Study Report (Draft copy)

Impact of Lockdown due to COVID-19 Pandemic on

Surface Water Quality

GUJARAT POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, SECTOR 10 A, GANDHINAGAR

CONTRIBUTIONS

Shri Mukesh Puri, IAS, Additional Chief Secretary, Urban Development & Urban Housing Department, and Chairman, Gujarat Pollution Control Board Inspiration and Guidance :

Shri A. V. Shah Member Secretary, Gujarat Pollution Control Board

Dr. S. N. Agravat, Coordination and : Head, Central Laboratory, compilation GPCB, Gandhinagar

Shri B. M. Makwana Senior Scientific Officer, GPCB, Gandhinagar

Inputs by : Shri K. B. Vaghela, Scientific Officer, GPCB, Gandhinagar

Dr. Sweta Patel, Report Prepared by : Scientific Officer, GPCB, Gandhinagar

Page 2 of 53 Contents

Sr. No. Details Page No.

1 Introduction 4

2 Objectives of the study 4

3 Parameters 5

4 Primary water quality criteria for different uses 6

5 Water Quality monitoring of River Sabarmati 7

6 Water Quality monitoring of River Khari 11

7 Water Quality monitoring of River Narmada 15

8 Water Quality monitoring of River Mahi 19

9 Water Quality monitoring of River Vishwamitri 23

10 Water Quality monitoring of River Tapi 27

11 Water Quality monitoring of River Damanganga 31

12 Water Quality monitoring of Amlakhadi 35

13 Water Quality monitoring of River Kolak 39

14 Water Quality monitoring of River Shedhi 43

15 Water Quality monitoring of River Kalindri 47

16 Water Quality monitoring of different Rivers of Gujarat 50

17 Conclusion 53

18 References 53

Page 3 of 53 Impact of Lockdown due to COVID-19 Pandemic on

Surface Water Quality

1.Introduction

Water quality monitoring facilitates evaluation of nature and extent of pollution and effectiveness of pollution control measures, water quality trends and prioritization of pollution control efforts. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) had established a network of monitoring stations across the country under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme(NWQMP) in order to perform the functions laid down under The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, to understand the nature of water quality in the various water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks, creeks, canals and groundwater etc. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in association with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) is monitoring the quality of water bodies at 2500 locations across the country under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP). The inland water quality-monitoring network is operated under a Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) and Global Environmental Monitoring System(GEMS) programmes.

On account of various discharge of wastewater in river, the quality is likely to be adversely affected. It is therefore, necessary to monitor the quality of the various river waters. The Gujarat Pollution Control Board is monitoring the water quality from 70 sampling stations located on various rivers in the Gujarat State under the Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) Project. These rivers include Sabarmati, Meshwo, Anas, Mahi, Panam, Narmada, Damanganga, Kolak, Par, Tapi, Ambica etc. Under this project ground water quality and lake water quality are also monitored periodically by GPCB.

Global Environmental Monitoring System project includes an assessment of the quality of water of the major rivers of the State, viz. Narmada, Tapi, Mahi. The quality of surface water monitoring under this GEMS project has been carried out at 6 stations and monitoring of ground water quality at 2 stations has been carried out.

2.Objectives of the study

Owing to COVID-19 pandemic followed by national lockdown, industrial activities were at the lower level or stopped. Therefore, there would definitely be less effluent generated and discharged. Hence it is appropriate time to study the level of pollution coming from the

Page 4 of 53 industrial sectors and to assess the health of the rivers so as to find out measurable impact on the surface water quality because of imposed nationwide lockdown period due to COVID – 19 pandemics.

To study pollution levels in surface water during pre-lockdown and lockdown periods was made through analysing data for Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Ammonical Nitrogen (NH3-N). The concentration of this parameters were examined for Pre-lockdown period (average data from January 2020 to March 2020), Lockdown 1 (L1) period (25 March – 14 April, 2020), Lockdown 2 (L2) period (15 April – 3 May 2020), Lockdown 3 (L3) period (4–17 May 2020) and Lockdown 4 (L4) period (18–31 May).

3.Parameters

The water samples have been analyzed for following parameters (Table 1) and the effects of important Parameters are mentioned in Table 2.

Table: 1 List of Parameters with analytical methods and equipment used

Sr. No Parameters Method of Analysis Ammonical Nitrogen Distillation followed by Titration method APHA 23rd edi. 1 (NH3-N) 4500 NH3 B & C Chemical Oxygen 2 Open Reflux Method APHA 23rd edi - 5220 B Demand (COD) Biochemical Oxygen Demand Three days BOD at 27 0C IS 3025 (Part 44) 1993 3 (BOD) 3 days at 27 Reaffirmed 1999 ˚C Dissolved Oxygen 4 APHA 23rd edition 4500-O C OR Instrumentation (DO)

Table: 2 List of parameters and their effects

Parameters Effects Indicates pollution and growth of algae. It is toxic to fish and aquatic organisms, even in very low concentrations. Ammonia levels greater than approximately 0.1 mg/L usually indicate polluted waters. The danger of Ammonia ammonia poses for fish depends on the water’s temperature and pH, along with the dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The higher the pH and the warmer the temperature, the more toxic the ammonia. To measure the amount of biologically oxidizable organic matter present Biochemical Oxygen in wastewater, BOD is one of the regulatory standards for effluent Demand discharge. Due to decreasing DO, fish and other aquatic life are threatened; in the Dissolved Oxygen extreme case, killed. As DO level falls undesirable odors, tastes and colors reduce the acceptability of water.

Page 5 of 53 4. Primary water quality criteria for different uses

Table: 3 Use based classification of surface waters in India specified by CPCB, 1979 and the Bureau of Indian Standards, 1982

Class of Designated-Best-Use Criteria water 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less Drinking Water Source without 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 conventional treatment but after A 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/L or more disinfection 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 2mg/L or less 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Outdoor bathing (Organized) B 3. Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/L or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/L or less 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less Drinking water source after 2. pH between 6 to 9 conventional treatment and C 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/L or more disinfection 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/L or less 1. pH between 6.5 to 8.5 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/L or more Propagation of Wild life and D 3. Free Ammonia (as N) Fisheries 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 2 mg/L or less 1. pH between 6.0 to 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, E mhos/cm Max.2250 Controlled Waste disposal 3. Sodium Absorption Ratio Max. 26 4. Boron Max. 2mg/L

Page 6 of 53 5.Water Quality monitoring of River Sabarmati

The Sabarmati basin extends over an area of 21,674 sq km. Located in Western India, the basin covers areas in the States of Rajasthan and Gujarat. It raises in the Aravalli hills. The total length of the river from the head to its outfall into the sea is 371 km.

