Sabarkantha District, Gujarat, India) Naveenchandra N

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sabarkantha District, Gujarat, India) Naveenchandra N Geo-informatics based visualization of spatio-temporal distribution of groundwater quality parameters pertaining to Vatrak sub-watershed for the year 2010-2011 (Sabarkantha District, Gujarat, India) Naveenchandra N. Srivastava1, Vasaram H. Patel2 1 Assistant Professor, Center for Energy, Environment, Urban Governance and Infrastructure Development, Administrative Staff College of India, Bella Vista, Hyderabad – 500082, India 2 Ex. Faculty, Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics, Near Ch-0 Circle, Indu lal Yagnik Marg, Gandhinagar – 382 007, Gujarat, India it of the Paper should not be re tha Words = 7/ Abstract: About the Authors: For optimally utilization and sustainability, quality of groundwater has to be assessed. This paper describes spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters. It is an important natural resource. Study area pertains to Vatrak sub- watershed (Sabarkantha District, Gujarat, India). Recent Vatrak, a tributary to Sabarmati River, is a rainfed Dr. NaveenchandraPhotograph N. Srivastava river. It flows during SW monsoon period. Currently working as an Assistant Northern part of study area is elevated. River Professor in Environment area at the valley is wide. Here, data visualization was carried Center for Energy, Environment, out using Geospatial Technology. In study area, Urban Governance and quality and quantity of groundwater is variable Infrastructure Development of from one place to other. Before using Administrative Staff College of India, groundwater for various purposes i.e. industrial, Hyderabad. Ph.D. in Engineering agriculture, domestic etc. quality must be Geology from Indian Institute of ascertained. In study area, quality of groundwater Technology – Roorkee, MTech. in is a major concern because quality water is Applied Geology from Indian needed for irrigation and domestic use. The study Institute of Technology – Roorkee area is influenced by semi-arid climate. ArcGIS 9.2 and MBA from IGNOU. Qualified NET was used to visualize spatio-temporal behavior of (Joint CSIR-UGC) test. groundwater quality parameters. The various E mail ID: [email protected] thematic layers were prepared using geospatial Contact: +919409562841 technology i.e. Static Water Level (SWL), Total Depth (TD), Transmissibility, K (Permeability), C (Specific Capacity), Q {Discharge m3/min)}, S (Specific yield in fraction), Alkalinity (ppm), Calcium (ppm), Chloride (ppm), Fluoride (ppm), Mr. Vasaram H. Patel Recent Photograph Magnesium (ppm), Nitrate (ppm), pH, Sulphate, Retired Head (Networks Div., SAC- TDS {Total Dissolved Solid (ppm)}, Hardness ISRO, Ahmedabad, India). Also (ppm), Groundwater fit for consumption and served as faculty at BISAG Groundwater unfit for consumption. In the (Bhaskaracharya Institute for present study, contouring is done to visualize the Space Applications and Geo- distribution of groundwater quality parameters informatics, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, within study area. Sample points concerning India). Subject specialist in computer groundwater quality parameters are also shown. Systems Management, Networks Variation in parameter values may be seen using Management and Space contour line distribution. Spacing between Applications. Offered instruction, contour lines indicate whether variation is sharp consultations, and support to or gentle. Contour creation tool was used to students. Holds bachelor’s degree in generate polyline from input sample dataset. Electronics and Communications Simultaneous visualization of steep and gentle Engg. from I I Sc. (Indian Institute of areas is possible with the help of contouring Science, Bangalore). Mr. Vasaram H. methods. For each contour polyline, attribute Patel can be contacted at data is there in contour attribute table. Here, [email protected] contour analysis provides visual explanation of the available water quality data. Considering environmental health problems, groundwater quality maps serve as a precautionary indicator. In present study, goal is to understand groundwater quality of Vatrak sub watershed area using GIS. Spatial Analyst was used to understand the spatio-temporal behavior of groundwater quality parameters. It is a module of ArcGIS 9.2. Spatial Interpolation Technique was used for preparation of various thematic layers. Contouring method helped to delineate the locational distribution of parameters. Keywords: Groundwater, quality, parameter, Vatrak, Watrak, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, river, GIS, Geospatial, Alkalinity, Calcium, Chloride, Fluoride, Magnesium, Nitrate, ppm, Ph, Sulphate, TDS {Total Dissolved Solid (ppm)}, Hardness (ppm), fit for consumption, unfit for consumption Introduction Groundwater quality is influenced by growth in population and exploitation of groundwater resources. To evaluate the groundwater quality, Geo-informatics based study was conducted in Vatrak sub-watershed (Sabarkantha District, Gujarat, India). According to Todd, 1980, within a geological stratum, all voids are occupied by groundwater. It constitutes 30.1% of the global fresh water. To meet the need of urban population, there is significant increase in groundwater reservoir. Stress has been placed on quality of groundwater due to water consumption practices in industrial as well as agricultural sectors (Adnan and Iqbal, 2014). In study area, groundwater is the major source of irrigation. For groundwater planning and management, information regarding groundwater quality is important. Such information may be useful for choosing a location for some water resource related activities. Present study provides current groundwater quality scenario. Study Area The Vatrak River originates in Dungarpur District of Rajasthan (http://www.indianetzone.com/4/sabarmati_river.htm). Total area of Vatrak sub-watershed is 578.38 km2. Study area falls in Sabarkantha District (Gujarat). Vatrak is a rain fed river and is a tributary to Sabarmati River. Due to fairly low rain fall, Sabarmati river basin is having one of the lowest water wealth potential in India. The basin is highly exploited in terms of water resources. The study area falls in the hot and semi-arid region of the northern Gujarat (Fig. 1). Topographically, area of Sabarkantha district is undulating. Geologically, area comprises various types of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic formations, such as Basalt, Alluvium, Quartzite, Phyllite, Schist, Sandstone etc. The river Vatrak enters the Sabarkantha district near village Moyedi of Meghraj taluka and runs in the south-west direction of the district. It is joined by the river Mazum and other streams. After a course of 243 km, it falls into the Sabarmati near Dholka (Ahmedabad district). In eastern part of its course, it flows over a rocky bed between rough banks through wild and picturesque country (District Gazetteer, Sabarkantha). Before entering the district, it covers a distance of about 29 km in Rajasthan. It covers a total length of about 84 km in the district. Fig. 1 Location Map of Study area in Gujarat (Vatrak sub-watershed) Topography The area of study is characterized by wide river valley (Fig. 2) and elevated area in the northern part (Fig. 3). It is a mixed landscape. NE part of study area consists of hills, while SW part is having pediplain. Minimum elevation point is 23 m. Maximum elevation point is 200 m. Relief in northern part is high, but it is low in southern part. 0 – 1 % is the dominant slope category. Area pertaining to left bank of river is relatively less steep. Topography is more undulating on right bank. At Vatrak dam, river valley is widened in the upstream. Drainage The area is drained by the southwesterly flowing river Vatrak and its tributaries (Fig. 4). The stream flow in these regions is mostly limited to the rainy season. Drainage pattern is dendritic. Streams are small and medium streams. Low order streams flow on relatively steep slope, while medium order streams are relatively on gentle slope. Highest stream order is sixth. Total length of Vatrak river in sub-watershed is 43 km. Fig. 2 Wide river valley (Vatrak river) Fig. 3 Topography of study area Fig. 4 Drainage map and water bodies Climate The climate is characterized by general dryness expect in the south-west monsoon season and a hot summer. The study area has a sub-tropical monsoon climate with three seasons, the monsoon (kharif, between late June to October), the cooler rabi (November to February) which is dry and the hot summer season (March to mid-June). The rainfall occurs in monsoon months. The study area receives much of its rainfall from the southwest monsoon. Its maximum intensity being in the months of July and August. For the duration 2004 – 2009, maximum rainfall was 1688.5 mm in the year 2006, while minimum rainfall was 659.3 mm in the year 2008. The relative humidity is low. The rate of evaporation is highest during April to June due to sharp rise in temperature and increase in wind speed. Winds are generally light to moderate, increasing in intensity during the late summer and monsoon seasons. Temperature – There is a steady increase in temperatures after February. May and the early part of June constitute the hottest part of the year. The weather is very hot and oppressive in the later part of the summer season. With the advance of the monsoon, by about the middle of June, there is appreciable drop in the day temperature, but the night continues to be warm nearly as warm as in later part of summer season. By about the end of September, the monsoon withdraws from the district, the day temperature begins to increase and
