Der „Thronschatz" Der Königin Amanishakheto*
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Nubian Contacts from the Middle Kingdom Onwards
SUDAN & NUBIA 1 2 SUDAN & NUBIA 1 SUDAN & NUBIA and detailed understanding of Meroitic architecture and its The Royal Pyramids of Meroe. building trade. Architecture, Construction The Southern Differences and Reconstruction of a We normally connect the term ‘pyramid’ with the enormous structures at Gizeh and Dahshur. These pyramids, built to Sacred Landscape ensure the afterlife of the Pharaohs of Egypt’s earlier dynas- ties, seem to have nearly destroyed the economy of Egypt’s Friedrich W. Hinkel Old Kingdom. They belong to the ‘Seven Wonders of the World’ and we are intrigued by questions not only about Foreword1 their size and form, but also about their construction and the types of organisation necessary to build them. We ask Since earliest times, mankind has demanded that certain about their meaning and wonder about the need for such an structures not only be useful and stable, but that these same enormous undertaking, and we admire the courage and the structures also express specific ideological and aesthetic con- technical ability of those in charge. These last points - for cepts. Accordingly, one fundamental aspect of architecture me as a civil engineer and architect - are some of the most is the unity of ‘planning and building’ or of ‘design and con- important ones. struction’. This type of building represents, in a realistic and In the millennia following the great pyramids, their in- symbolic way, the result of both creative planning and tar- tention, form and symbolism have served as the inspiration get-orientated human activity. It therefore becomes a docu- for numerous imitations. However, it is clear that their origi- ment which outlasts its time, or - as was said a hundred years nal monumentality was never again repeated although pyra- ago by the American architect, Morgan - until its final de- mids were built until the Roman Period in Egypt. -
Preliminary Report on the Fourth Excavation Season of the Archaeological Expedition to Wad Ben Naga1
ANNALS OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM 34/1 • 2013 • (p. 3–14) PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE FOURTH EXCAVATION SEASON OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO WAD BEN NAGA1 Pavel Onderka2 ABSTRACT: During its fourth excavation season, the Archaeological Expedition to Wad Ben Naga focused on the continued exploration of the so-called Typhonium (WBN 200), where fragments of the Bes-pillars known from descriptions and drawings of early European and American visitors to the site were discovered. Furthermore, fragments of the Lepsius’ Altar B with bilingual names of Queen Amanitore (and King Natakamani) were unearthed. KEY WORDS: Wad Ben Naga – Nubia – Meroitic culture – Meroitic architecture – Meroitic script Expedition The fourth excavation season of the Archaeological Expedition to Wad Ben Naga took place between 12 February and 23 March 2012. The mission was headed by Dr. Pavel Onderka (director) and Mohamed Saad Abdalla Saad (inspector of the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums). The works of the fourth season focused on continuing the excavations of the so-called Typhonium (WBN 200), a temple structure located in the western part of Central Wad Ben Naga, which had begun during the third excavation season (cf. Onderka 2011). Further tasks were mainly concerned with site management. No conservation projects took place. The season was carried out under the guidelines for 1 This work was financially supported by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic (DKRVO 2012, National Museum, 00023272). The Archaeological Expedition to Wad Ben Naga wishes to express its sincerest thanks and gratitude to the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (Dr. Hassan Hussein Idris and Dr. -
The Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin No. 19 2015 ASWAN 1St Cataract Middle Kingdom Forts