Fig: 1 Sampling locations of River Sabarmati

The major tributaries are the Sei, Wakal, Watrak, Shedhi, Harnav, Guhai, Hathmati, Khari, Meshwo, Mazam and Mohar[1][2]. The river Sabarmati and its tributaries are all rain-fed. There are 20 industrial estates developed by Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation in Sabarmati Basin area. The major industrial estate includes Naroda, Odhav, Vatva, Narol, Danilimda. The textile industry continues to dominate the industrial scene in Ahmedabad. The immense urban and industrial growth combined with growing demand of irrigation water has taken their toll as observed by the deteriorating water quality recorded particularly from Ahmedabad city to Vautha. The total length of the stretch from Ahmedabad city to Vautha is of 52 km and in the polluted river stretch; the main contributing outfalls are the Maninagar (mixed effluent) and river Khari (industrial). The monitoring locations for River Sabarmati are shown in Figure no.1. The important findings for water quality of River Sabarmati during the study period is as per Table No. 4. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 2

Page 7 of 53 Table: 4 Water Quality of River Sabarmati during Pre-lockdown and Lockdown

Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Dissolved O2 (mg/L) Location Name of Monitoring Location No. P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4

Sabarmati river at Hansaol bridge, Dist. Ahmedabad 1 1.01 0.95 - - - 17.67 11 - - - 2.14 1.2 - - - 7.54 8 - - - Lat- 23o 05’ 26’’ Long- 72o 37’ 47’’ River Sabarmati at Narayan Ghat 2 Lat- 23o 03’ 41’’ 0.7 0.5 - - - 17.7 15 - - - 2.1 1.9 - - - 7.7 8.12 - - - Long- 72o 35’ 16’’ Sabarmati at railway bridge, Ahmedabad, 3 0.8 0.73 - - - 18 14 - - - 2.3 1.85 - - - 7.7 8.2 - - - Lat- 23o 03’43’’ Long- 72o 35’ 22’’ River Sabarmati At- Gandhi Bridge 4 Lat- 23o 02’20’’ 0.93 0.67 - - - 21.67 15 - - - 2.39 1.98 - - - 7.74 7.9 - - - Long- 72o 34’ 26’’ Sabarmati at Ahmedabad at V.N. bridge, Dist. Ahmedabad 5 20.3 18.8 12.5 15.7 13.3 414 198 127 220 186 133 57 28 62 49 BDL BDL - BDL BDL Lat- 22o58’ 53’’ Long- 72o 32’ 35’’ River Sabarmati At Ahmedabad downstream,@100ft Away From Outfalls At V N Bridge, Narol 6 23.22 21.2 - 22.7 - 302 257 - 238 - 136 64 - 82 - BDL BDL - BDL - Dist. Ahmedabad Lat- 22o58’50’’ Long- 72o 32’ 33’’ Sabarmati at Vill. Mirolitalukadascroi, Ahmedabad 7 24.8 18.3 14.45 20.1 16.1 219 96 69 80 100 62 20 15 17 21 BDL 4.26 4.35 BDL - Lat- 22o52’57’’ Long- 72o 30’ 15’’ River Sabaramati A/C With River Vatrak At Vautha 8 19.39 14 15.51 18.09 17.42 139 63 77 80 31 31 12 16 17 15 BDL 4.37 4.22 4.42 4.2 Lat- 22o39’ 10’’ Long- 72o 32’ 16’’

Note: Average Analytical values for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 are considered for Pre-lockdown (P.L.) period.

Page 8 of 53 Figure 2 Graphs showing Water Quality of River Sabarmati during the study period

Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 BOD Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 % variation in BOD 150 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2

100 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 0.00 50mg/L -50.00 0 -100.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fig:2A For Biochemical Oxygen Demand Fig:2B % variation in Biochemical Oxygen Demand Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 COD Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 % variation in COD Lockdown L4 600 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 400 0.00

mg/L -20.00 200 -40.00 -60.00 0 -80.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Location Fig:2C For Chemical Oxygen Demand Fig:2D % variation in Chemical Oxygen Demand Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 DO Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 % variation in DO Lockdown L4 10 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

5 10.00 mg/L 5.00

0 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Location Fig:2E For Dissolved Oxygen Fig:2F % variation in Dissolved Oxygen

Ammonical Nitrogen % variation in Ammonical 30 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Nitrogen Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 20 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

mg/L 10 0.00

0 -50.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Location Fig:2G For Ammonia Fig:2H % variation in Ammonia

Page 9 of 53 Observations:

 In different monitoring locations of river sabarmati like at Hansaol Bridge, at Narayan Ghat, at Railway Bridge, Ahmedabad and at Gandhi Bridge sample has been collected only in Lockdown 1 after that no flow was observed thus samples were not collected. In Lockdown 1, positive impact on water quality of this locations have been observed as BOD, COD and Ammonical nitrogen concentration reduced and Dissolved oxygen concentration increased. Looking to the analysis data of pre-lockdown it is observed that water quality of these locations, as per CPCB Criteria fit to water quality of Class B (BOD is 3 mg/L or less and DO is 5 mg/L and more) which is for Outdoor bathing and this water quality improved in lockdown 1 and fit to Class A (BOD is 2 mg/L or less and DO is 6 mg/L and more) drinking water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection.

 In Sabarmati at V.N. Bridge, Ahmedabad reduction of pollution load has been observed throughout the lockdown and maximum reduction observed in Lockdown 2. The range of observed reduction for BOD 53% to 79%, for COD 46% to 70% and for ammonical nitrogen 7% to 38%, while comparing with pre-lockdown period. This point has discharge of @166 (106 MLD STP + 60 MLD STP) treated Sewage water, Domestic waste water outfall of AMC near vasana barrage toward old city area and AMC strom water line outlet which included Danilimda and Berampura industrial clusters. This discharge of waste water increased the pollution load at this station and in Lockdown, industrial activities at Danilimda and Berampura has been stopped or at very lower level, sewage water load also at lower lever as many commercial activities during this time has been at lower level. At this location, no improvement in Dissolved Oxygen has been observed which is likely to be still continual discharge of waste water.

 River Sabarmati at Ahmedabad Downstream, @100ft away from Outfalls at V. N. Bridge, Narol has observed reduction for BOD 40% to 53%, for COD 15% to 21% and for ammonical nitrogen 2% to 9%, while comparing with pre-lockdown period. This point received the discharge of domestic sewage water, outfall of CETP of NTIEM and mega outfall which included CETP treated effluent of GIDC Naroda, GIDC Odhav, GIDC vatva, Gujarat Vepari Maha Mandal, CETP of Narol dye stuff and Narol CETP etc. as in lockdown, industrial activities in this region were closed or at very lower level and commercial activities too at lower level that decreased the pollution load at this station than the pre-lockdown. As discharge of waste water is continued, no improvement in Dissolved Oxygen has been observed. From this station, water flow travels toward river Sabarmati at Miroli and then after confluence with River Vatrak at Vautha. Water received at this location from upper stream has reduced the pollution load in lockdown than the pre-lockdown. Because of this water quality at both monitoring locations, have positive impact of lockdown as decreased load of pollution has been observed.

