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Kuzey Afrika'da Bir Bağimsizlik Mücadelesi Analizi

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Kuzey Afrika'da Bir Bağimsizlik Mücadelesi Analizi Yayın Geliş Tarihi: 17.01.2019 Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Yayına Kabul Tarihi: 26.03.2019 Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Online Yayın Tarihi: 19.12.2019 Cilt: 21, Sayı: 4, Yıl: 2019, Sayfa: 1321-1353 http://dx.doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.514255 ISSN: 1302-3284 E-ISSN: 1308-0911 Araştırma Makalesi KUZEY AFRİKA’DA BİR BAĞIMSIZLIK MÜCADELESİ ANALİZİ: POLİSARİO CEPHESİ VE SAHRA ARAP DEMOKRATİK CUMHURİYETİ (SADC) Cantürk CANER * Betül ŞENGÜL** Öz Bugün Afrika Kıtasının son sömürge coğrafyası olarak bilinen Batı Sahra sorunu yüzyılı aşkın bir süredir dünya kamuoyundaki yerini sessizce korumaktadır. Yaklaşık iki yüzyıl boyunca İspanyollar, ardından da Fas hükümeti tarafından ilhak edilmek istenen bölge, halen dünyanın çözülememiş jeopolitik sorunlarından birisidir. Batı Sahra’nın bağımsızlığı Polisario Cephesi liderliğinde yetmişli yıllardan bu yana örgütlü olarak yürütülmektedir. BM tarafından kendisini idare edemeyen topraklar olarak tanımlanmasına karşın; de facto biçimde onlarca devlet tarafından tanınan ve Afrika Birliği’nin tam üyesi olan Sahra Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (SADC), Polisario Cephesinin başarısını gösteren en somut aşamadır. Polisario Cephesi’nin yürüttüğü bağımsızlık mücadelesi esasen 20. yüzyılda örneğine az rastlanan bir mücadele biçimidir. Ülkemiz gündeminde tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte Batı Sahra’da yaşanan gelişmeler, uluslararası ilişkiler yazını bakımından göz ardı edilmemesi gereken bir konudur. İşte bu çalışma Batı Sahra’da yaşanan bağımsızlık sorununu tarihsel açıdan ele almakta ve Polisario Cephesi’nin ulus devlet kurma yolundaki çabalarını siyasal, yapısal ve hukuksal çerçevelerde, tarihi boyutlarıyla ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Batı Sahra, Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi, Polisario Cephesi, Sahra Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti, Anayasa. Bu makale için önerilen kaynak gösterimi (APA 6. Sürüm): Caner, C. & Şengül, B. (2019). Kuzey Afrika’da bir bağımsızlık mücadelesi analizi: Polisario Cephesi ve Sahra Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (SADC). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21 (4), 1321-1353. * Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, ORCID: 0000-0002-4991-102X, [email protected] ** Uzman, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, ORCID: 0000-0001-6188-1217, [email protected] 1321 Caner, C., Şengül, B. DEÜ SBE Dergisi, Cilt: 21, Sayı: 4 ANALYSIS OF AN INDEPENDENCE STRUGGLE IN NORTH AFRICA: POLISARIO FRONT AND SAHRAWI ARAB DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (SADR) Abstract The problems of the Western Sahara known as the latest colony of Africant continent still keeps its significance in world public opinion silently. The region which was annexed by the Spanish and Morocco during the approximately two centuries is still one of the unsolved geopolitical questions of the world. The independence of the Western Sahara has been initiated under the leadership of the Front Polisario as an organized manner since the 70s. Despite