SUDAN & NUBIA The Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin No. 19 2015 ASWAN 1st cataract Middle Kingdom forts Egypt RED SEA W a d i el- A lla qi 2nd cataract W a d i G a Selima Oasis b Sai g a b a 3rd cataract ABU HAMED e Sudan il N Kurgus El-Ga’ab Kawa Basin Jebel Barkal 4th cataract 5th cataract el-Kurru Dangeil Debba-Dam Berber ED-DEBBA survey ATBARA ar Ganati ow i H Wad Meroe Hamadab A tb a r m a k a Muweis li e d M d el- a Wad ben Naqa i q ad th W u 6 cataract M i d a W OMDURMAN Wadi Muqaddam KHARTOUM KASSALA survey B lu e Eritrea N i le MODERN TOWNS Ancient sites WAD MEDANI W h it e N i GEDAREF le Jebel Moya KOSTI SENNAR N Ethiopia South 0 250 km Sudan S UDAN & NUBIA The Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin No. 19 2015 Contents The Meroitic Palace and Royal City 80 Kirwan Memorial Lecture Marc Maillot Meroitic royal chronology: the conflict with Rome 2 The Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project at Dangeil and its aftermath Satyrs, Rulers, Archers and Pyramids: 88 Janice W. Yelllin A Miscellany from Dangeil 2014-15 Julie R. Anderson, Mahmoud Suliman Bashir Reports and Rihab Khidir elRasheed Middle Stone Age and Early Holocene Archaeology 16 Dangeil: Excavations on Kom K, 2014-15 95 in Central Sudan: The Wadi Muqadam Sébastien Maillot Geoarchaeological Survey The Meroitic Cemetery at Berber. Recent Fieldwork 97 Rob Hosfield, Kevin White and Nick Drake and Discussion on Internal Chronology Newly Discovered Middle Kingdom Forts 30 Mahmoud Suliman Bashir and Romain David in Lower Nubia The Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project – Archaeology 106 James A. -
The Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin No. 18 2014 ASWAN LIBYA 1St Cataract
SUDAN & NUBIA The Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin No. 18 2014 ASWAN LIBYA 1st cataract EGYPT Red Sea 2nd cataract K orosk W a d i A o R llaqi W Dal a di G oad a b g a b 3rd cataract a Kawa Kurgus H29 SUDAN H25 4th cataract 5th cataract Magashi a b Dangeil eb r - D owa D am CHAD Wadi H Meroe m a d d Hamadab lk a i q 6th M u El Musawwarat M cataract i es-Sufra d Wad a W ben Naqa A t b a KHARTOUM r a ERITREA B l u e N i le W h i t e N i le Dhang Rial ETHIOPIA CENTRAL SOUTH AFRICAN SUDAN REBUBLIC Jebel Kathangor Jebel Tukyi Maridi Jebel Kachinga JUBA Lulubo Lokabulo Ancient sites Itohom MODERN TOWNS Laboré KENYA ZAIRE 0 200km UGANDA S UDAN & NUBIA The Sudan Archaeological Research Society Bulletin No. 18 2014 Contents Kirwan Memorial Lecture From Halfa to Kareima: F. W. Green in Sudan 2 W. Vivian Davies Reports Animal Deposits at H29, a Kerma Ancien cemetery 20 The graffiti of Musawwarat es-Sufra: current research 93 in the Northern Dongola Reach on historic inscriptions, images and markings at Pernille Bangsgaard the Great Enclosure Cornelia Kleinitz Kerma in Napata: a new discovery of Kerma graves 26 in the Napatan region (Magashi village) Meroitic Hamadab – a century after its discovery 104 Murtada Bushara Mohamed, Gamal Gaffar Abbass Pawel Wolf, Ulrike Nowotnick and Florian Wöß Elhassan, Mohammed Fath Elrahman Ahmed Post-Meroitic Iron Production: 121 and Alrashed Mohammed Ibrahem Ahmed initial results and interpretations The Korosko Road Project Jane Humphris Recording Egyptian inscriptions in the 30 Kurgus 2012: report on the survey 130 Eastern Desert and elsewhere Isabella Welsby Sjöström W. -
The Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe
The Archaeological Sites of The Island of Meroe Nomination File: World Heritage Centre January 2010 The Republic of the Sudan National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums 0 The Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe Nomination File: World Heritage Centre January 2010 The Republic of the Sudan National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums Preparers: - Dr Salah Mohamed Ahmed - Dr Derek Welsby Preparer (Consultant) Pr. Henry Cleere Team of the “Draft” Management Plan Dr Paul Bidwell Dr. Nick Hodgson Mr. Terry Frain Dr. David Sherlock Management Plan Dr. Sami el-Masri Topographical Work Dr. Mario Santana Quintero Miss Sarah Seranno 1 Contents Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………. 5 1- Identification of the Property………………………………………………… 8 1. a State Party……………………………………………………………………… 8 1. b State, Province, or Region……………………………………………………… 8 1. c Name of Property………………………………………………………………. 8 1. d Geographical coordinates………………………………………………………. 8 1. e Maps and plans showing the boundaries of the nominated site(s) and buffer 9 zones…………………………………………………………………………………… 1. f. Area of nominated properties and proposed buffer zones…………………….. 29 2- Description…………………………………………………………………………. 30 2. a. 1 Description of the nominated properties………………………………........... 30 2. a. 1 General introduction…………………………………………………… 30 2. a. 2 Kushite utilization of the Keraba and Western Boutana……………… 32 2. a. 3 Meroe…………………………………………………………………… 33 2. a. 4 Musawwarat es-Sufra…………………………………………………… 43 2. a. 5 Naqa…………………………………………………………………..... 47 2. b History and development………………………………………………………. 51 2. b. 1 A brief history of the Sudan……………………………………………. 51 2. b. 2 The Kushite civilization and the Island of Meroe……………………… 52 3- Justification for inscription………………………………………………………… 54 …3. a. 1 Proposed statement of outstanding universal value …………………… 54 3. a. 2 Criteria under which inscription is proposed (and justification for 54 inscription under these criteria)………………………………………………………… ..3. -