Page 10 of 53

6. Water Quality monitoring of River Khari

Khari River originates from the hills near Nandol, 20 km east of Gandhinagar, bordering

Ahmedabad district. This first order river joins the Meshwo River, a tributary of the Sabarmati near

Vautha on the border of Kheda district. Meshwo meets the Sabarmati at Kheda 50 km down the

route. The 80 km Kharicut canal that begins from Raipur village was constructed for the purpose of

providing irrigation support to 10,200 ha in 110 villages spread over 80 km in Daskroi taluka of

Ahmedabad district and Mahemdavad Taluka of Kheda district. The monitoring locations for River

Khari are shown in Figure no.3. The important findings for water quality of River Khari during

the study period is as per Table No. 5.Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms

of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 4

Fig: 3 Sampling Locations of River Khari

Page 11 of 53 Table: 5 Water Quality of River Khari during Pre-lockdown and Lockdown

Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Location Name of Monitoring Location No. P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4

Kharicut Canal Near Dehagam Naroda Road Bridge 1 0.61 0.28 - - - 15 11 - - - 3.33 1.0 - - - Lat- 23o 04’ 36’’Long- 72o39’ 47’’

Kharicut Canal At OdhavKathavada Road Bridge 2 4.16 0.34 - 24.2 - 50 7 - 160 - 11.33 0.9 - 52 - Lat- 23o 04’ 11’’Long- 72o 41’ 11’’

3 Kharicut Canal Near Nirma Bridge Vatva 8.92 9.46 - 25.5 12.1 253 139 - 169 111 68 43 - 54 34 Lat- 22o55’ 54’’Long- 72o35’ 44’’

Kharicut Canal behind Maradiya Chemicals, Ahmedabad 4 20.7 15.47 - 21.7 19.32 210 130 - 115 124 76.0 38 - 36 40 Lat- 22o57’ 53’’Long- 72o38’ 28’’

River Khari At GeratpurVillage 5 32.1 38.42 - 27.3 - 352 297 - 183 - 131 97 - 60 - Lat- 22o54’ 58’’Long- 72o38’ 28’’

Kharicut canal before Confluence With River Khari Ropada 6 27.23 17.47 - 28.6 - 817 309 - 176 - 279 101 - 58 - Lat- 22o55’ 43’’Long- 72o38’ 34’’

River Khari after Confluence with Kharicut Canal Ropada 7 26.08 18.87 - 26.6 18.9 756 268 - 197 264 283 83 - 65 81 Lat- 22o55’ 25’’Long- 72o38’ 29’’

Khari at Lali Village Near Ahmedabad, 8 25.48 23.3 - 21.73 18.8 376 336 - 173 214 144 106 - 56 55 Lat- 22o52’ 07’’Long- 72o37’ 38’’

River Khari At Kanera Bridge , Ahmedabad 9 12.22 21 - 24.8 - 203 179 - 111 - 78.33 55 - 37 - Lat- 22o48’ 45’’Long- 72o36’ 50’’

River Khari at Pinglaj, Ahmedabad 10 14.37 23.24 - 28 - 178 107 - 105 - 62 30 - 33 - Lat- 22o49’ 25’’Long- 72o36’ 37’’

River Khari at Khallo, Ahmedabad 11 15.18 21.17 - 35.5 - 156 115 - 105 - 57.33 34 - 32 - Lat- 22o49’ 09’’Long- 72o 36’ 08’’

River Khari at Navagam , Ahmedabad 12 16.88 23.35 - 22 - 179 122 - 117 - 71 33 - 37 - Lat- 22o47’ 07’’Long- 72o35’ 31’’ Note: Average Analytical values for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 are considered for Pre-lockdown (P.L.) period.

Page 12 of 53 Fig: 4 Graphs showing Water Quality of River Khari during the study period

BOD % variation in BOD Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 L2 L3 L4 L5 300 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 400.00 250 350.00 300.00 200 250.00 200.00 150

mg/L 150.00 100 100.00 50.00 50 0.00 -50.00 0 -100.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 -150.00 Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Fig:4A For Biochemical Oxygen Demand Fig:4B % variation in Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD % variation inCOD Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 1000 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 800 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 600 300.00 200.00 400mg/L 100.00 0.00 200 -100.00 -200.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Location Fig:4C For Chemical Oxygen Demand Fig:4D % variation in Chemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonical Nitrogen % variation in Ammonical Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Nitrogen 50 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 40 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

30 600.00 500.00

mg/L 400.00 20 300.00 200.00 10 100.00 0.00 0 -100.00 -200.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Location

Fig:4E For Ammonical Nitrogen Fig:4F % variation in Ammonical Nitrogen

Page 13 of 53 Observations

 BOD and COD reduction has been observed in lockdown at all locations of khari except Kharicut Canal at Odhav Kathavada Road Bridge. Range of BOD reductions is 25 % to 80 % and COD reduction ratio observed 10% to 78%. Monitoring locations after river khari at Lali, which are at Kanera Bridge, at Pinglaj, at Khallo and at Navagam, Ammonical nitrogen increased than the pre- lockdown throughout the lockdown where COD and BOD found reduced. This might be due to continual discharge of untreated sewage and storm runoff.

 Kharicut Canal at Odhav Kathavada Road Bridge sample has been collected only in lockdown 1 and in 3. At this location, in lockdown 1 BOD, COD and Ammonical nitrogen reduced than pre-lockdown where as in lockdown 3, COD increased 220%, BOD increased 358% and Ammonical Nitrogen increased 481%. This may be due to received domestic

waste water discharge from surrounding area.

Page 14 of 53 7. Water Quality monitoring of River Narmada

The River Narmada arises from Amarkantak Plateau near Anuppur district, Madhya Pradesh.