Recommended publications
  • DDMP-Kheda Part-1
    Ò<,F VF5l¿ jIJ:YF5G IMHGF DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Message Gujarat State has faced a cocktail of disasters such as Flood of 1978, Cyclone of 1998, Earthquake of 2001 and Flood of 2005-06. Government of Gujarat has set up a nodal agency Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority to manage disasters in the State. Kheda District is vulnerable to natural disasters like earthquake, flood, cyclone and man-made disasters like road & rail accidents, fire, epidemics, riots. Many a time it is not possible to prevent disasters but awareness & sensitization of people regarding preparedness and mitigation of various disasters gives positive results. Collectorate-Kheda have tried to include the district related information, risks and preparedness against risks, responses at the time of disasters as well as disaster management and strategy during the disaster etc. for Kheda District. This is updated periodically and also we are improving it through our draw, errors and learn new lessons. District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP) is in two parts. Part-1 includes District profile of various disasters, action plans including IRS (Incident Response System). And Part-2 includes detalied version of DDMP as per the guidelines provided by GSDMA. Kheda - Nadiad Shri.Sudhir.B.Patel IAS May - 2019 Collector Kheda District Disaster Management Plan- 2019-20 i Preface: Gujarat State is prone to various types of natural hazards and grave disasters. Gujarat has faced a cocktail of disasters namely Flood of 1978, Cyclone of 1998, Earthquake of 2001 and Flood of 2005-06. After the Kutch earthquake in the year 2001, it was badly felt to create the permanent arrangements for long term disaster preparedness and mitigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphotectonic of Sabarmati-Cambay Basin, Gujarat, Western India V.21, No.5, Pp: 371-383
    J. Ind. Geophys. Union ( September 2017 ) Morphotectonic of Sabarmati-Cambay basin, Gujarat, Western India v.21, no.5, pp: 371-383 Morphotectonic of Sabarmati-Cambay basin, Gujarat, Western India Vasu Pancholi*1, Girish Ch Kothyari1, Siddharth Prizomwala1, Prabhin Sukumaran2, R. D. Shah3, N. Y. Bhatt3 Mukesh Chauhan1 and Raj Sunil Kandregula1 1Institute of Seismological Research, Raisan Gandhinagar, Gujarat 2Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat 3Department of Geology, MG. Science College Ahmedabad, Gujarat *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTracT The study area is a part of the peri-cratonic Sabarmati-Cambay rift basin of western Peninsular India, which has experienced in the historical past four earthquakes of about six magnitude located at Mt. Abu, Paliyad, Tarapur and Gogha. Earthquakes occurred not only along the two major rift boundary faults but also on the smaller longitudinal as well as transverse faults. Active tectonics is the major controlling factor of landform development, and it has been significantly affected by the fluvial system in the Sabarmati- Cambay basin. Using the valley morphology and longitudinal river profile of the Sabarmati River and adjoining trunk streams, the study area is divided into two broad tectono-morphic zones, namely Zone-1 and Zone-2. We computed stream length gradient index (SL) and steepness index (Ks) to validate these zones. The study suggests that the above mentioned structures exert significant influence on the evolution of fluvial landforms, thus suggesting tectonically active nature of the terrain. Based on integration of the morphometry and geomorphic expressions of tectonic instability, it is suggested that Zone-2 is tectonically more active as compared to Zone-1.
    [Show full text]
  • CROCS of CHAROTAR Status, Distribution and Conservation of Mugger Crocodiles in Charotar, Gujarat, India
