Perspectives D'évolution De L'industrie De Défense En Europe

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Perspectives D'évolution De L'industrie De Défense En Europe Perspectives d’évolution de l’industrie de défense en Europe Hélène Masson – Cédric Paulin (1er septembre 2007) Avec le soutien du Centre des Hautes Études de l’Armement (CHEAr) _____________________ Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique • 27, rue Damesme • 75013 PARIS Tél. : 01 43 13 77 77 • fax : 01 43 13 77 78 • http ://www.frstrategie.org Siret 394 095 533 00045 • TVA FR74 394 095 533 • Code APE 732Z Fondation reconnue d'utilité publique – Décret du 26 février 1993 PERSPECTIVES D ’EVOLUTION DE L ’INDUSTRIE DE DEFENSE EN EUROPE RECHERCHES & DOCUMENTS SOMMAIRE LISTE DES ACRONYMES ......................................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 11 PARTIE 1 LES INDUSTRIES DE DEFENSE EN EUROPE : ETAT DES LIEUX PAR SECTEUR ET PERSPECTIVES D ’EVOLUTION .................................................................. 13 1 – SECTEUR AEROSPATIAL MILITAIRE (HM) ........................................................................................................ 13 1.1 – Positionnement stratégique des grands maîtres d’œuvre et principaux moteurs de croissance du secteur ..................................................................... 13 1.1.1 – Profil des donneurs d’ordre ......................................................................................................... 13 1.1.2 – Moteurs de croissance du secteur .............................................................................................. 15 1.2 – Degré de concentration par segment et perspectives d’approfondissement de l’intégration industrielle ......................................................................................................... 17 1.2.1 – Avions de combat : un segment non consolidé et fortement concurrentiel ................................ 17 1.2.2 – Les segments Avions de transport militaires et de mission : EADS MTA vs Alenia ....................... 21 1.2.3 – Hélicoptère : stratégie d’internalisation marchande et productive des deux grands maîtres d’œuvre européens, Eurocopter et Agusta Westland............................... 23 1.2.4 – Drones : un marché en phase de structuration ........................................................................... 36 1.2.5 – Concentration du marché européen des missiles autour de MBDA ........................................... 41 1.2.6 – Le secteur spatial militaire : vers une concentration autour d’un maître d’œuvre européen ? ......... 50 1.3 – Motoristes et équipementiers sous pression ................................................................................ 55 1.3.1 – Les motoristes européens : deux leaders et des acteurs de second rang fragilisés ....................... 55 1.3.2 – Les équipementiers aéronautiques face à la stratégie d’internationalisation des donneurs d’ordre ................................................................................................................. 65 2 – LE SECTEUR NAVAL MILITAIRE (HM-CP) ........................................................................................................ 77 2.1 – Fondamentaux du secteur ............................................................................................................... 77 2.1.1 – Grands maîtres d’œuvre, marchés structurés par nations, coopérations limitées ....................... 77 2.1.2 – Une flotte européenne en phase de renouvellement ......................................................... 79 2.2 – Allemagne, Royaume-Uni, France ou l’émergence de trois « champions nationaux » aux activités à dominante défense ............................................................................................. 80 2.2.1 – Allemagne : TKMS en position dominante ....................................................................... 80 2.2.2 – Royaume-Uni : une concentration en cours autour de BAE Systems .................................. 84 2.2.3 – France : DCNS devient l’unique maître d’œuvre ............................................................... 87 2.3 – L’italien Fincantieri et l’espagnol Navantia : des maîtres d’œuvre de second rang ...................... 90 2.3.1 – Italie : Fincantieri en position dominante avec un acteur de niche ....................................... 90 2.3.2 – Espagne : Navantia en position monopolistique ............................................................... 93 Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique 3 PERSPECTIVES D ’EVOLUTION DE L ’INDUSTRIE DE DEFENSE EN EUROPE RECHERCHES & DOCUMENTS 2.4 – Nouveaux entrants : les ambitions de grands groupes civils nordiques sur les segments construction et réparations militaires ........................................................... 