It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India. It flows westwards

over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before, out falling in the Arabian Sea through the Gulf

of Khambhat, 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat. The Narmada River enters in

Fig: 5 Sampling locations of River Narmada

the Gujarat before Gadudeshwar, Narmada District and passes through near Bharuch city

before reaching to Arabian sea. The monitoring locations for River Narmada are shown in

Figure no.5. The important findings for water quality of River Narmada during the study

period is as per Table No. 6. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of

different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 6

Page 15 of 53 Table: 6 Water Quality of River Narmada during Pre-lockdown and Lockdown

Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Dissolved O2(mg/L) Location Name of Monitoring No. Location P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4

Narmada Main Canal, Nr. Village. Limbadia, Dist. 1 Gandhinagar 0.25 0.16 - 0.39 0.84 4 4 - 5 5 0.7 0.76 - 0.58 0.75 7.9 7.81 - 7.35 6.51 Lat- 23o 07’ 22’’ Long- 72o 40’ 44’’ Narmada At Garudeshwar Lat- 21o 51’ 33’’ 2 Long- 73o41’ 36’’ BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 6.67 6 6 6 6 0.64 0.64 0.55 0.64 0.65 7.45 7.56 8.40 7.50 7.32

River Narmada At Panetha, Lat- 21o53’ 30’’ 3 Long- 73o17’ 41’’ BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 6 6 6 6 6 0.71 0.68 0.62 0.7 0.71 7.58 7.46 8.24 7.41 7.12

River Narmada At Chandod, Lat- 21o58’ 57’’ 4 Long- 73o 27’ 27’’ 0.56 0.28 - 0.56 - 5.3 4 - 4 - 0.66 0.46 - 0.42 7.6 7.9 - 8.2 -

River Narmada At Zanor (NTPC), Bharuch 5 Lat- 21o50’ 12’’ BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 6 6 6 6 6 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.76 0.80 7.52 7.52 8.04 7.48 7.41 Long- 73o03’ 55’’ River Narmada At Bharuch, Zadeshvar, 6 Lat- 21o42’ 54’’ BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 9 7 7 8 8 0.82 0.8 0.82 0.79 0.83 7.47 7.42 7.82 7.22 6.66 Long- 73o02’ 48’’ River Narmada at Golden bridge, Bharuch 7 Lat- 21o41’ 44’’ -- BDL BDL BDL BDL 13.67 14 8 14 9 0.98 0.89 0.82 0.9 0.93 7.36 6.28 6.72 7.06 6.35 Long- 73o00’ 08’’

Note: Average Analytical values for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 are considered for Pre-lockdown (P.L.) period.

Page 16 of 53 Fig: 6 Graphs showing Water Quality of River Narmada during the study period

BOD % variation in BOD

1.5 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 1 Lockdown L4

20.00 mg/L 0.5 0.00 -20.00 0 -40.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Fig:6A For Biochemical Oxygen Demand Fig:6B % variation in Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD % variation in COD

15 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 10 Lockdown L4 40.00

20.00 mg/L 5 0.00 -20.00 -40.00 0 -60.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Fig:6C For Chemical Oxygen Demand Fig:6D % variation in Chemical Oxygen Demand Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 DO % variation in DO Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 10 Lockdown L4 20.00 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

10.00 5

mg/L 0.00

-10.00 0 -20.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Fig:6E For Dissolved Oxygen Fig:6F % variation in Dissolved Oxygen Ammonia % variation in Ammonia

1 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 300.00 Lockdown L4

0.5 200.00 mg/L 100.00 0.00 0 -100.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Location Fig:6G For Ammonia Fig:6H % variation in Ammonia

Page 17 of 53 Observations

 Looking to the Lock down analysis data there is no as such major changes has been observed as the range of COD at different locations of river Narmada was 4 mg/L to 14 mg/L in the pre-lockdown and the same range of COD was observed during the Lockdown. BOD has been observed below 1 mg/L in pre-lockdown and lockdown. Dissolved Oxygen is more than 6 mg/L for all stations in pre-lockdown and lockdown. Ammonical Nitrogen below detection limit at all locations of river Narmada in pre-lockdown and lockdown except Narmada Main Canal, Nr.Village. Limbadia, and River Narmada at Chandod where the observed concentration are at low level.

 According to analysis data of pre-lockdown, it is observed that water quality of river Narmada at all monitoring locations as per CPCB Criteria fit to water quality of Class A (BOD is 2mg/L or less and DO is more than 6 mg/L) which is for Drinking water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection and this water quality maintain continue in Class A in Lockdown.

Page 18 of 53 8. Water Quality monitoring of River Mahi

The Mahi basin extends over states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat having total

area of 34,842 Sq.km with a maximum length and width of about 330 km and 250 km. It lies

between 72°21’ to 75°19’ east longitudes and 21°46’ to 24°30’ north latitudes. It is bounded

by Aravalli hills on the north and the northwest, by Malwa Plateau on the east, by the

Vindhyas on the south and by the Gulf of Khambhat on the west. Its total length is 583 km,

traversing 167 km. in Madhya Pradesh, 174 km. in Rajasthan and remaining 242 km. in

Gujarat. Mahi is joined by the Bhadar, the Anas, the Panam and the Meshri.The monitoring

locations for River Mahi are shown in Figure no.7. The important findings for water quality

of River Mahi during the study period is as per Table No. 7. Whereas the graphical

presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 8

Fig: 7 Sampling Locations of River Mahi

Page 19 of 53 Table: 7 Water Quality of River Mahi during Pre-lockdown and Lockdown

Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Dissolved O2 (mg/L) Name of Location Monitoring No. Location P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4

Mahi At Sevalia 1 Lat- 22o48’ 22’’ 0.56 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.56 4 4 4 4 5 0.50 0.38 0.4 0.39 0.39 7.93 7.9 8.4 8.5 8.4 Long- 73o21’ 33’ River Mahi At Parthampura (Rania) 2 Bridge,GSFC Water 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 4 4 4 4 4 0.48 0.4 0.42 0.41 0.43 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Works, Lat- 22o30’ 52’’ Long- 73o06’ 45’’ Mahi At Vasad 3 Lat- 22o28’ 10’’ 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 4 4 4 4 5 0.59 0.48 0.45 0.46 0.47 7.73 7.7 7.9 8 8.2 Long- 73o05’ 28’’ River Mahi At Sherkhi At Sindhrot 4 Bridge 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 8 8 8 4 6 0.6 0.51 0.48 0.48 0.49 7.7 8.2 8 8.4 8.6 Lat- 22o21’ 04’’ Long- 73o03’ 13’’ Mahi At Umeta Bridge 5 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 4 4 4 4 5 0.61 0.52 0.48 0.49 0.49 7.70 8.1 8 8.3 8.5 Lat- 22o19’ 49’’ Long- 73o03’ 15’’ Mahi At Mujpur 6 Lat- 21o15’ 22’’ 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 8 8 8 8 8 0.65 0.61 0.59 0.58 0.6 7.2 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.3 Long- 72o59’ 15’’ Note: Average Analytical values for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 are considered for Pre-lockdown (P.L.) period.

