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El Frente Polisario: La Historia De Un Movimiento De Liberación Nacional Vivo Polisario Front: the History of a National Liberation Movement Alive

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El Frente Polisario: La Historia De Un Movimiento De Liberación Nacional Vivo Polisario Front: the History of a National Liberation Movement Alive View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Revistas UPO (Universidad Pablo de Olivade) EL FRENTE POLISARIO: LA HISTORIA DE UN MOVIMIENTO DE LIBERACIÓN NACIONAL VIVO POLISARIO FRONT: THE HISTORY OF A NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENT ALIVE Juan Carlos Gómez Justo Recibido: noviembre de 2013 Laboratorio de Ideas y Prácticas Políticas Aceptado: diciembre de 2013 Universidad Pablo de Olavide [[email protected]] Palabras clave: Frente POLISARIO, Sahara Occidental, Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, Estatutos, Co- lonización. Keywords: POLISARIO Front, Western Sahara, National Liberation Movement, Statutes, Colonization. Resumen: El texto aborda cómo la lucha de un pueblo toma forma de Movimiento de Liberación Nacional empoderándose ante la comunidad internacional, legitimando su discurso anticolonial y tomando corpus de República. El Frente POLISARIO encumbra un proceso que continúa li- derando la vindicación saharaui como movimiento social de base. Espa- ña colonizó el Sáhara desde final del siglo XIX hasta febrero de 1976, momento en el que abandonó el territorio, previo acuerdo de invasión por parte del Reino de Marruecos, que continua ocupando militarmente el territorio en la actualidad, 38 años después. Aunque desde primer momento la ONU tomó cartas en el asunto, este conflicto no ha servido sino para deslegitimar a una organización que se ha mostrado incapaz de conducirlo hacia lo que la legalidad internacional determina: el Referén- dum de Autodeterminación del pueblo saharaui. Abstract: The study addresses how the struggle of a people take shape of the National Liberation Movement to empowering in front of the interna- tional community, legitimizing their anticolonial discourse and taking Re- public corpus. The POLISARIO Front elevates a process that continues to lead the Saharawi vindication as social movement base. Spain colonized the Sahara since the end of the nineteenth century until February 1976 when left the territory, previously they has agreed an agreement for the Sahara invasion by the Kingdom of Morocco which continues occupying militarily the territory 38 years later. Although from de beginning of the conflict the UN took up the issue, has only served to discredit an orga- nization that has been unable to lead them to what determines interna- tional law: the referendum on self-determination of the Saharawi people. REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE PENSAMIENTO POLÍTICO - I ÉPOCA - VOL. 8 - 2013 - [261-280] - ISSN 1885-589X 261 Dónde vas a ir, sin saber a dónde –Aunque no lo sé, déjame solo ir me iré con el viento y no importa no dejar huellas me iré de nube a nube aunque no llueve me iré con las estrellas aunque no brillan me iré descalzo y no solo por ir las guerras, las indiferencias, el hambre el odio que se esconde en las venas, las amenazas y las venganzas que calculan las espaldas yo soy nómada, nací en la arena bajo el sol como los animales soy libre como el viento, como las caravanas que rompen las inmensidades, soy libre, hijo de la tierra y de su grandeza tengo muchos hermanos que quiero conocer que quiero abrazar y sobre todo los que luchan por la libertad Luali y Saleh Abdalahe Introducción A lo largo del primer semestre del 2013 propuesta de los Estados Unidos a favor vivimos una serie de acontecimientos de una observancia de los Derechos Hu- que trajeron de vuelta a los telediarios y manos a través de la Misión de Naciones periódicos nacionales e internacionales Unidas para el Referéndum del Sáhara la cuestión saharaui1. El rechazo de la Occidental MINURSO, única misión que no contempla la protección de los Dere- 1. Véase Escobar “Varios heridos en las pro- chos Humanos, desencadenó una ola de testas continuas en el Sáhara Occidental”. El- manifestaciones. En respuesta el gobier- Plural.com, 28 de abril del 2013. http://www. no marroquí ejerció una fuerte represión elplural.com/2013/04/28/varios-heridos-en- las-protestas-continuas-en-el-sahara-occi- que dio la vuelta al mundo gracias a las dental/; Ruiz Miguel “La MINURSO debe imágenes tomadas a través de decenas supervisar los derechos humanos en el Sahara de móviles de particulares saharauis y Occidental”. Western Sahara Human Rights marroquíes.2 Watch. 20 de abril del 2013. http://www.wshrw. org/la-minurso-debe-supervisar-los-derechos- srasd.info/es/content/26-legisladores-de-argenti- humanos-en-el-sahara-occidental/ y “Derechos na-llaman-la-supervisi%C3%B3n-de-los-ddhh- humanos en el Sahara Occidental: ¿mintió en-el-s%C3%A1hara-occidental Margallo al Congreso de los Diputados?”, 2. Ya desde el 2010 volvía a hablarse de esta ne- Desde el Atlántico. 