Geo-informatics based visualization of spatio-temporal distribution of groundwater quality parameters pertaining to Vatrak sub-watershed for the year 2010-2011 (, , India) Naveenchandra N. Srivastava1, Vasaram H. Patel2 1 Assistant Professor, Center for Energy, Environment, Urban Governance and Infrastructure Development, Administrative Staff College of India, Bella Vista, Hyderabad – 500082, India 2 Ex. Faculty, Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics, Near Ch-0 Circle, Indu lal Yagnik Marg, Gandhinagar – 382 007, Gujarat, India it of the Paper should not be re tha Words = 7/ Abstract: About the Authors: For optimally utilization and sustainability, quality of groundwater has to be assessed. This paper describes spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters. It is an important natural resource. Study area pertains to Vatrak sub-

watershed (Sabarkantha District, Gujarat, India). Recent Vatrak, a tributary to , is a rainfed Dr. NaveenchandraPhotograph N. Srivastava river. It flows during SW monsoon period. Currently working as an Assistant Northern part of study area is elevated. River Professor in Environment area at the valley is wide. Here, data visualization was carried Center for Energy, Environment, out using Geospatial Technology. In study area, Urban Governance and quality and quantity of groundwater is variable Infrastructure Development of from one place to other. Before using Administrative Staff College of India, groundwater for various purposes i.e. industrial, Hyderabad. Ph.D. in Engineering agriculture, domestic etc. quality must be Geology from Indian Institute of ascertained. In study area, quality of groundwater Technology – Roorkee, MTech. in is a major concern because quality water is Applied Geology from Indian needed for irrigation and domestic use. The study Institute of Technology – Roorkee area is influenced by semi-arid climate. ArcGIS 9.2 and MBA from IGNOU. Qualified NET was used to visualize spatio-temporal behavior of (Joint CSIR-UGC) test. groundwater quality parameters. The various E mail ID: [email protected] thematic layers were prepared using geospatial Contact: +919409562841 technology i.e. Static Water Level (SWL), Total Depth (TD), Transmissibility, K (Permeability), C (Specific Capacity), Q {Discharge m3/min)}, S (Specific yield in fraction), Alkalinity (ppm), Calcium (ppm), Chloride (ppm), Fluoride (ppm), Mr. Vasaram H. Patel Recent Photograph Magnesium (ppm), Nitrate (ppm), pH, Sulphate, Retired Head (Networks Div., SAC- TDS {Total Dissolved Solid (ppm)}, Hardness ISRO, Ahmedabad, India). Also (ppm), Groundwater fit for consumption and served as faculty at BISAG Groundwater unfit for consumption. In the (Bhaskaracharya Institute for present study, contouring is done to visualize the Space Applications and Geo- distribution of groundwater quality parameters informatics, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, within study area. Sample points concerning India). Subject specialist in computer groundwater quality parameters are also shown. Systems Management, Networks Variation in parameter values may be seen using Management and Space contour line distribution. Spacing between Applications. Offered instruction, contour lines indicate whether variation is sharp consultations, and support to or gentle. Contour creation tool was used to students. Holds bachelor’s degree in generate polyline from input sample dataset. Electronics and Communications Simultaneous visualization of steep and gentle Engg. from I I Sc. (Indian Institute of areas is possible with the help of contouring Science, Bangalore). Mr. Vasaram H. methods. For each contour polyline, attribute Patel can be contacted at data is there in contour attribute table. Here, [email protected] contour analysis provides visual explanation of the available water quality data. Considering environmental health problems, groundwater quality maps serve as a precautionary indicator. In present study, goal is to understand groundwater quality of Vatrak sub watershed area using GIS. Spatial Analyst was used to understand the spatio-temporal behavior of groundwater quality parameters. It is a module of ArcGIS 9.2. Spatial Interpolation Technique was used for preparation of various thematic layers. Contouring method helped to delineate the locational distribution of parameters.

