Conflict Resolution in Western Sahara
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War and Insurgency in the Western Sahara
Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues relat- ed to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrategic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and, • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of Defense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip reports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army participation in national security policy formulation. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press WAR AND INSURGENCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARA Geoffrey Jensen May 2013 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. -
Does Cyclical Explanation Provide Insight to Protracted Conflicts in Africa?
Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter) Vol. 3, No. 11, 2015 DOES CYCLICAL EXPLANATION PROVIDE INSIGHT TO PROTRACTED CONFLICTS IN AFRICA? David Oladimeji Alao, Ph.D Department of Political Science and Public Administration Veronica Adeleke School of Social Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State +2348035572279. [email protected] Ngozi Nwogwugwu, PhD Department of Political Science and Public Administration Veronica Adeleke School of Social Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State. [email protected] ABSTRACT Africa accounted for greater percentage of violent conflict globally since the end of the cold war. There had been resurgence of violent conflict in many nations after what had been presumed to be peaceful resolution of such conflicts. Among the countries that have had recurring violent conflicts are Mali, Central African Republic, Egypt among others. This had resulted in formulation of many theories, largely revolving around causative and redemptive measures. The resurgence of deep rooted and protracted conflicts informed the paper which examined the cyclical model of conflicts in Africa. The cyclical model points government and practitioners to the defects of the haphazard conflict resolution measures which show lack of political will to combine causative and redemptive measures in ensuring peaceful resolution of conflicts. INTRODUCTION The joy and expectations of nations in Africa becoming independent was short-lived as conflicts and crises of multidimensional nature dotted the whole map turning citizens to refugees within and outside their nations. According to DFID (2001) report, 10 of the twenty four nations of the World engulfed in direct violence or outright war between 1980 and 1994 were located in Africa. -
Opmaak Both/Definitief 02-08-2000 15:13 Pagina 1
* From Indifference to 19-12-2003 17:26 Pagina 1 NORBERT BOTH NORBERT NORBERT BOTH Fr om Indifference to Entrapment to om Indifference The Yugoslav crisis represents a formidable foreign policy challenge to many Western and Islamic government bureaucracies. From Indifference to Entrapment deals with the question of how the Netherlands faced up to this challenge during the years 1990-1995. It was during this period that the crisis erupted into armed conflict and the single worst war crime in Europe since the end of World War II took place in the ‘safe area’ of Srebrenica. The role of the Netherlands is particularly interesting, as the country held the EC/EU Presidency during the recognition debate in 1991 and supplied the peacekeeping presence in Srebrenica. The questions addressed in this book include: Did early warning work? What role did the Dutch Presidency (July-December 1991) play in the recognition debate? What motiv- ated the Dutch opposition to the Vance-Owen Peace Plan? Why did the Netherlands become From Indifference entrapped, as symbolised through its isolated peacekeeping commitment to Srebrenica? Finally, what can this story tell us about the ability of small and medium powers to in- fluence international affairs? This study is based on interviews with key players, including former Cabinet Minis- ters, and on documents from the Netherlands Ministry to Entrapment of Foreign Affairs, made available under the Dutch ‘freedom of information act’. ISBN 90-5356-453-5 Dr. Norbert Both, formerly a research assistant The Netherlands for David Owen, now works at the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. -
Gender Mainstreaming in State-Building: a Case Study of Saharawi Refugees and Their Foreign Representatives Sonia Rossetti University of Wollongong