    CROCS OF CHAROTAR Status, Distribution and Conservation of Mugger Crocodiles in Charotar, Gujarat, India THE DULEEP MATTHAI NATURE CONSERVATION TRUST Voluntary Nature Conservancy (VNC) acknowledges the support to this publication given by Ruff ord Small Grant Foundation, Duleep Matthai Nature Conservation Trust and Idea Wild. Published by Voluntary Nature Conservancy 101-Radha Darshan, Behind Union Bank, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388120, Gujarat, India ([email protected]) Designed by Niyati Patel & Anirudh Vasava Credits Report lead: Anirudh Vasava, Dhaval Patel, Raju Vyas Field work: Vishal Mistry, Mehul Patel, Kaushal Patel, Anirudh Vasava Data analysis: Anirudh Vasava, Niyati Patel Report Preparation: Anirudh Vasava Administrative support: Dhaval Patel Cover Photo: Mehul B. Patel Suggested Citation: Vasava A., Patel D., Vyas R., Mis- try V. & Patel M. (2015) Crocs of Charotar: Status, distri- bution and conservation of Mugger crocodiles in Charotar region , Gujarat, India. Voluntary Nature Conservancy, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this pub- lication for educational or any non-commercial purpos- es are authorized without any prior written permission from the publisher provided the source is fully acknowl- edged and appropriate credit given. Reproduction of material in this information product for or other com- mercial purposes is prohibited without written permis- sion of the Publisher. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Managing Trustee, Voluntary Nature Conservancy or by
    [Show full text]
  • Gu Ujara at W Water R Sup Pply Depa Artm Ment
    GUJARAT WATER SUPPLY DEPARTMENT 9 th Floor, Block NO. 7, New Sachivalaya, Gandhinagar Website:­ www.guj­nwrws.gujarat.gov.in DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN­ 2018 GUJARAT WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE BOARD (A Government of Gujarat Undertaking) GWSSB,” Jalseva Bhavan”, Sector­10/A, Gandhinagar­382010 (Gujarat) Website:­ www.gwssb.gujarat.gov.in 1 Contents Sr. Subject Page No. No 1 Organization Structure 3‐13 2 Drinking Water Supply in Gujarat 14‐15 3 Gujarat: Cyclone affected area 16 4 Earthquake zone in the State 17 5 Drought area in the State 18 6 Flood affected area in the State 19 7 Drinking Water Supply Network & Coverage of Drinking 20 Water in the State 8 Infrastructure of Water supply department in the State 21 9 Damage to pipeline & Damage to Pumping Stations 22‐24 Photographs ( Flood of Year 2017­ Banaskantha) 10 Details of Diesel Generating Sets & Water Tankers 25‐29 11 Floating platforms for emergency pumping: 30 12 Chlorination Methods 31 13 Water sample Mobile laboratories 32 14 Drilling of tube wells/ hand pumps: 33 15 Minimum Canal level required for operations 34‐38 16 Water supply Schemes based on Reservoirs 39‐46 17 Drinking water supply schemes – Dependent on 47 uninterrupted power supply 18 Toll free:­ help line & control room of GWSSB 48‐49 19 DIRECTORY OF RAW WATER PUMPING HEAD WORKS 50‐53 20 DIRECTORY OF CLEAR WATER PUMPING HEAD WORKS 54‐65 21 DIRECTORY OF WATER TREATMENT PLANTS 66‐72 22 LIST OF CIVIL CONTRACTORS 73‐75 23 DIRECTORY OF MATERIAL MANUFACTURERS 76‐110 24 Hire of Vehicle 111 25 DETAILS OF (DR & DTH) DRILLING AGENCY 112‐117 26 Items and Norms of assistance from the State Disaster 118‐130 Response Fund (SDRF) and the National disaster Response Fund (NDRF) for the period 2015­2020 2 GUJARAT WATER SUPPLY DEPARTMENT About Water Supply Department: Water Supply Department, Government of Gujarat constitutes for implementing and operation of Drinking Water Supply Schemes, also execution of under ground drainage schemes as deposit work of Urban Department.
    [Show full text]
  • Details of Sites for Which Compensatory Afforestation Works During 2010-11
    Details of sites for which compensatory afforestation works during 2010-11 SN FCA Proposal Description Approval Details Planting Site F/N Area Model RateCF Amount (Rs lakh) 30% Advance Work Ahmedabad Circle Amdavad SF Divn 1 0.08 ha. of forest land for laying Gas Pipeline from Ganga ( 8/25/2006 Gogla Sr.No 201 Dhandhuka range F 1.0000 R2 10200 0.10 Anad dist.) take off point to terminal point at Okha FCA/1005-28-K Ahmedabad Jamnagar dist. in favour of Gujarat state Petronet Ltd. in Gandhinagar dist. 2 Diversion of 2.235 ha. Of protected forest land for spot 2/6/2008 Bavla-Dhola-Kheda road 26/0 to km 31/6 F 4.4700 S2 8423 0.38 widening and improving Bagodara-Kheda road, km. 23/0 to FCA/1006-26-K (Barbed Wire) 31/6 in favour of Ahmedabad divn in dist of gujarat 3 Diversion of 0.5875 ha. Of protected forest land of 8/16/2007 Dhankuka-Dholera road km 7 to 8 F 1.1750 S2 8423 0.10 Construction of crossing on Jhinjuwada branch canal on FCA/1006/(8-5)SF-56-K (Barbed Wire) Viramgam to Sitapur road Nr. Village Sitapur. Ta Mandal in fovour of Narmada project canal in Ahmedabad dist 4 Diversion of 1.922 ha of protected forest land for spot 7/5/2008 Gogla s.n. 201.Dhandhuka F 3.8440 R2 10200 0.39 widening four track road Dhandhuka Barwala Bhavnagar FCA/1008(7-16)SF-1-K road SH-36 km 131/4 to 135/5 under Vikaspath Yojana in favour of Ahmedabad R&B divn in ahmedabad dist of Gujarat 5 0.702 ha.
