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Morphotectonic of Sabarmati-Cambay Basin, Gujarat, Western India V.21, No.5, Pp: 371-383

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Morphotectonic of Sabarmati-Cambay Basin, Gujarat, Western India V.21, No.5, Pp: 371-383 J. Ind. Geophys. Union ( September 2017 ) Morphotectonic of Sabarmati-Cambay basin, Gujarat, Western India v.21, no.5, pp: 371-383 Morphotectonic of Sabarmati-Cambay basin, Gujarat, Western India Vasu Pancholi*1, Girish Ch Kothyari1, Siddharth Prizomwala1, Prabhin Sukumaran2, R. D. Shah3, N. Y. Bhatt3 Mukesh Chauhan1 and Raj Sunil Kandregula1 1Institute of Seismological Research, Raisan Gandhinagar, Gujarat 2Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat 3Department of Geology, MG. Science College Ahmedabad, Gujarat *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTracT The study area is a part of the peri-cratonic Sabarmati-Cambay rift basin of western Peninsular India, which has experienced in the historical past four earthquakes of about six magnitude located at Mt. Abu, Paliyad, Tarapur and Gogha. Earthquakes occurred not only along the two major rift boundary faults but also on the smaller longitudinal as well as transverse faults. Active tectonics is the major controlling factor of landform development, and it has been significantly affected by the fluvial system in the Sabarmati- Cambay basin. Using the valley morphology and longitudinal river profile of the Sabarmati River and adjoining trunk streams, the study area is divided into two broad tectono-morphic zones, namely Zone-1 and Zone-2. We computed stream length gradient index (SL) and steepness index (Ks) to validate these zones. The study suggests that the above mentioned structures exert significant influence on the evolution of fluvial landforms, thus suggesting tectonically active nature of the terrain. Based on integration of the morphometry and geomorphic expressions of tectonic instability, it is suggested that Zone-2 is tectonically more active as compared to Zone-1. The results obtained from morphotectonic studies are verified during the field work and validated with the present seismicity pattern. Key words: Morphometric analysis, Sabarmati-Cambay basin, Western India. INTRODUCTION of natural hazards (Cloetingh and Cornu, 2005). Studies of active tectonics follow a multi-disciplinary approach, The Sabarmati river originates from the southern slope of which includes integration of data from structural geology, the Aravalli Hills, crosses a large alluvial plain and flows geomorphology, stratigraphy, geochronology, seismology into the Gulf of Cambay (GOC) (Figure 1a). The Sabarmati and geodesy (Pérez-Peña et al., 2010). The drainage basin covers nearly 21477 km2 area. It is divided into four pattern of active regions is very sensitive towards tectonic major stratigraphic divisions namely, Waghpur, Mahesana, perturbations (Burbank and Anderson, 2001). Active Akhaj and Sabarmati formations (Tandon et al., 1997; processes such as folding and faulting are responsible Jain et al., 2004). Lineament studies (Sareen et al., 1993) for accelerated river incision, asymmetries of the basins, indicate that the regional drainage in the Gujarat alluvial offset of channel, and diversions (e.g., Cox, 1994; Clark plain follows the NE-SW to NNE-SSW trend of topography et al., 2004; Salvany, 2004; Kothyari et al., 2016). These sloping towards southwest. The region comprises of three studies are important in evaluating earthquake hazards, distinct geomorphic surfaces, (i) the upland terraces and particularly in areas which have experienced relatively associated fossil dunes; (ii) the river valley terraces and high activity in the Holocene and Late Pleistocene times scroll plain; and (iii) the eastern piedmont plain (Raj et (Keller and Pinter, 2002). Therefore, such multidisciplinary al., 1999; Srivastava et al., 2001; Juyal et al., 2003). In the studies are necessary for understanding the role of active central portion of the basin near Mahudi the land cover has tectonics and geomorphic evolutions in active terrains. A been modified as a result of tectonic movement (Srivastava quantitative morphometric analysis of Sabarmati-Cambay et al., 2001). Morphometric analysis is presently one of the River basin has been presently taken up to evaluate the emerging disciplines in Earth Sciences. Recent development tectonic activity in the region. of new geochronological and geodetic tools enables The tectonic activity in the Sabarmati basin during estimating precise rates of tectonic and morphological Holocene is evaluated by a representation of geomorphic events (uplift rates, incision rates, erosion rates, slip rates indices and drainage pattern analysis. We try to present a on faults, etc.) at variable (103–106 years) time-scales conventional morphometric method (Bull and McFadden, (Burbank and Anderson, 2001; Keller and Pinter, 2002). 