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2011 Gender mainstreaming in state-building: a case study of Saharawi refugees and their foreign representatives Sonia Rossetti University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Rossetti, Sonia, Gender mainstreaming in state-building: a case study of Saharawi refugees and their foreign representatives, Master of Arts (Research) thesis, School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, 2011. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3295 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. Erratum by author Page 61 Senia Bachir Abderahman is not the former president of the Saharawi Women Union, but a Saharawi student at the Mount Holyoke College in Norway. Gender mainstreaming in state-building: a case study of Saharawi refugees and their foreign representatives A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts (Research) from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by Sonia Rossetti (Dott.ssa Giurisprudenza, University of Bologna Graduate Certificate in Australian Migration Law and Practice, ANU) Faculty of Arts School of History and Politics 2011 Table of Contents Table of Contents iii List of Figures vi List of Tables vi Acronyms vii Glossary vii Abstract ix Acknowledgements xiii Chapter One: Introduction to the case study and methodology 1 1.1 Outlining the approach -
Security Council Report
SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Monthly APR 2008 28 March 2008 This report is available online and can beFORECAST viewed together with Update Reports on developments during the month at www.securitycouncilreport.org CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE Status Update since our March Forecast ..2 OVERVIEW FOR APRIL Cooperation with Regional Organisations/Conflict Prevention ....3 In April South Africa will have the Presidency PSC took place in 2007 in Addis Ababa.) Small Arms ..............................................3 of the Council. The combination of a large Debates are also under discussion on: Somalia .................................................... 4 number of scheduled items for consideration Sudan/Darfur ...........................................7 n Small Arms; and ongoing unresolved issues seems likely Ethiopia/Eritrea .......................................9 n Georgia (to renew the mandate of to make April an extremely busy month. Chad/Central African Republic ............11 UNOMIG); Côte d’Ivoire ..........................................2 An important open thematic debate is n Western Sahara (to renew the mandate Kosovo ...................................................4 scheduled for 17 April, at a high level. It will of MINURSO); Georgia ..................................................5 Haiti ........................................................7 combine two key thematic issues on the n Sudan (to renew the mandate of UNMIS); Iraq .........................................................9 Council agenda: and Lebanon .................................................2 -
Mr. Sidi Omar (Frente Polisario) (Western Sahara)
\ \ \ United Nations Nations Unies HEADQUARTERS . SIEGE NEW YORK, NY 10017 TELl 1 (212) 963.1234 . FAX: 1 (212) 963.4879 Distr. RESTRICTED PRSI2018/CRR12 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH THIRD INTERNATIONAL DECADE FOR THE ERADICATION OF COLONIALISM Pacific regional seminar on the implementation of the Third International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism: towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in the Non-Self-Governing Territories: social, economic and environmental challenges Saiÿ George's, Grenada to 11 May 2018 STATEMENT BY MR. SIDI MOHAMED OMAR (FRENTE POLISARIO (WESTERN SAHARA)) Statement of the Frente POLISARIO (Western Sahara) Sidi Mohamed Omar C-24 2018 Pacific Regional Seminar St. George's, Grenada, 9-11 May 2018 Mr Chair, Thank you for giving me the opportunity to address this Special Committee on behalf of the Frente POLISARIO; the legitimate representative of the people of the Non-Self- Governing Territory of Western Sahara. Our delegation would also like to thank the Government and people of Grenada for their warm hospitality and support for this seminar. The theme of the seminar dealing with the challenges facing Non-Self-Governing Territories in achieving the SDGs is particularly relevant to the case of Western Sahara especially as regards the plunder of the resources of the Territory by the occupying power, Morocco, and its social, economic, political and environmental consequences on our people, which all deserve to be broughtto the attention of this Special Committee. Before expanding on this issue, I would like to underline some fundamental facts regarding the Non-Self-Governing Territory of Western Sahara, and to brief you on the latest development concerning this last decolonisation case in Africa. -
Report on the Kingdom of Morocco's Violations Of