    [Show full text]
  • Groundwater Brochure Sabarkantha District
    For official use Technical Report Series GROUNDWATER BROCHURE SABARKANTHA DISTRICT Compiled By K.M.NAYAK Asst. Hydrogeologist Government of India Ministry of Water Resources Central Ground Water Board West Central Region Ahmedabad April 2014 PROFILE OF SABARKANTHA DISTRICT SL Items Statistics No. 1 General Information i) Geographical area as per state territory/as per village 7390 papers (Sq. Km) ii) Administrative Divisions (As on 3/2011) Number of Taluka 13 Number of Village 11389 iii) Populations (As per 2011 census) 2,42,7346 iv) Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 810 2. GEOMORPHOLOGY Major Physiographic Units : Pediments, highly dissected plateau and hills Major Drainages: Sabarmati, Vatrak, Hathmati, Meshvo, Hamav & Khari 3. LAND USE (Sq. Km) (2006-07) a) Forest area 1263 b) Net area sown 4376 c) Cultivable area 5735 4. MAJOR SOIL TYPES: Sandy soils & Loam, Brown to black soils, Black cotton soils 5. AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS (Hectare) (2006-07) Rice - 8, Jowar-1, Bajra-23, Wheat-101, Maize-116,Total cereals-249, Gram -4, other pulses-46, Total pulses-50, Total food crops- 300, Ground nut-59, Seasam -6, Rapes and Mustard-11, Total oil seeds-113, Cotton – 85. 6. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES (Area in Sq Km/ no of structures) Dugwells 1339/79503 Tube wells/Borewells 499/6256 Tanks/Ponds/Water conservation structures 7 Canals 256 Other Sources 21 Net Irrigated area (sq. km.) (2006-07) 2122 Gross Irrigated area (sq. km.) (2006-07) 2845 7. NUMBERS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS 45 OF CGWB (As on 31-03-2011) No of Dug Wells 33 No of Piezometers 12 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Report
    Study Report Impact of Lockdown due to COVID – 19 Pandemic on Surface Water Quality Gujarat Pollution Control Board Sector - 10 A, Gandhinagar-382010 CONTRIBUTIONS Inspiration and Guidance: Shri Mukesh Puri, IAS, Additional Chief Secretary, Urban Development & Urban Housing Department, and Chairman, Gujarat Pollution Control Board Shri A.V.Shah Member Secretary, Gujarat Pollution Control Board Coordination and compilation: Shri B.M.Makwana Senior Scientific Officer, Unit Head P-3,Head Office Shri K.B.Vaghela Head – Central Laboratory Inputs by: Dr. M.H. Bhadrecha Scientific Officer, Central Laboratory Report Prepared by : Dr. Sweta Patel, Scientific Officer, Central Laboratory Page 2 of 54 Contents Sr.No. Details Page No. 1 Introduction 4 2 Objectives of the study 5 3 Parameters 5 4 Primary water quality criteria for different uses 7 5 Water Quality monitoring of River Sabarmati 8 6 Water Quality monitoring of River Khari 12 7 Water Quality monitoring of River Narmada 17 8 Water Quality monitoring of River Mahi 21 9 Water Quality monitoring of River Vishwamitri 25 10 Water Quality monitoring of River Tapi 29 11 Water Quality monitoring of River Damanganga 33 12 Water Quality monitoring of Amlakhadi 37 13 Water Quality monitoring of River Kolak 41 14 Water Quality monitoring of River Shedhi 45 15 Water Quality monitoring of different Rivers of Gujarat 48 16 Summary of Findings 51 17 Conclusion 53 18 References 54 Page 3 of 54 Impact of Lockdown due to COVID – 19 Pandemic on Surface Water Quality 1. Introduction Water quality monitoring facilitates evaluation of nature and extent of pollution and effectiveness of pollution control measures, water quality trends and prioritization of pollution control efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Lockdown Due to COVID-19 Pandemic On
    Study Report (Draft copy) Impact of Lockdown due to COVID-19 Pandemic on Surface Water Quality GUJARAT POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, SECTOR 10 A, GANDHINAGAR CONTRIBUTIONS Shri Mukesh Puri, IAS, Additional Chief Secretary, Urban Development & Urban Housing Department, and Chairman, Gujarat Pollution Control Board Inspiration and Guidance : Shri A. V. Shah Member Secretary, Gujarat Pollution Control Board Dr. S. N. Agravat, Coordination and : Head, Central Laboratory, compilation GPCB, Gandhinagar Shri B. M. Makwana Senior Scientific Officer, GPCB, Gandhinagar Inputs by : Shri K. B. Vaghela, Scientific Officer, GPCB, Gandhinagar Dr. Sweta Patel, Report Prepared by : Scientific Officer, GPCB, Gandhinagar Page 2 of 53 Contents Sr. No. Details Page No. 1 Introduction 4 2 Objectives of