Page 20 of 53 Figure: 8 Graphs showing Water Quality of River Mahi during the study period

BOD % variation in BOD

1 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L4 0.00 0.5 mg/L -10.00 -20.00 0 -30.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Location Fig:8A For Biochemical Oxygen Demand Fig:8 B % variation in Biochemical Oxygen Demand Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 COD Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 % variation in COD Lockdown L4 10 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 50.00 5 mg/L 0.00 -50.00 0 -100.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Location Fig:8C For Chemical Oxygen Demand Fig:8D % variation in Chemical Oxygen Demand DO Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 % variation inDO Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 10 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 20.00 5

mg/L 10.00 0.00 -10.00 0 -20.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Location Fig:8E For Dissolved Oxygen Fig:8F % variation in Dissolved Oxygen Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Ammonia Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 % variation in Ammonia Lockdown L4 0.6 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 0.4

0.00 mg/L 0.2 -20.00 -40.00 0 -60.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Location Fig:8G For Ammonia Fig:8H % variation in Ammonia

Page 21 of 53 Observations:

 No significant variation was observed in connection with BOD, COD and Ammonical Nitrogen concentration which remained mostly unaffected or slightly reduced than before. No major fluctuations observed in concentration of Dissolved oxygen than pre-lockdown at all monitoring locations of river Mahi.

 Looking to the analysis data of pre-lockdown, it is observed that water quality of river Mahi at all monitoring locations, as per CPCB Criteria fit to water quality of Class A (BOD is 2 mg/L or less and DO is more than 6 mg/L) which is for Drinking water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection and this water quality sustain continue in Class A in Lockdown.

Page 22 of 53

9. Water Quality monitoring of River Vishwamitri

This river originating from Pavagadh in the Panchmahal District of Gujarat, The Vishwamitri

River flows mainly through the west of the city of Vadodara. Two other tributaries

namely Dhadhar and Khanpur merge into it before it amalgamates with the Gulf of

Khambhat.The monitoring locations for River Vishwamitri are shown in Figure no.9. The

important findings for water quality of River Vishwamitri during the study period is as per

Table No. 8. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different

parameters is depicted in Figure No. 10.

Fig: 9 Sampling Locations of River Vishwamitri

Page 23 of 53 Table: 8 Water Quality of River Vishwamitri during Pre-lockdown and Lockdown

Dissolved O2 Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) (mg/L)

Name of Location Monitoring No. Location

PL L1 L2 L3 L4 PL L1 L2 L3 L4 PL L1 L2 L3 L4 PL L1 L2 L3 L4

Vishwamitri Upstream At Asod 1 Bridge At N.H. 8 0.56 0.28 0.56 0.56 0.56 5.3 4 4 4 6 0.71 0.57 0.59 0.58 0.62 7 6.4 6.6 7.2 7.3 Lat- 22o21’ 25’’ Long- 73o12’ 48’’

Vishwamitri Downstream of At 2 Khalipur 9.52 1.12 3.92 5.6 4.48 99 50 54 56 51 21 12 11.8 11.4 9.8 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Lat- 22o12’ 24’’ Long- 73o09’ 53’’

Note: Average Analytical values for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 are considered for Pre-lockdown (P.L.) period.

Page 24 of 53 Fig: 10 Graphs showing Water Quality of River Vishwamitri during the study period

BOD % variation in BOD 50 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

mg/L Lockdown L4 0.00

0 -100.00 1 2 1 2 Location Fig:10A For Biochemical Oxygen Demand Fig:10B % variation in Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 % variation in COD 200 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

mg/L 100.00 0.00 0 -100.00 1 2 1 2 Location Fig:10C For Chemical Oxygen Demand Fig:10D % variation in Chemical Oxygen Demand

Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 DO % variation in DO Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 10 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 5.00 5 mg/L 0.00 -5.00 0 -10.00 1 2 Location 1 2

Fig:10E For Dissolved Oxygen Fig:10F % variation in Dissolved Oxygen

Ammonia % variation in Ammonia Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 10 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 0.00 Lockdown L4 5 -20.00 mg/L -40.00 -60.00 -80.00 0 -100.00 1 2 Location 1 2

Fig:10G For Ammonia Fig:10H % variation in Ammonia

Page 25 of 53 Observations:

 In Vishwamitri upstream at asod no major changes was observed in BOD, COD, Ammonical Nitrogen and Dissolved oxygen concentration. Water quality at this location in Pre-lockdown, as per CPCB Criteria fit to water quality of Class A (BOD is 2 mg/L or less and DO is more than 6 mg/L) which is for Drinking water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection and this water quality sustain continue in Class A in Lockdown.

 In Vishwamitri Downstream at Khalipur COD observed 99 mg/L, BOD observed 21 mg/L, Ammonical Nitrogen was 9.52 mg/L and no dissolved oxygen present in the pre-lockdown. This pollution load at this location mainly due to domestic waste water discharge which may also include Hotels waste water discharge and discharge of waste water by non-veg venders and many more such type of activities and in lock down many of such activity has been stopped or at lower level which has reduced the pollution load in the stream and its effect observed as BOD, COD and Ammonical Nitrogen concentration have been reduced than the pre-lockdown. Variation in Ammonical Nitrogen observed 40 % to 88 % in which, Maximum variation observed in Lock down 1. COD reduction observed up to 50% in lock down and BOD reduction observed 40% to 53% during Lock Down. No Dissolved oxygen observed at this location in pre-lockdown and remain unchanged in lockdown also which might be due to effect of waste water discharged in to stream.

Page 26 of 53 10. Water Quality monitoring of River Tapi

The Tapi River originates near Multai in Betul district at an elevation of 752 m above m.s.l.

The total length of this west flowing river from its origin to its out fall into the sea is 724 Km.