Priestess, Queen, Goddess
Solange Ashby Priestess, queen, goddess 2 Priestess, queen, goddess The divine feminine in the kingdom of Kush Solange Ashby The symbol of the kandaka1 – “Nubian Queen” – has been used powerfully in present-day uprisings in Sudan, which toppled the military rule of Omar al-Bashir in 2019 and became a rallying point as the people of Sudan fought for #Sudaxit – a return to African traditions and rule and an ouster of Arab rule and cultural dominance.2 The figure of the kandake continues to reverberate powerfully in the modern Sudanese consciousness. Yet few people outside Sudan or the field of Egyptology are familiar with the figure of the kandake, a title held by some of the queens of Meroe, the final Kushite kingdom in ancient Sudan. When translated as “Nubian Queen,” this title provides an aspirational and descriptive symbol for African women in the diaspora, connoting a woman who is powerful, regal, African. This chapter will provide the historical background of the ruling queens of Kush, a land that many know only through the Bible. Africans appear in the Hebrew Bible, where they are fre- ”which is translated “Ethiopian , יִׁכוש quently referred to by the ethnically generic Hebrew term or “Cushite.” Kush refers to three successive kingdoms located in Nubia, each of which took the name of its capital city: Kerma (2700–1500 BCE), Napata (800–300 BCE), and Meroe (300 BCE–300 CE). Both terms, “Ethiopian” and “Cushite,” were used interchangeably to designate Nubians, Kushites, Ethiopians, or any person from Africa. In Numbers 12:1, Moses’ wife Zipporah is which is translated as either “Ethiopian” or “Cushite” in modern translations of the , יִׁכוש called Bible.3 The Kushite king Taharqo (690–664 BCE), who ruled Egypt as part of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, is mentioned in the Bible as marching against enemies of Israel, the Assyrians (2Kings 19:9, Isa 37:9). -
The Amun Temple at Meroe Revisited
in 1983/84, during his last campaign at Meroe, and excavated The Amun Temple at Meroe several long trial trenches in various parts of the temple, but the description of this work was not included in the second Revisited and final report on the University of Khartoum – University Krzysztof Grzymski of Calgary excavations (Shinnie and Anderson 2004). How- ever, Shinnie kindly forwarded to the author his rough field The Amun Temple at Meroe, also known as M 260, is the notes and these were subsequently presented in the Meroe 2 second-largest Kushite temple, surpassed in size only by Reports I (Grzymski 2003, 25-31). While this work added temple B 500 at Jebel Barkal. Unfortunately, Temple M 260 some information about the stratigraphy of the temple it has never been properly investigated, as it was excavated in did not increase our knowledge of the layout of the building. a somewhat hurried manner by John Garstang during the Between 1999 and 2014, the joint mission of the University last month of his 1909-1910 season at Meroe (Garstang et of Khartoum and the Royal Ontario Museum directed in al. 1911, 11-16 and pl. III; Figure 1). Additional clearance the field by the author, conducted several field campaigns at was carried out in the following season and a new plan of Meroe mainly in the area known as the South Mound (Gr- 3 the temple was prepared (Garstang 1912, pl. VIII; see also zymski 2003; 2005). The exploration of the Amun Temple, Török 1997, fig. 24; Figure 2). Neither of these plans was located in the centre of the site, was not part of our research complete or accurate and it seems that the main reason for plan which was mainly concerned with the question of the that was that the temple had not been fully excavated. -
For Nubian Studies September 10 to 15, 2018, Paris 14Th International Conference for Nubian Studies September 10 to 15, 2018, Paris
14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR NUBIAN STUDIES September 10 to 15, 2018, Paris 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR NUBIAN STUDIES September 10 to 15, 2018, Paris À la mémoire de Michel Baud TABLE OF CONTENTS PROGRAM ABSTRACTS CONTAC TS OF THE CONFERENCE OF PAPERS — Musée du Louvre 07 Monday, September 10 Monday, September 10 Département des Antiquités égyptiennes 08 Tuesday, September 11 35 Keynote lecture by Frédéric Payraudeau Pavillon Mollien 14 Wednesday, September 12 75058 Paris Cedex 01 France 20 Thursday, September 13 Tuesday, September 11 Tel: +33 (0)1 40 20 59 27 26 Friday, September 14 37 Session 1: Prehistory — 30 Saturday, September 15 46 Session 2: Old Kingdom to New Kingdom Sorbonne Université 50 Session 2: New Kingdom Centre de Recherches Égyptologiques ACCESS 