1977; Keller and Pinter, 2002) for evaluating active Thus quantitative analysis has regional importance in tectonics based on geomorphic indices of five southwest evaluating the tectonic activity and mitigation planning flowing river basins in the Sabarmati-Cambay basins viz. 371 Vasu Pancholi et al. Figure 1. (a) Location map of the study area shows broad climatic zones of Gujarat (Juyal, et al., 2006) (b) Geological map of the study area showing position of major lineaments (after GSI.2000) and Cambay basin (Wani and Kundu, 1995) (Note: Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 represent five basins). (1) Sabarmati river (basin-1), (2) Khari river (basin-2), (3) Quaternary alluvial sediments. At a few places disseminated Meshwa river (basin-3), (4) Majham river (basin-4) and (5) outcrops of Deccan Traps, of Proterozoic to Cenezoic Era Vatrak river (basin-5) (Figure 1a). These indices include: are located (Anon, 1980; 1999). The structural framework stream length-gradient index (SL), hypsometric integral of the basin is controlled by the interplay of two major (HI), drainage basin asymmetry (AF), and drainage basin NNW-SSE and ENE-WSW Precambrian trends represented shape (Bs) index. Presently, the Sabarmati-Cambay basin by several faults and lineaments (Chandra and Chowdhary, has huge oil deposits and the region is under enormous 1969; Wani and Kundu, 1995; Mathur et al., 1968). industrial growth and hence has high population density The geological history of the study area, in the recent compared to the rest of Gujarat. As such it is important past, indicates a sequential reactivation of these faults/ to understand the tectonically active regions by correlating lineaments. The NW-SE trending Jaisalmer-Barwani morphology and seismicity with the active faults. Thus lineament (JBL) is marked as a boundary between Archean for the first time the details of the morphotectonics of rocks of the Aravalli and the Quaternary alluvial cover of Sabarmati-Cambay basin, supported by field evidences, are Gujarat (Figure 1b). Rakhabdev lineament (RL) has a NNE- reported in this paper. SSW curvilinear trend passing through Udaipur-Dungarpur area of Rajasthan and is marked by a linear alignment of General Geology and Structural Framework ultramafic rocks (Anon, 1980) (Figure 1b). The NE-SW trending Chambal-Jamnagar lineament (CJL) cuts across all The N-S to NNW-SSE trending intercratonic Cambay the lithosequences of the region. The NNE-SSW trending basin is bounded along east and west by discontinuous en- Kishangarh-Chipri Lineament (KCL) passes through the echelon step faults (Biswas, 1982; Wani and Kundu, 1995). lithological contacts of Proterozoics and crosses through The basin is characterized by hilly areas of southeastern the vast alluvial plains (Figure 1b). The NNE-SSW trending Rajasthan to the north and alluvial terrain of Gujarat to Pisangan-Vadhanagar Lineament (PVL) is marked by the the south (Merh, 1995; Maurya et al., 1995; 2000; Merh boundary between Archean and Proterozoic rocks of the and Chamyal, 1997). Wide spectrum of lithological units Aravalli belt. Few patches of ultramafic rocks occur in is exposed in the study area from north to south (Merh, close proximity to this lineament. The NW-SE trending 1995). Towards north of the basin Archean rocks are Himatnagar Fault (HnF) passes through the alluvial plain exposed, whereas the central and southern parts comprise of and syntectonic granites of the Aravalli belt (Anon, 1980). 372 Morphotectonic of Sabarmati-Cambay basin, Gujarat, Western India Figure 2. (a) Seismotectonic map of Cambay Basin (modified from Wani and Kundu, 1995). Stars show pre-2006 earthquake locations while circles show post-2006 epicenters. Triangles show seismograph stations. The focal mechanism from north to south, (i) Mt. Abu 1969 M5.5, (Chandra, 1977), (ii) Patan, 2010 M 4.4 MTS, ISR, (iii) Bharuch, 1970, M 5.4 (Gupta et al., 1972), (iv) Surat, 2008, M 3.2, from 1st motion directions, ISR. A total of 43 pre-2001 and 114 post-2001 earthquakes of M ≥ 2 are plotted. Shocks of M ≥ 4 are shown as stars, (b) Relative rock strength (RRS) map of study area, (c) Contour map shows plot of SL class values along the major rivers. Note: the higher values of SL represent relative higher tectonic activity. Southern and central parts of the Sabarmati basin is 2005 in the region. During the period from mid- 2006 controlled on the east and west by NNW-SSW trending to 2014 nearly 625 earthquakes of magnitude ~1 to 4.4 marginal faults( named ESF and WSF) of Cambay (Figure were recorded in the Cambay rift region by the Gujarat 1b; Wani and Kundu, 1995). state seismic network. Figure 2a shows the locations of earthquakes of M > 2in the Sabarmati-Cambay basin. Seismicity of the Area Earthquake epicenters are located using data of 4 to 11 broadband seismic stations (Figure 2a). Annually some The Sabarmati River basin has experienced five earthquakes 10-20 shocks of M= 2-2.9 and 2-3 shocks of M ≥ 3 are of magnitude (M) about 6 on Richter scale in the historical being recorded. Entire spread of the basin seems to be active past (near Mt. Abu, Paliyad, Tarapur and Ghogha) seismically. Based on recent seismicity pattern it appears (Figure 2a). Until the year 2000, locations of 43 (M ≥ that the ~50km long stretch in the central portion of the 4) earthquakes are available based on field reports and basin between Ahmedabad and Mehsana is relatively less limited instrumental data (Rastogi et al., 2012). Most of the active (Figure 2a). epicenters were confined to south of Ahmedabad (south of 24.50N latitude) and some in Mt.
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