95 2.5 – Chantiers aux potentialités de sous-traitance des grands maîtres d’œuvre européens ........ 100 2.6 – Fournisseurs et équipementiers navals ....................................................................................... 101 2.6.1 – Motoristes navals ....................................................................................................... 101 2.6.2 – Systèmes de gestion de combat et systèmes d’information et de communication ................... 103 2.6.3 – Radars et sonars – guerre électronique ......................................................................... 104 2.6.4 – Systèmes d’artillerie navale ......................................................................................... 104 2.6.5 – Marché européen des torpilles ..................................................................................... 104 2.6.6 – Systèmes sous-marins et de surface autonomes ............................................................ 106 3 – SECTEUR DE L ’ARMEMENT TERRESTRE (CP) ................................................................................................ 107 3.1 – L’industrie terrestre des véhicules blindés et d’artillerie ........................................................... 107 3.1.1 – Contexte technico-opérationnel .................................................................................... 107 3.1.2 – Structure générale du secteur terrestre en Europe .......................................................... 108 3.2 – Les trois modèles d’entreprises ................................................................................................... 111 3.2.1 – Un secteur terrestre au sein d’entreprises de défense multi-secteurs ................................ 111 3.2.2 – Vers la fin de l’indépendance des entreprises spécialisées sur le secteur terrestre ? ............... 117 3.2.3 – Activités terrestres militaires au sein des constructeurs civils ........................................... 119 3.3 – Les équipementiers : de la mécanique à l’électronique ............................................................. 120 3.3.1 – Châssis, Moteur, Chenilles .......................................................................................... 120 3.3.2 – Systèmes de combat d’artillerie : des systèmes indépendants aux équipements d’artillerie ......... 122 3.3.3 – Electroniciens intervenant dans le secteur terrestre ........................................................ 123 3.4 – Croissance effective et future de deux activités terrestres : MCO et robotique ........................... 125 3.5 – La nouvelle ère du secteur des véhicules blindés ...................................................................... 126 3.6 – Le secteur des munitions générales ............................................................................................ 128 3.6.1 – Trois cercles d’acteurs industriels ................................................................................. 129 3.6.2 – Une présence étrangère principalement américaine mais peu influente ............................. 131 3.6.3 – Coopérations industrielles intra-européennes dans le domaine des munitions ................... 132 3.6.4 – Vers une recomposition technologique du marché des munitions ? .................................. 132 PARTIE 2 INSTRUMENTS DE POLITIQUE INDUSTRIELLE : DE L ’ECHELLE NATIONALE A L’ECHELLE EUROPEENNE .............................................................................. 133 1 – LES ANNEES 1980-1990 : DOMINATION DES LOGIQUES NATIONALES (HM) .................................................... 133 1.1 – Conséquences industrielles de modes de coopération déficients : l’exemple de l’aéronautique militaire ......................................................................................... 133 1.2 – EADS : une ambition européenne aux prises aux « nationalismes économiques » .................... 137 1.2.1 – Défauts de naissance et autres conséquences ............................................................... 137 1.2.2 – 2003-2007 : entre rationalisation et mutualisation des activités défense ............................ 138 1.2.3 – Premiers pas vers une véritable logique d’intégration industrielle : Eurocopter et MBDA ....... 140 4 Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique PERSPECTIVES D ’EVOLUTION DE L ’INDUSTRIE DE DEFENSE EN EUROPE RECHERCHES & DOCUMENTS 2 – POLITIQUE INDUSTRIELLE ET SECTEUR DEFENSE : STRATEGIES , INSTRUMENTS ET PRATIQUES DES ÉTATS LOI (HM) ................................................................. 141 2.1 – Entre États actionnaires et États régulateurs ............................................................................
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