Keywords: Groundwater, quality, parameter, Vatrak, Watrak, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, river, GIS, Geospatial, Alkalinity, Calcium, Chloride, Fluoride, Magnesium, Nitrate, ppm, Ph, Sulphate, TDS {Total Dissolved Solid (ppm)}, Hardness (ppm), fit for consumption, unfit for consumption

Introduction Groundwater quality is influenced by growth in population and exploitation of groundwater resources. To evaluate the groundwater quality, Geo-informatics based study was conducted in Vatrak sub-watershed (Sabarkantha District, Gujarat, India). According to Todd, 1980, within a geological stratum, all voids are occupied by groundwater. It constitutes 30.1% of the global fresh water. To meet the need of urban population, there is significant increase in groundwater reservoir. Stress has been placed on quality of groundwater due to water consumption practices in industrial as well as agricultural sectors (Adnan and Iqbal, 2014). In study area, groundwater is the major source of irrigation. For groundwater planning and management, information regarding groundwater quality is important. Such information may be useful for choosing a location for some water resource related activities. Present study provides current groundwater quality scenario.

Study Area The Vatrak River originates in of Rajasthan (http://www.indianetzone.com/4/sabarmati_river.htm). Total area of Vatrak sub-watershed is 578.38 km2. Study area falls in Sabarkantha District (Gujarat). Vatrak is a rain fed river and is a tributary to Sabarmati River. Due to fairly low rain fall, Sabarmati river basin is having one of the lowest water wealth potential in India. The basin is highly exploited in terms of water resources. The study area falls in the hot and semi-arid region of the northern Gujarat (Fig. 1). Topographically, area of Sabarkantha district is undulating. Geologically, area comprises various types of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic formations, such as Basalt, Alluvium, Quartzite, Phyllite, Schist, Sandstone etc. The river Vatrak enters the Sabarkantha district near village Moyedi of Meghraj taluka and runs in the south-west direction of the district. It is joined by the river Mazum and other streams. After a course of 243 km, it falls into the Sabarmati near Dholka (Ahmedabad district). In eastern part of its course, it flows over a rocky bed between rough banks through wild and picturesque country (District Gazetteer, Sabarkantha). Before entering the district, it covers a distance of about 29 km in Rajasthan. It covers a total length of about 84 km in the district.

Fig. 1 Location Map of Study area in Gujarat (Vatrak sub-watershed)

Topography The area of study is characterized by wide river valley (Fig. 2) and elevated area in the northern part (Fig. 3). It is a mixed landscape. NE part of study area consists of hills, while SW part is having pediplain. Minimum elevation point is 23 m. Maximum elevation point is 200 m. Relief in northern part is high, but it is low in southern part. 0 – 1 % is the dominant slope category. Area pertaining to left bank of river is relatively less steep. Topography is more undulating on right bank. At Vatrak dam, river valley is widened in the upstream.

Drainage The area is drained by the southwesterly flowing river Vatrak and its tributaries (Fig. 4). The stream flow in these regions is mostly limited to the rainy season. Drainage pattern is dendritic. Streams are small and medium streams. Low order streams flow on relatively steep slope, while medium order streams are relatively on gentle slope. Highest stream order is sixth. Total length of Vatrak river in sub-watershed is 43 km.

Fig. 2 Wide river valley (Vatrak river)

Fig. 3 Topography of study area

Fig. 4 Drainage map and water bodies

Climate The climate is characterized by general dryness expect in the south-west monsoon season and a hot summer. The study area has a sub-tropical monsoon climate with three seasons, the monsoon (kharif, between late June to October), the cooler rabi (November to February) which is dry and the hot summer season (March to mid-June). The rainfall occurs in monsoon months. The study area receives much of its rainfall from the southwest monsoon. Its maximum intensity being in the months of July and August. For the duration 2004 – 2009, maximum rainfall was 1688.5 mm in the year 2006, while minimum rainfall was 659.3 mm in the year 2008. The relative humidity is low. The rate of evaporation is highest during April to

June due to sharp rise in temperature and increase in wind speed. Winds are generally light to moderate, increasing in intensity during the late summer and monsoon seasons.

Temperature – There is a steady increase in temperatures after February. May and the early part of June constitute the hottest part of the year. The weather is very hot and oppressive in the later part of the summer season. With the advance of the monsoon, by about the middle of June, there is appreciable drop in the day temperature, but the night continues to be warm nearly as warm as in later part of summer season. By about the end of September, the monsoon withdraws from the district, the day temperature begins to increase and a secondary maximum in the day temperatures is reached in October. However, the nights become progressively cooler. January is generally the coldest month. In association with the passage across north India of western disturbance during the cold season, study area is affected by cold waves (District Gazetteer, Sabarkantha).

Humidity - Except during the south-west monsoon season when the relative humidity is generally high, the air is dry. The summer season is the driest part of the year when the relative humidity in the afternoons are of the order of 20 per cent.