REPORT ON THE KINGDOM OF MOROCCO’S VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 1 OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS IN THE PARTS OF WESTERN SAHARA UNDER MOROCCAN OCCUPATION On the occasion of Morocco’s fourth periodic report on the implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights To the attention of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Submitted by Western Sahara Resource Watch to the Committee on 18 August 2015 Contact: Sara Eyckmans, International Coordinator, Western Sahara Resource Watch, [email protected] www.wsrw.org 1 Executive Summary 2015 marks forty years since the invasion and occupation of what has come to be regarded as Africa’s last colony, Western Sahara. A significant number of well-established human rights obligations apply in the three quarters of the territory that is under Moroccan occupation. International law contains clear prescriptions for the protection, political independence and advancement of the Saharawi people, who were the original inhabitants of Western Sahara, then Spanish Sahara, until they were abandoned by Spain in 1975. Foremost is the right of self-determination of non-self-governing peoples. The norms prescribed by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have been consistently violated in occupied Western Sahara. This submission for the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has been prepared by Western Sahara Resource Watch, an international non-governmental organization, based in Brussels. It is intended to highlight the significant failure of Morocco as the occupying power or State with responsibility for the territory of Western Sahara and the Saharawi people to ensure even the most basic compliance with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. -
Yearbook Peace Processes.Pdf
School for a Culture of Peace 2010 Yearbook of Peace Processes Vicenç Fisas Icaria editorial 1 Publication: Icaria editorial / Escola de Cultura de Pau, UAB Printing: Romanyà Valls, SA Design: Lucas J. Wainer ISBN: Legal registry: This yearbook was written by Vicenç Fisas, Director of the UAB’s School for a Culture of Peace, in conjunction with several members of the School’s research team, including Patricia García, Josep María Royo, Núria Tomás, Jordi Urgell, Ana Villellas and María Villellas. Vicenç Fisas also holds the UNESCO Chair in Peace and Human Rights at the UAB. He holds a doctorate in Peace Studies from the University of Bradford, won the National Human Rights Award in 1988, and is the author of over thirty books on conflicts, disarmament and research into peace. Some of the works published are "Procesos de paz y negociación en conflictos armados” (“Peace Processes and Negotiation in Armed Conflicts”), “La paz es posible” (“Peace is Possible”) and “Cultura de paz y gestión de conflictos” (“Peace Culture and Conflict Management”). 2 CONTENTS Introduction: Definitions and typologies 5 Main Conclusions of the year 7 Peace processes in 2009 9 Main reasons for crises in the year’s negotiations 11 The peace temperature in 2009 12 Conflicts and peace processes in recent years 13 Common phases in negotiation processes 15 Special topic: Peace processes and the Human Development Index 16 Analyses by countries 21 Africa a) South and West Africa Mali (Tuaregs) 23 Niger (MNJ) 27 Nigeria (Niger Delta) 32 b) Horn of Africa Ethiopia-Eritrea 37 Ethiopia (Ogaden and Oromiya) 42 Somalia 46 Sudan (Darfur) 54 c) Great Lakes and Central Africa Burundi (FNL) 62 Chad 67 R. -
The United Nations and Western Sahara: a Never-Ending Affair
UNITED STATES InsTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org SPECIAL REPORT 1200 17th Street NW • Washington, DC 20036 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPORT Anna Theofilopoulou The Institute’s recently created Center for Mediation and Conflict Resolution has placed high priority on developing lessons learned from recent efforts to mediate international conflicts. The case of the United Nations’ efforts to mediate an end to the seemingly intractable conflict in the Western Sahara is particularly instructive. Several mediators have been The United Nations and employed over the duration of this effort, with the most important being former U.S. Secretary of State James Baker from 1997 to 2004. His efforts as the UN’s mediator are Western Sahara highlighted in this report. During this mediation Baker was the secretary-general’s personal envoy on Western Sahara. The author of this Special Report, Anna Theofilopoulou, was A Never-ending Affair ideally placed within the UN system to both observe and participate in this mediation effort. She covered Western Sahara and the Maghreb region in the UN’s Department of Political Affairs from 1994 to 2004. She assisted Baker in his role as secretary-general’s personal envoy on Western Sahara. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace, which does not advocate specific policy positions. SPECIAL REPORT 166 JULY 2006 CONTENTS Introduction 2 Source: Perry-Castañeda collection at the University of Texas Library. The UN Settlement Plan 3 Efforts to Implement the Settlement Plan 4 Summary Enter James A. -