the fact that Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic defined as non-self- governing territory by the United Nations (UN), it was recognized by many states and became the full member of the African Union as a concrete success of the Front Polisario. As a matter of fact, the struggle of the Front Polisario for the sake of the independence is a kind of unique way in 20th century. The developments in Western Sahara cannot be ignorable matter for the literature of the international relations. In this context, this study elaborates the matter of independence in the Western Sahara historically and aims to explain the nation-building strategies of the Front Polisario with its historical, political, structural and legal dimensions. Keywords: Western Sahara, Independence, Polisario Front, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Constitutions GİRİŞ Afrika Kıtası’nın kuzey batısında, Atlas Okyanusu ile Sahra Çölü arasında yer alan Batı Sahra, 266.000 km2’lik bir alanla dünyanın bilinen en eski coğrafyalarından birisidir. Bölgenin toplamda sahip olduğu 2049 km sınırın 41 km'si Cezayir, 1564 km'si Moritanya ve 444 km'si Fas ile çevrilidir. Ayrıca Atlas Okyanusu ile 1110 km'lik sahil şeridi bulunmaktadır (CIA). Kıyı kesiminden iç kesimlerine kadar ortalama 400 metreye kadar yükselen bölge, Büyük Sahra Çöl ikliminin etkisi altındadır. 1963 yılında BM tarafından “kendisini idare edemeyen topraklar (non-self governing territories)” olarak kabul edilen Batı Sahra, aynı zamanda Kıta’da halen mevcut tek sömürge yönetimi olarak tanımlanmaktadır (UN, Non-Self-Governing Territories, 2017). Ancak bu tanımlama bölgenin alışılageldiği gibi Avrupalı bir devletin değil, komşusu Fas’ın sömürgesi olarak kabul edilmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır (UN, General Assembly 44th Plenary Meeting, 1990). Buna mukabil Fas hükümeti bu tanımı ret etmekte, Batı Sahra’yı kendi tarihi ve siyasi sınırlarının doğal bir parçası olarak görmektedir. Demografik olarak Batı Sahra’nın nüfusu, 2017 yılı için 603.253 olarak tahmin edilmektedir (CIA). Buna mukabil nüfus kesin olarak da belirlenebilmiş değildir. Bunun nedeniyse, yıllardır süren bağımsızlık mücadelesinin sebep olduğu sonuçlar ve halkın neredeyse tamamının kırsal bölgelerde dağınık halde 1322 Kuzey Afrika’da Bir… DEU Journal of GSSS, Vol: 21, Issue: 4 yaşamasıdır. Ülkenin en kalabalık kenti ise aynı zamanda başkent olarak tanımlanan ve 266.000 nüfuslu Laayoune’dur. Etnik açıdan Batı Sahra’da yaşayanlar Sahrâvî1 olarak adlandırılırlar. Sahrâvî kimliğini oluşturan gruplar ise Senhâce aşiret ittifakı adı verilen Lemtûne, Godola ve Massufa adlı Berberi kabileleridir. Çağdaş kaynaklara göre bölgenin yerel halkı olan bu yerleşimciler antropolojik açıdan Afrikalı olmayıp, Ibero- Moritanya ırk grubuna dâhil edilmektedir (Besenyö, 2009:37). Etnik farklılığından başka, tarihsel geçmişi, din ve kültürel yapısı gibi pek çok parametre açsından da Batı Sahra’nın tarihin en eski dönemlerinden beri bilindiği ve Kuzey Afrika, Akdeniz ve Ortadoğu medeniyet havzalarına ait olduğu kabul edilir. Sosyo-kültürel açıdan günümüz Sahrâvî toplumu kendisini Müslüman ve Arap kimliğiyle tanımlamaktadır. İslamiyet’in VII. yüzyıldan itibaren kalıcı ve temel bir din oluşu bölgenin dil ve kültürel yapısını da derinden etkilemiştir. Etnik ve kültürel farklılıklar bu özelliklerini korumakla