview 2015 About IDMC

The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) is the leading source of information and analysis on internal displacement. For the millions of people worldwide displaced within their own country, IDMC plays a unique role as a global monitor and evidence-based advocate to influence policy and action by governments, UN agencies, donors, international organisations and NGOs.

IDMC was established in 1998 at the request of the Interagency Standing Committee on humanitarian assistance. Since then, IDMC’s unique global function has been recognised and reiterated in annual UN General Assembly resolutions.

IDMC is part of the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), an independent, non- governmental humanitarian organisation.