Winds –During the period April to September, winds are mainly from directions south and west, the south-westerlies being more common. In October, winds are light and variable in direction, easterlies and north-easterlies being more common in the morning and westerlies and north-westerlies in the afternoon. In the period November to March, winds in the morning are mostly from direction between east and north, while in the afternoon they are generally from directions between west and north (District Gazetteer, Sabarkantha).

Geology Geologically the area comprises various types of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic formations, such as basalt, quartzite, schist, sandstone, alluvium etc. (Fig. 5). Metamorphic rocks cover the northern part of study area. Central and southern part is occupied by alluvium, channel fill deposits, volcanic rocks (basalt of Cretaceous to Eocene age) etc. Mica schist, metasubgraywacke and quartzite of study area belong to kadana formation of Lunavada group. The lithological characteristics of this group suggests that the rocks represent a shallow marine environment deposition, perhaps in the intertidal beach and shelf zones (Merh, 1995). Three sets of joints in Basalt were observed in a mine (Bibipura village, Bayad taluka) on right bank of river. Basalt was highly jointed. It is finely crystalline and non-vesicular. It was homogeneous in composition and compact in texture. It is quarried and used as road metal. Trickling down of water along basalt joints and its accumulation in mine was also observed. Antiform and local faults are present in NE part of study area. Trend of fold Axis is NE-SW.

Physiography Physiographically, the study area can be divided into two zones viz. the relatively elevated NE part and the plains. The plains are confined towards SW.

Vatrak sub-watershed characteristics Sub-watershed no. 5F2C2 (As per delineation stages given in Watershed Atlas of India, All India Soil and Landuse Survey, Dept. of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi, September 1960).

Table 1 characteristics of Vatrak sub-watershed Shape Fern Area 578.38 km2 Slope Direction SW (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4) Flow Direction SW (Fig. 4) Drainage pattern Dendritic (Fig.4) River valley wide (Fig. 2) Spatial extent 184 Villages, 7 Talukas

Vatrak Water Resources Project Details of Vatrak Water Resources Project are shown at https://tinyurl.com/ycp3gy86 (accessed on November 15, 2017)

Fig. 5 Geological Map of study area (Source: District Resource Map, Sabarkantha District, Geological Survey of India)

Land use of Study Area

In present study, the IRS LISS III satellite data of two seasons (representing two cropping seasons) are used for the generation of land use categories. Spatial resolution of IRS LISS III satellite image is 23.5 m. Land use and land cover map was generated through visual interpretation of satellite images.

In study area, total 5 number of landuse classes were identified e.g. agriculture, forest, wasteland, built up and water bodies (Fig. 6). Agriculture is the dominant land use in the study area. Agriculture is both rain fed and irrigated.

Fig. 6 Landuse Map of study area

Table 2: Details of different landuse classes

Landuse and Land No. Area (km2) % Area Cover 1 Agricultural 423.45 73.21 2 Built Up 5.82 1.01 3 Forest 77.58 13.41 4 Wastelands 42.48 7.34 5 Water bodies 29.05 5.02 Total 578.38 100.00

Database components

Various database components are shown in Table 3. Data source for these

Groundwater Quality parameters are GWRDC (Gujarat Water Resources Development

Corporation), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.

Table 3: Database components concerning groundwater quality parameters

Sr. No. Groundwater Quality Parameters 1 Alkalinity 2 Calcium 3 Chloride 4 Fluoride 5 Magnesium 6 pH 7 Sulphate 8 TDS 9 Hardness 10 Groundwater Fit/Unfit for consumption

Methodology Methodology is summarized in the flow chart (Fig. 7). It consists of Identification of database components, Preparation of thematic maps, Integration of thematic layers and Identification of sites for potential water harvesting structures.

Begin

Identification of database components

Preparation of Geo-informatics based thematic maps

Geo-visualization in GIS environment

Contour Analysis

Integration of thematic layers in GeoTools based GUI

End

Fig. 7 Methodology for present work

Water quality details Water quality data for different villages pertaining to study area have been considered for visualization purpose. This data belongs to year 2010-2011. Data consists of TDS, pH, hardness, Alkalinity, fit or unfit etc. Various water quality maps prepared in GIS environment.

Groundwater Quality Data visualization and contour analysis for the year 2010- 2011 ArcGIS 9.2 and Spatial Analyst tool were used for data visualization and analysis purpose. Aquifer type is alluvium and jointed hard rock.