beraber esasta Ortadoğu ve Arap coğrafyasının etkileri yoğun olarak hissedilmektedir. Nitekim bölgenin tek baskın dili olan Arapça; standart, Hassaniyye ve Fas lehçeleriyle birlikte kullanılmaktadır (Dunmire, 2009:8). Kadim tarihi ve beşeri zenginliklerine karşın Batı Sahra, dünyanın siyasal anlamda çözüme en uzak bölgelerinden birisi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Gerek Batılı sömürgecilerin, gerekse de komşu ülkelerinin bölge üzerindeki egemenlik iddiaları yüzlerce yıldır devam eden Batı Sahra sorununun temelini oluşturmaktadır. Zira Batı Sahra günümüz İslam dünyasının en batısında yer alan ve aynı zamanda en stratejik noktalarından birisidir. Günümüzde artık bir Batı işgalinden söz etmek mümkün değilse de sömürgeci zihniyetin bölgeye yerleştirmiş olduğu etnik ayrılıkçılık ve siyasi çözümsüzlük varlığını halen hissettirmektedir. Nitekim günümüzde Fas ve Cezayir’in nüfuz mücadelesi arasına sıkışan Batı Sahra toprakları, halen nihai ve kalıcı bir barışın özlemini yaşamaktadır. Son elli yıldır özellikle Batı Sahra coğrafyasında görülen sorunların temelinde Sahrâvî toplumunun bağımsız ve egemen bir devlet olarak dünya uluslar ailesinde yerini alma isteği yatmaktadır. Her ne kadar Fas bölgeyi kendi tarihi ve jeopolitiğinin bir parçası olduğunu iddia etse de, Polisario Cephesi önderliğinde sürdürülen ve oldukça da kanlı geçen bağımsızlık mücadelesi, türlü zorluğa rağmen gözle görülür bir noktaya ulaşmıştır. Cephenin başlattığı siyasi bağımsızlık hareketi BM tarafından resmen olmasa bile, uygulamada pek çok ülke tarafından tanınan ve adına da Sahra Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (SADC) denilen örgütlü bir siyasi otoriteye dönüşmeyi başarmıştır. Anayasal bir düzene, kurumsallaşmış erkler ayrılığına dayalı modern bir devlet görüntüsü veren SADC, bu özelliğiyle 20. yüzyılda yürütülen bağımsızlık hareketleri içinde özgün bir örnek olduğunu da ispatlamaktadır. İşte bu çalışma Batı Sahra’da yürütülen bağımsızlık hareketlerini tarihsel süreci içinde ele almayı ve günümüzde ulaştığı noktayı ve aktörlerini çeşitli 1 Türkçe adıyla Sahralı. 1323 Caner, C., Şengül, B. DEÜ SBE Dergisi, Cilt: 21, Sayı: 4 açılardan ortaya koymak amacını taşımaktadır. Çalışma içinde Batı Sahra sorununun ortaya çıkışı ve tarihsel geçmişi, Polisario Cephesi’nin kuruluşu ve ideolojisi ile bir ulus devlet olarak SADC’nin anayasal sistemi ayrı başlıklar altında ele alınmıştır. BATI SAHRA SORUNUN ORTAYA ÇIKIŞI VE GELİŞİMİ Jeopolitik açıdan Batı Sahra ile Fas birbirini tamamlayan bir bütündür. Bu bakımdan Fas ve Batı Sahra’nın kaderi neredeyse birleşmiştir. İlk yerleşimlerin M.Ö. 5000’e kadar indiği bölge Afrikalı ve Sahrâvî toplulukları tarafından kurulmuştur. Bölgenin M.Ö. 3000’lerden itibaren çölleşmeye başlamasıyla nüfusu azalmış ve homojen bir etnisiteye bürünmüştür. Bölgede ilk uygarlık izlerine ise Fenikeliler ile birlikte rastlanır. Fenikelilerden sonra sırasıyla Kartacalılar ve Romalılar bölgede hüküm sürmüşlerdir. M.S. III.yüzyıla ait Roma kaynaklarında bölgede yaşayan yerli halklar Gaetulian Autololes ya da Gaetulian Daradae olarak tanımlanmaktadır (Besenyö, 2009:38). Daha sonra Bizans egemenliğine geçen Batı Sahra VIII. yüzyıldan itibaren Müslümanlaşmıştır. Batı’nın bölgeye olan ilgisi 15. yüzyılın başlarına rastlar. Kanarya Adaları’nda ilk ticaret limanlarını
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