For the first 282 km the river flows in Madhya Pradesh, out of which 54 km forms the

common boundary with Maharashtra State. It flows for 228 km in Maharashtra before

entering Gujarat. Traversing a length of 214 km in Gujarat, the Tapi River joins Arabian Sea

in the Gulf of Cambay after flowing past the Surat city. The river receives tidal influence for

a length of about 25 km upstream from the mouth. The Tapi River drains an area of 65145

Sq.km. out of which nearly 80 percent lies in Maharashtra. The monitoring locations for

River Tapi are shown in Figure no.11. The important findings for water quality of River

Tapi during the study period is as per Table No. 9. Whereas the graphical presentation of

water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 12

Fig: 11Sampling Locations of River Tapi

Page 27 of 53 Table: 9 Water Quality of River Tapi during Pre-lockdown and Lockdown

Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Dissolved O2(mg/L) Name of Location Monitoring No. Location

P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4

Tapi At Mandavi 1 Lat- 21o15’ 08’’ 0.56 0.56 0.28 0.56 0.56 10.67 9 8 9 8 0.85 0.78 0.77 0.82 0.86 7.13 7.04 7.03 7.02 7.05 Long- 73o17’ 20’’

Tapi River Near Bardoli (Kapp 2 Bridge) Bardoli 0.65 0.56 0.84 0.56 0.28 11 9 7 8 8 0.87 0.77 0.76 0.79 0.89 7.18 7.05 7.03 7.06 7.07 Lat- 21o16’ 02’’ Long- 73o21’ 52’’ Tapi At Kathore, 3 NH-8 Bridge 0.65 0.84 0.56 0.56 0.84 9.33 8 7 8 9 0.89 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.89 7.23 7.12 7.09 7.08 7.07 Lat- 21o17’ 01’’ Long- 72o57’ 02’’

River Tapi At 4 Varachha Bridge 0.75 0.56 0.56 0.28 0.84 9.33 9 8 8 9 0.9 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.92 7.08 7.05 7.03 7.06 7.05 Lat- 21o14’ 05’’ Long- 72o53’ 28’’

Tapi At Rander 5 Bridge, Surat 0.75 0.56 0.56 0.84 0.56 12.33 12 9 10 11 1.04 0.96 0.94 0.99 0.98 7.07 7.09 7.05 7.08 7.06 Lat- 21o13’ 56’’ Long- 72o47’ 33’’ Tapi River At Ongc Bridge At 6 Surat, Dist. Surat 0.84 0.84 0.56 0.84 1.12 23.67 22 19 18 21 1.86 1.21 1.16 1.09 1.07 6.58 6.92 6.89 6.95 6.98 Lat- 21o08’ 50’’ Long- 72o44’ 42’’

Note: Average Analytical values for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 are considered for Pre-lockdown (P.L.) period. Page 28 of 53 Fig: 12 Graphs showing Water Quality of River Tapi during the study period

BOD % variation in BOD 2 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2

Lockdown L4 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 mg/L 50.00 0.00 0 -50.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 Location 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig:12A For Biochemical Oxygen Demand Fig:12B % variation in Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD % variation in COD 40 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

20 Lockdown L4 0.00 mg/L -10.00 -20.00 -30.00 0 -40.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 Location 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig:12C For Chemical Oxygen Demand Fig:12D % variation in Chemical Oxygen Demand

DO % variation in DO 8 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

mg/L 10.00 5.00 6 0.00 -5.00 1 2 Location3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig:12E For Dissolved Oxygen Fig:12F % variation in Dissolved Oxygen

Ammonia % variation in Ammonia 2 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

Lockdown L4 100.00 mg/L 0.00

0 -100.00 Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig:12G For Ammonia Fig:12H % variation in Ammonia

Page 29 of 53 Observations:

 No significant variation was observed in connection with BOD, COD, Ammonical Nitrogen and Dissolved Oxygen concentration which remained mostly unaffected or slightly changed.  Looking to the analysis data of pre-lockdown it is observed that water quality of river Tapi at all monitoring locations as per CPCB Criteria fit to water quality of Class A (BOD is 2 mg/L or less and DO is more than 6 mg/L) which is for Drinking water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection and this water quality remain continue to fit in Class A in Lockdown.

Page 30 of 53 11. Water Quality monitoring of River Damanganga

The River Damanganga originates from Sahyadri hills near Valveri village in Nasik district of

Maharashtra state. The catchment area is bounded by Arabian Sea on the West and Sahyadri ranges

on the East. The river flows from East to West along with tributaries, passing through hilly areas of

Maharashtra, Gujarat and Union Territories (UT) of Dadra & Nagar Haveli (DNH) and Daman & Diu

(DD), travelling 131.30 KM before draining into Arabian Sea in Daman. The Major tributaries of

Damanganga River are Dawan, Shrimant, Val, Rayate, Lendi, Wagh, Sakartond, Roshni, Dudhni and

Piperiya. The river basin is situated in the western Ghat region between 19051’ to 20028’ North

Latitude and 70050’ to 73038’ East Longitude. The Total Catchment of the basin is = 2290 Sq. km.

The Madhuban Dam constructed on the upstream of Damanganga River in Gujarat state is the major

water resources for drinking and irrigation purpose as well as for industrial uses in DNH, Daman and

Vapi (Gujarat). The Stretch of Damanganga River from Madhuban Dam up to its confluence with

Arabian Sea is @41.56 KM. Large, Medium and Small scale industries located along the stretch of

the river & treated waste water after CETP, discharge into River Damanganga. Apart from the

industrial effluent, domestic waste water from the catchment area is also discharge into the river.

The monitoring locations for River Damanganga are shown in Figure no.13.The important findings

Fig: 13 Location of Damanganga

for water quality of River Damanganga during the study period is as per Table No. 10.Whereas the

graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 14.

Page 31 of 53 Table: 10 Water Quality of River Damanganga during Pre-lockdown and Lockdown

Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Dissolved O2 (mg/L)

Name of Location Monitoring No. Location

P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 PL L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4

Damanganga At Kachigaon upstream At 1 GIDC Wier, 0.11 0.29 0.15 0.12 0.12 5 5 5 5 5 1.9 1.5 0.9 0.8 0.8 6.6 7 7.2 7.2 7.1 Lat- 20o20’ 24’’ Long- 72o54’ 30’’

Damanganga At Kachigaon downstream 2 (Daman), 1 1.15 0.6 - - 5 28 13 - - 2.6 2.7 2.1 - - 5 4.9 5.3 - - Lat- 20o22’ 18’’ Long- 72o52’ 49’’

Note: Average Analytical values for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 are considered for Pre-lockdown (P.L.) period.

Page 32 of 53 Fig: 14 Graphs showing Water Quality of River Damanganga during the study period

BOD % variation in BOD 5 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L4 20.00 mg/L 0.00 -20.00 -40.00 0 -60.00 1 2 -80.00 Location 1 2

Fig:14A For Biochemical Oxygen Demand Fig:14B % variation in Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD % variation in COD

40 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L4 0.00 20 mg/L -50.00

-100.00 0 1 2 1 2 Location Fig:14C For Chemical Oxygen Demand Fig:14D % variation in Chemical Oxygen Demand

DO Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 % variation in DO 10 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

mg/L 10.00 5.00 0 0.00 1 2 -5.00 Location 1 2

Fig:14E For Dissolved Oxygen Fig:14F % variation in Dissolved Oxygen

Ammonia % variation in Ammonia

2 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L4 200.00 1 mg/L 100.00 0.00 -100.00 0 1 2 1 2

Location Fig:14G For Ammonia Fig:14H % variation in Ammonia Page 33 of 53

Observations:

 In upstream of Damanganga, GIDC Wier, at Kachigaon no significant variation has been observed in BOD, COD, Ammonical Nitrogen and Dissolved oxygen concentration which remained mostly unaffected or minor changed. Looking to the analysis data of pre-lockdown, it is observed that water quality of Damanganga at this monitoring locations as per CPCB Criteria fit to water quality of Class A (BOD is 2 mg/L or less and DO is more than 6 mg/L) which is for Drinking water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection and this water quality maintain continue in Class A in Lockdown.