the study 4 3 Parameters 5 4 Primary water quality criteria for different uses 6 5 Water Quality monitoring of River Sabarmati 7 6 Water Quality monitoring of River Khari 11 7 Water Quality monitoring of River Narmada 15 8 Water Quality monitoring of River Mahi 19 9 Water Quality monitoring of River Vishwamitri 23 10 Water Quality monitoring of River Tapi 27 11 Water Quality monitoring of River Damanganga 31 12 Water Quality monitoring of Amlakhadi 35 13 Water Quality monitoring of River Kolak 39 14 Water Quality monitoring of River Shedhi 43 15 Water Quality monitoring of River Kalindri 47 16 Water Quality monitoring of different Rivers of Gujarat 50 17 Conclusion 53 18 References 53 Page 3 of 53 Impact of Lockdown due to COVID-19 Pandemic on Surface Water Quality 1.Introduction Water quality monitoring facilitates evaluation of nature and extent of pollution and effectiveness of pollution control measures, water quality trends and prioritization of pollution control efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Drainage System Himalayan & Peninsular
    MA-SEM II ( CC- 8- India Unit –I) INDIA: DRAINAGE SYSTEM HIMALAYAN & PENINSULAR Dr. Supriya Guest Assistant Professor Department of Geography Patna University, Patna Post Doc. Fellow (ICSSR), Ph. D: Geography (P.U, Patna); UGC- NET-JRF (Geography); M.A. in Geography (B.R.A.B.U, Muzaffarpur) Mob: 9006640841; Email: [email protected] CONTENTS Introduction: Drainage System, Drainage Basin & Drainage Pattern; Classification of Drainage Systems of India; Difference between Himalayan & Peninsular Drainage; Himalayan River Systems The Indus River System Major Rivers of Indus River System The Ganga river system Major tributaries of Alaknanda Left Bank Tributaries of The Ganga River Right Bank Tributaries of The Ganga Peninsular Tributaries The Brahmaputra River System Peninsular River System West flowing Rivers of the Western Ghats East flowing Rivers of the Western Ghats Conclusion References Question of Exams & Assignments INTRODUCTION: Drainage System is an integrated system of a trunk stream and tributaries, which collect funnel surface water to sea, lake or some other body of water. Drainage Basin: The total area that contributes water to a single drainage system is known as a drainage basin and they are distinguished from a neighbouring basin by ridges and highlands that from divides. Drainage Pattern: A geometric arrangement streams in a region; determined by slope, differing rock resistance to weathering erosion, climate, hydrological variability and structural controls of the landscape known as drainage pattern. Factors controlling drainage pattern: topography, slope, structural control, nature of rocks, tectonics activities, supply of water and above of all geologic history of the region controls the drainage pattern. Every stream or river develops unique pattern of drainage with their tributaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Report on Water Quality Hotspots in Rivers of India Other Than Ganga, Indus & Brahmaputra Basin
    DRAFT REPORT ON WATER QUALITY HOTSPOTS IN RIVERS OF INDIA OTHER THAN GANGA, INDUS & BRAHMAPUTRA BASIN CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES, RD&GR GOVERNMENT OF INDIA September, 2017 Table of Content Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................ i 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1 2. River Water Pollution ................................................................................................................................. 12 3. Water Quality Standards in India ............................................................................................................... 13 4. Water Quality in Rivers of India other than Ganga, Indus and Brahmaputra Basin .................................. 15 5. Status of pollution in river water based upon BOD (mg/l) during 2012-13 to 2016-17 ............................ 16 6. Water Quality Hot Spots on Rivers, probable source of pollution and required capacity of STP to make the river clean upto its self cleaning capacity/level ........................................................................................... 24 7. Observations .............................................................................................................................................. 24 7.1. Andhra Pradesh (Plate 1) ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]