Alkalinity This groundwater quality parameter varies from 72 ppm to 704 ppm. Parameter value is low in NE and central part of study area. It is relatively high in SE part. Dominant class intervals in study area are 150-350 ppm (Fig. 8).

Calcium It varies from 11 ppm to 107 ppm. Parameter value is low to moderate in throughout study area. Dominant class intervals are 25 – 75 (Fig. 9).

Fluoride It varies from 0.18 ppm to 1.52 ppm. Value is relatively high in SW and central area. It is relatively low in NE area. Dominant class intervals are 0.51 to 1.25 ppm (Fig.10).

Chloride Value of this parameter varies from 28 ppm to 328 ppm. It is low to moderate in most part of the study area. Dominant class intervals are 100 – 200 ppm (Fig. 11).

Magnesium Value of this parameter varies from 8 ppm to 127 ppm. It is low in throughout study area. Dominant class intervals are 20 to 60 ppm (Fig. 12).

Nitrate Nitrate value varies from 2.33 to 275 ppm. It is relatively low in NE part of the study area. It is relatively moderate in central are SW part. Dominant class intervals are 2.33 to 100 ppm (Fig. 13). pH pH value varies from 6.6 to 9.14. It is relatively low in northern part. It is high in SW part. It is relatively moderate in remaining part. Dominant class intervals are 7.01 to 8.75 (Fig. 14).

Sulphate It varies from 10 ppm to 157 ppm. It's value is relatively low in throughout study area. Dominant class intervals are 20 - 80 ppm (Fig. 15).

TDS TDS value varies 203 ppm to 1700 ppm. It is relatively low in throughout the study area except some parts. Dominant class intervals are 600 – 1000 ppm (Fig. 16).

Hardness It varies from 72 ppm to 624 ppm. It is relatively low to moderate in throughout study area. Dominant class intervals are 400 – 1000 ppm (Fig. 17). Fit/Unfit for consumption Area concerning groundwater fit for consumption and unfit for consumption are shown in Fig. 18. There is a lack of data for many parts of the study area.

Fig. 8 Visualization and contouring of Alkalinity data in study area (Year 2010- 2011)

Fig. 9 Visualization and contouring of Calcium data in study area (Year 2010- 2011)

Fig. 10 Visualization and contouring of Fluoride in study area (Year 2010-2011)

Fig. 11 Visualization and contouring of Chloride in study area (Year 2010-2011)

Fig. 12 Visualization and contouring of Magnesium data in study area (Year 2010- 2011)

Fig. 13 Visualization and contouring of Nitrate data in study area (Year 2010- 2011)

Fig. 14 Visualization and contouring of pH data in study area (Year 2010-2011)

Fig. 15 Visualization and contouring of Sulphate data in study area (Year 2010- 2011)

Fig. 16 Visualization and contouring of TDS data in study area (Year 2010- 2011)

Fig. 17 Visualization and contouring of hardness data in study area (Year 2010- 2011)

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Fig. 18 Groundwater fit/unfit for consumption (Year 2010 – 2011)

Conclusion

Present work exemplifies the integrated approach of Geo-informatics and visualization of groundwater quality parameters. Inferences are based on contour analysis. These inferences may serve as an input for water resource management of study area. Agriculture is the dominant landuse class. In most of the parts in study area, pH value is greater than 7. At some locations, groundwater is fit for consumption, at other locations it is not. Distribution of groundwater quality parameters is not uniform in study area.

Acknowledgements Authors express their gratitude to BISAG (Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics) and ASCI (Administrative Staff College of India) for providing support to carry out and publish this project work. They acknowledge the co-operation extended by Shri J. R. Patel {GWRDC (Gujarat Water Resource Development Corporation, Gandhinagar). The project funding by NRDMS (Natural Resources Data Management System), Department of Science and Technology (Government of India) is gratefully acknowledged.

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Disclaimer: Maps presented in this paper are indicative only. Maps are not to scale. External boundaries on the maps are not authenticated. Data source for these Groundwater Quality parameters are GWRDC (Gujarat Water Resources Development Corporation), Gandhinagar, Gujarat.

References

Adnan, S. and Iqbal, J. 2014. Spatial analysis of the groundwater quality in the Peshawar district, Pakistan, Procedia Engineering 70 (2014) 14 – 22, https://tinyurl.com/y7f5ftq6

Merh, S.S. 1995. Geology of Gujarat. Geological Society of India, Bangalore

Todd, K.D. 1980. Ground water hydrology. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

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