 Damanganga at Kachigaon downstream location sample was not collected in lockdown 3 and 4 due to entry restriction. At this location, no significant variation has been observed in BOD, Ammonical Nitrogen and Dissolved oxygen concentration which remained mostly unaffected or minor changed than before. Variation in COD at this location observed, due to tidal effect. Looking to the analysis data of pre- lockdown, it is observed that good water quality to maintain healthy aquatic life and this water quality maintained continue in Lockdown.

Page 34 of 53 12. Water Quality monitoring of Amlakhadi

Amlakhadi is a natural drain originates from overflow of Tapi Irrigation Canal passing nearby Kapodra village of Ankleshwar Taluka. It flows alongside Bhadkodra, Piraman,

Ankleshwar, Sakkarpurbhata and meets to estuary of river Narmada near village Pungam.

Though there is no perennial source of fresh water influx in to this natural drain, it flows allround the year because of various domestic outfalls from Ankleshwar Nagarpalika, surrounding urban agglomerates. The monitoring locations for Amlakhadi are shown in

Figure no.15. The important findings for water quality of Amlakhadi during the study period is as per Table No. 11. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 16

Fig:15 Sampling Locations of Amlakhadi

Page 35 of 53 Table: 11Water Quality of Amlakhadi during Pre-lockdown and Lockdown

Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Dissolved O2 (mg/L)

Location Name of Monitoring No. Location

P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4

1 Amlakhadi after confluence of wastewater for Ankleshwar drain at at N.H.No.8, 14 17.08 - 21.8 - 66 79 - 92 - 12 13 - 16 - BDL BDL - BDL - Low Level Bridge, Ankleshwar Lat- 21o37’ 00’’ Long- 72o59’ 45’’ 2 Amlakhadi at Pungam (River), Ta.Ankleshwar Lat- 21o37’ 53’’ 12 7.95 - 10.9 - 54 41 - 20 - 9 7.0 - 3 - 3 1.53 - 2.9 - Long- 72o57’ 23’’

Note: Average Analytical values for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 are considered for Pre-lockdown (P.L.) period.

Page 36 of 53 Fig: 16 Graphs showing Water Quality of Amlakhadi during the study period

BOD % variation in BOD

20 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 15 50.00

10 0.00 mg/L

5 -50.00

-100.00 0 1 2 1 2 Location Fig:16A For Biochemical Oxygen Demand Fig:16B % variation in Biochemical Oxygen Demand Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 COD % variation in COD Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 100 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 50.00 50

mg/L 0.00

-50.00

0 -100.00 1 2 1 2 Location Fig:16C For Chemical Oxygen Demand Fig:16D % variation in Chemical Oxygen Demand Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 % variation in DO DO Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 4 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

2 0.00 mg/L -20.00 -40.00 -60.00 0 1 2 1 2 Location Fig:16E For Dissolved Oxygen Fig:16F % variation in Dissolved Oxygen

Ammonia % variation in Ammonia 40 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

20 Lockdown L4 80.00

mg/L 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 0 -20.00 1 2 -40.00 Location 1 2

Fig:16G For Ammonia Fig:16H % variation in Ammonia

Page 37 of 53 Observations:  Amlakhadi at Low Level Bridge, N.H.No.8, no positive impact of lockdown has been

observed in the concentration of COD, BOD, DO and NH3-N than the pre-lockdown.

At this point of Amlakhadi, mainly domestic effluent flowing which is generated from

the upstream villages of Amlakhadi which is continue in lockdown. Only domestic

effluent flowing and no direct industrial wastewater discharge contributed positive

effect on water quality in Amlakhadi during lockdown. From this stream, water flow

travels toward at pungam, at this location pollution load observed lower than the pre-

lockdown.

Page 38 of 53 13. Water Quality monitoring of River Kolak

Kolak River is a river in Gujarat in western India whose origin is Saputara hills. Its

basin has a maximum length of 50 km. Kolak river flows from Saputara to the Arabian

Sea near Udwada (holy place of Parsis in Gujarat).The Catchment area of the basin is

584 Square Kilometer. The monitoring locations for River Kolak are shown in Figure

no.17. The important findings for water quality of River Kolak during the study period

is as per Table No. 12. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of

different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 18.

Fig: 17 Sampling Locations of River Kolak

Page 39 of 53 Table: 12 Water Quality of River Kolak during Pre-lockdown and Lockdown

Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Dissolved O2 (mg/L)

Name of Location Monitoring No. Location P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4

River Kolak at NH 8 at Morai Lat- 20o 42’ 1 0.41 0.21 0.12 0.1 0.12 4.33 7 6 5 6 1.03 1 0.9 0.9 1 6.63 6.4 6.8 6.8 6.6 23’’ Long- 72o 91’ 51’’ River Kolak at KoteshwarMah adev 2 Lat- 20o 43’ 0.41 0.35 0.17 0.1 0.14 14.33 9 8 9 10 2.2 2.7 1.4 1.4 1.6 5.47 6 6.4 6.3 6 83’’ Long- 72o 90’ 76’’ River KolakPataliya bridge 3 Lat- 20o 46’ 0.45 0.44 0.26 0.3 0.41 27.33 16 11 12 14 2.23 2 1.8 1.6 1.9 5.6 5.5 6 5.8 5.6 45’’ Long- 72o 88’ 06’’

Note: Average Analytical values for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 are considered for Pre-lockdown (P.L.) period.