53 Session 3: Survey de la Sorbonne 60 Session 4: Meroe 1, rue Victor Cousin 32 Musée du Louvre 67 Session 5: Medieval 75005 Paris Institut national d’histoire de l’art 74 Keynote lecture by Andrea Manzo Tel: +33 (0)1 40 46 26 01 — Wednesday, September 12 https://www.louvre.fr/nubianstudies2018 77 Session 1: Prehistory [email protected] 84 Session 2: New Kingdom 91 Session 3: Napata 97 Session 4: Meroe 104 Session 5: Medieval 111 Keynote lecture by David Edwards Thursday, September 13 113 Session 1: Meroe 120 Session 2: New Kingdom 121 Session 2: Late Antique 126 Session 3: Napata 130 Session 3: Napata – 25th Dynasty 133 Session 4: Kerma 139 Session 5: Medieval 141 Session 5: Medieval – Modern 145 Session 6: Site Management, Cultural Heritage and Museums -
A Historiography of Archaeological Research at Meroë, Sudan*
doi: 10.2143/AWE.16.0.3214940 AWE 16 (2017) 209-248 A HISTORIOGRAPHY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT MEROË, SUDAN* ANNA LUCILLE BOOZER Abstract This article joins together a substantial survey of antiquarian and archaeological research at ancient Meroë (Sudan), capital of the Meroitic kingdom (ca. 7th century BC–4th century AD, most broadly), with an exploration of contemporaneous historical events in Sudan, Egypt and Europe. This contextual approach makes it possible to trace influences upon past archaeological research trends and the changing views upon Sudanese heritage within Sudan and internationally. Introduction This article explores early archaeological research in Meroë city (Sudan) through the lenses of broad archaeological trends and regional history. Based upon our cur- rent knowledge, Meroë city was one of the most significant administrative, religious and artistic centres of the ancient kingdom of Kush between approximately the 7th century BC and the 4th century AD.1 It is regarded as one of the oldest and most significant urban settlements in Africa south of Egypt. Despite its national and international importance, research at Meroë has often lagged behind the periph- eral regions of Kush. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Salvage Campaigns in the 1970s, followed by the present concerns over dam building in Sudan, have focused archaeological attention to threatened areas instead of Meroë itself.2 Moreover, excavations within Meroë have experienced significant time lags between excavation and final publication, which has hindered more thorough archaeological interpretations of the material. The present work recounts the history of research at Meroë city in order to embed this regional research history within broader trends in Sudanese archaeology, Egyptology, archaeology and world historical events in Sudan, Egypt and Europe * Andrew Bednarski, Giovanni Ruffini and Ian Rutherford read and commented upon a draft of this paper. -
UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title Meroe and Egypt Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6061m848 Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Kuckertz, Josefine Publication Date 2021-04-27 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California MEROE AND EGYPT ﱠﻣﺮﻭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮ Josefine Kuckertz EDITORS WOLFRAM GRAJETZKI WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor, Time and History Editor-in-Chief University College, London, UK University of California, Los Angeles SOLANGE ASHBY Editor Nubia University of California, Los Angeles ANNE AUSTIN MENNAT –ALLAH EL DORRY Editor, Individual and Society Editor, Natural Environment University of Missouri-St. Louis, USA Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Egypt JUAN CARLOS MORENO GARCÍA RUNE NYORD Editor, Economy Editor History of Egyptology CNRS, UMR 8167 (Orient & Méditerranée), Emory University, USA Sorbonne Université, France TANJA POMMERENING ANDRÉAS STAUDER Editor, Domains of Knowledge Editor, Language, Text and Writing Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, France Short Citation: Kuckertz 2021, Meroe and Egypt. UEE. Full Citation: Kuckertz, Josefine, 2021, Meroe and Egypt. In Wolfram Grajetzki, Solange Ashby, and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. ISSN 2693-7425 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002kp3mv 46737 Version 1, April 2021 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002kp3mv MEROE AND EGYPT ﱠﻣﺮﻭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮ Josefine Kuckertz Meroe und Ägypten Méroé et l’Égypte The Meroitic Period, which lasted from the third century BCE to around the mid-fourth century CE, comprises the second of two phases of Kushite empire in the territory of what is today Sudan, the first phase comprising the Napatan era (c.