Civil Wars Spoiling the Peace? Peace Process Exclusivity and Political
This article was downloaded by: [Blaydes, Lisa] On: 28 June 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 923425670] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Civil Wars Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713634578 Spoiling the Peace? Peace Process Exclusivity and Political Violence in North-Central Africa Lisa Blaydesa; Jennifer De Maiob a Stanford University, b California State University, Online publication date: 28 June 2010 To cite this Article Blaydes, Lisa and De Maio, Jennifer(2010) 'Spoiling the Peace? Peace Process Exclusivity and Political Violence in North-Central Africa', Civil Wars, 12: 1, 3 — 28 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2010.484896 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2010.484896 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. -
The Effectiveness of Dutch Foreign Policy (Session 1)
Panel Discussion An Inside View: The Effectiveness of Dutch Foreign Policy (Session 1) Date Tuesday, 10 September 2013 Venue The Hague Institute for Global Justice Sophialaan 10, 2514 JR The Hague Contact information The Hague Institute: +31 (0)70 – 30 28 130 Primary Contacts: Boudewijn van Eenennaam: 0031 (0) 70 30 28 154 Laura de Meijer: 0031 (0) 70 30 28 133 Twitter @HagueInstitute #DutchForeignPolicy Program Time Session 13.30 Welcome with coffee and tea 14.00 Opening by Dr. Abiodun Williams, President of The Hague Institute for Global Justice 14.15 Statements by panel members Herman Schaper: The loss of domestic consensus on foreign policy and its consequences Hugo Siblesz: Values vs. Interests: is there a difference? Peter van Walsum: Morality and Realism in Dutch foreign policy Joris Vos: The US relationship and Dutch Security Policy Pieter de Gooijer: Dutch foreign policy and the European Union: the profit and loss account 15.00 Discussion, moderated by Dr. Abiodun Williams and co-moderator Boudewijn van Eenennaam 16.30 Reception An Inside View: The Effectiveness of Dutch Foreign Policy (Session 1) 2 │5 10 September 2013 – Meetingroom 1 Speaker Bios Herman Schaper Ambassador Herman Schaper was the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands to the United Nations in New York from 1 September 2009 until July 2013. From 2005 until 2009, he was the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on the North Atlantic Council. From 2001 until the summer of 2005, he was Deputy Director General for Political Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in The Hague. His previous positions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and abroad include Director of the European Department, Director of the Security Policy Department, Deputy Permanent Representative to the UN and Deputy Permanent Representative to NATO. -
Truth, Justice and Reparation in the Western Sahara
Truth, justice and reparation This summary was written with the difficult goal of condensing the in the Western Sahara report titled “The oasis of memory”, the complete version of which contains over 1000 pages in two volumes. The report includes an analysis of human rights violations in the Western Sahara since 1975 based on interviews and testimonies gathered from 261 victims. It The Oasis of Memory also analyzes the impact on individual people, families and women, the forms of resistance of the victims, and, finally, the demands for Carlos Martín Beristain truth, justice and reparation for victims as well as the responses from the state of Morocco. Eloísa González Hidalgo As Nobel Peace Prize winner Adolfo Perez Esquivel points out, “In the research work that summarizes the ‘The oasis of memory’ report, Dr. Carlos M. Beristain tries to recover both the Historical Memory and the human rights situation in the Western Sahara, developing an approach that follows the methodology of the Truth Commissions in which he has participated, and combining the psychosocial approach that he contributed to the REMHI Commission in Guatemala, with the importance of gathering direct information and experiences from victims”. The value of memory is in the transformation of life. This report is dedicated to Sahrawi victims and survivors who have made it possible with their courage and generosity. The Oasis of Memory Carlos Martín Beristain MD, is a physician and Doctor of Social Psychology. He has worked for 24 years in Latin America and in the Basque Country with human rights organizations and victims of violence.