21 de abril del 2013. http:// cesidad que, como vemos en la prensa interna- blogs.periodistadigital.com/desdeelatlantico. cional, tomó relevancia a principio del año 2013: php/2013/04/21/derechos-humanos-en-el-sa- Cembrero “La ONU aspira a supervisar los de- hara-occidental; SPS. “26 legisladores de Ar- rechos humanos en el Sáhara”. El País. 3 de fe- gentina llaman a la supervisión de los DDHH brero del 2010. Cembrero “40 heridos en enfren- en el Sahara Occidental”. Sahara Press Service tamientos entre policías e independentistas en el RASD. 23 de abril del 2013. http://www.sp- Sáhara”. El País, 28 de abril del 2013; Reuters/ REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE PENSAMIENTO POLÍTICO - I ÉPOCA - VOL. 8 - 2013 - [261-280] - ISSN 1885-589X 262 Diversos informes demostraron violacio- objeto de una injusticia histórica que llega nes de derechos humanos como práctica a nuestros días y cómo han sabido sobre- habitual de las fuerzas de seguridad ma- ponerse e imponerse a las circunstancias rroquíes3 y diferentes resoluciones de la desarrollando un Estado en condiciones ONU4 ratificaban el derecho a decidir de adversas, la República Árabe Saharaui los saharauis. Sin embargo este derecho Democrática, y afirmando políticamen- no termina de ver la luz tras 38 años de te un sentimiento de pueblo que es, sin resistencia y más de 20 años de espera duda, el alma, el arma y la victoria en sí en un alto al fuego que desgasta la pa- misma de los y las saharauis concretizado ciencia de cientos de miles de saharauis. en el Frente POLISARIO. Por ello es necesario re-abordar esta si- tuación y hacer un repaso histórico-jurí- 1. El nacimiento de un dico del por qué los y las saharauis son Movimiento de Liberación EP. “Activistas saharauis y policías marroquíes ante el colonialismo español: se enfrentan en El Aaiún”, Europa Press. 29 de abril de 2013. http://www.europapress.es/inter- El Frente POLISARIO nacional/noticia-activistas-saharauis-policias- marroquies-enfrentan-aaiun-20130429233045. 1.1. Antecedentes históricos del html; De Vega “Los disturbios se multiplican Frente POLISARIO en El Aaiún tras la renovación del mandato de la ONU”. ABC, 30 de abril del 2013. http:// www.abc.es/internacional/20130430/abci-sa- El Frente de Popular de Liberación de hara-disturbios-201304291940.html; Cembre- Saguia el Hamra y Río de Oro, el Frente ro “Rabat, París y Moscú logran que EE.UU. POLISARIO, es el máximo representante renuncie a su iniciativa sobre el Sáhara”. El del pueblo saharaui ante el mundo y ante País. 23 de abril del 2013. http://internacional. Marruecos. Para entender cómo se pro- elpais.com/internacional/2013/04/23/actuali- duce el nacimiento del Frente Polisario dad/1366743484_241939.html; González “Mar- el 10 de mayo de 1973 debemos remon- gallo da por frustrada la iniciativa de EE.UU. sobre el Sahara”. El País. 22 de abril del 2013. tarnos años atrás cuando comenzaron a http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2013/04/22/ gestarse las insumisiones políticas por actualidad/1366622434_719683.html; Salvatie- parte de los y las saharauis respecto a las rra “Obama se acuerda del Sahara”. ABC, 20 de autoridades españolas. abril del 2013. Originariamente, y hasta la colonización 3. Informe de la Comisión de la Unión Africa- na (AUC en inglés): http://www.peaceau.org/ española, el pueblo saharaui estaba or- en/article/1st-progress-report-of-the-chairper- ganizado en tribus nómadas y se expan- son-of-the-commission-on-the-situation-in- día sobre un vasto territorio de 240.000 western-sahara y de Amnistía Internacional: kilómetros cuadrados que no entendía de “Informe 2013 Amnistía Internacional. El Es- fronteras. Cierto es que desde hacía algo tado de los Derechos Humanos en el Mundo”, más de un siglo algunos grupos de esas a partir de la página 224 “Marruecos y el Sá- tribus comenzaron a instalarse en torno a hara Occidental”, véase fragmento en https:// dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/85378224/AI%20 los asentamientos militares del ejército es- 2013%20SO.pdf pañol. Las relaciones entre la España colo- 4. Acrónimo de Organización de las Naciones nizadora y los saharauis colonizados de la Unidas, UN en inglés. zona fueron dando lugar a la emergencia REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE PENSAMIENTO POLÍTICO - I ÉPOCA - VOL. 8 - 2013 - [261-280] - ISSN 1885-589X 263 de ciudades con ambas poblaciones. Esta consecuencias reales de mucho alcance; aparente forma de “inclusión” del pueblo entendida desde este punto de vista, no se saharaui nunca pretendió equiparar a la trata de encontrar si la nación realmente población saharaui con la población colo- existe, cuantificada mediante criterios obje- na española, como reiteradamente vemos tivos, sino que se trata de saber cómo se en el acto colonizador. Por tanto, no sin crea o cómo se concibe con la fuerza de la muchas dificultades, no será hasta la dé- palabra. Entender la nación como una cons- cada de los años 60 que la todavía actual trucción discursiva definida por un grupo de Potencia Administradora del Sáhara Oc- élite, a partir de diferentes criterios y propie- cidental5, España, comienza a plantearse dades, parece resultar muy fructífero.
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