Page 40 of 53

Fig: 18 Graphs showing Water Quality of River Kolak during the study period

BOD % variation in BOD 4 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

2 Lockdown L4 40.00

mg/L 20.00 0.00 -20.00 0 -40.00 1 2 3 Location 1 2 3

Fig:18A For Biochemical Oxygen Demand Fig:18B % variation in Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 % Variation in COD COD Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 40 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

20 100.00

mg/L 50.00 0.00 -50.00 0 -100.00 1 2 3 1 2 3 Location Fig:18C For Chemical Oxygen Demand Fig:18D % variation in Chemical Oxygen Demand

Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 DO % variation in DO Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 10 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

5 20.00 mg/L 10.00 0.00 0 -10.00 1 2 3 1 2 3 Location Fig:18E For Dissolved Oxygen Fig:18F % variation in Dissolved Oxygen

Ammonia % variation in Ammonia 0.5 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L3

Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 0.00 mg/L Lockdown L4 -50.00 0 -100.00 1 2 3 Location 1 2 3

Fig:18G For Ammonia Fig:18H % variation in Ammonia

Page 41 of 53 Observations:

 In river Kolak at NH 8, Morai, no significant change was observed in BOD, COD, Ammonical Nitrogen and Dissolved oxygen concentration. At this location, in pre- lockdown water quality as per CPCB criteria fit to water quality of Class A (BOD is 2 mg/L or less and DO is more than 6 mg/L) which is for Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfection and this water quality maintain continue to Class A in Lockdown.

 Water quality at river Kolak at Koteshwar Mahadev in pre-lockdown fit to Class B (BOD 3 mg/L or less and DO 5 mg/L or more). This water quality improved in Lockdown 2, 3 and 4 as BOD reduced up to 40% and Dissolved oxygen increased above 6 mg/L and water quality became fit to Class A.

 River Kolak Pataliya bridge Water quality Continue to remain satisfactory as were before the Lockdown period and fit the Criteria of Class B as per CPCB before and during lockdown period. At this location in pre-lockdown COD observed is 27.33 mg/L as there is no effluent discharge, it might be due to tidal effect.

 Reduced concentration of Ammonical Nitrogen has been observed at all monitoring locations of river Kolak in lockdown than pre-lockdown, however the concentration present in pre-lockdown and lockdown is at low level.

Page 42 of 53

14. Water Quality monitoring of River Shedhi

River Shedhi is a tributary of river Sabarmati flowing through Kheda district of Gujarat. It is not a perennial river, very shallow & flows only during monsoon & dries up during majority of period. It originates from Dhamod village in Mahisagar district, passes through Kheda & Matar Taluka of Kheda district of Gujarat State and meets Vatrak River near Kheda Town of Kheda District. The important findings for water quality of River Shedhi during the study period is as per Table No. 13. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 19.

Page 43 of 53 Table: 13 Water Quality of River Shedhi during Pre-lockdown and Lockdown

Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Dissolved O2(mg/L)

Name of Location Monitoring No. Location

P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L. L1 L2 L3 L4

River Shedhi at 1 NadiadMahemdabad 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 4.48 16.6 12 33 46 64 2.19 1.2 2.5 4.2 7.9 4.60 6.7 4.7 4.3 3 Road

River Shedhi at 2 1.31 0.28 0.56 0.56 1.68 21 21 25 33 55 2.90 1.7 2.2 3.9 7.3 4.80 6.1 4.8 4.9 3.1 KhedaMatar Road

Note: Average Analytical values for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 are considered for Pre-lockdown (P.L.) period.

Page 44 of 53 Fig: 19 Graphs showing Water Quality of River Shedhi during the study period

BOD 10 % variation in BOD Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 mg/L Lockdown L4 -500.000.00 0 1 2 1 2 Location

Fig:20A For Biochemical Oxygen Demand Fig:20B % variation in Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD % variation in COD 100 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4

Lockdown L4 400.00 mg/L 200.00 0.00 0 -200.00 1 2 1 2 Location

Fig:20C For Chemical Oxygen Demand Fig:20D % variation in Chemical Oxygen Demand

DO Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 % variation in DO 10 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L4

Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 mg/L 100.00 0.00 0 -100.00 1 2 1 Location 2

Fig:20E For Dissolved Oxygen Fig:20F % variation in Dissolved Oxygen

Pre Lockdown Ammonia Lockdown L1 % variation in Ammonia Lockdown L2 5 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 1000.00 mg/L 500.00 0.00 0 -500.00 1 2 1 2 Location

Fig:20G For Ammonia Fig:20H % variation in Ammonia

Page 45 of 53 Observations:

 In river Shedhi at Nadiad Mahemdabad COD and BOD concentration reduced to 27 % and45% in lockdown 1 than pre-lockdown which was 16.6 mg/L and 2.19 mg/L, respectively. In further lockdown, COD and BOD concentration are increasing gradually and observed maximum in Lockdown 4 which is 64 mg/L and 7.9 mg/L, respectively.

 Dissolved oxygen concentration also increased 45 % in lockdown 1 than pre- lockdown and then gradually decreased in further lockdown. Maximum reduction in Dissolved oxygen observed in lockdown 4 which is 3 mg/L (-34%). Ammonical Nitrogen remain unchanged 0.56 mg/L in Lockdown 1, 2, 3 and observed maximum in lockdown 4 which is 4.48 mg/L.

 This effect likely to be because flow of river reduced during lockdown and during summer season, evaporation rate is higher. This river doesn’t have own natural flow, except monsoon. Hence, this may be reason of gradually increase in concentration of

COD, BOD, NH3-N and decreased Dissolved oxygen concentration.

 River Shedhi at Nadiad Mahemdabad water flow towards the shedhi at Kheda Matar Road, similar type of effect in water quality observed at this location.

Page 46 of 53 15. Water Quality monitoring of River Kalindri

River Kalindri is flowing through Morbi district of Gujarat. It is not a perennial river, very shallow & flows only during monsoon & dries up during majority of period. The important findings for water quality of River Kalindri during the study period is as per Table No. 14. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 20.

Page 47 of 53 Table: 14 Water Quality of River Kalindri during Pre-lockdown and Lockdown

Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Dissolved O2 (mg/L)

Name of Location Monitoring No. Location

P.L L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L L1 L2 L3 L4

River Kalindri, behind nehaceramic,old 1 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 8.67 12 13 11 13 1.87 2 1.8 2 2.1 6.47 6.7 7 5.6 7 ghunturoad,ta:& dist:morbi (up stream) River Kalindri,Near Mega 2 ceramic,oldghun 0.3 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 11.0 33 16 13 16 2.2 2.6 2.3 3.2 2.8 6.2 6.4 6.9 5.6 5.4 turoad,ta:&dist: morbi (middle stream) River Kalindri,NearRa jmoti industries, 3 old 0.37 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 12 31 22 20 21 2.46 6 2.8 3.8 3.5 5.70 3.8 6.9 5.4 6.2 ghunturoad,ta:& dist:morbi (Down stream)

Note: Average Analytical values for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 are considered for Pre-lockdown (P.L.) period.

Page 48 of 53 Fig: 20 Graphs showing Water Quality of River Kalindri during the study period

BOD % variation in BOD 10 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L4 5

200.00 mg/L 100.00 0.00 -100.00 0 1 2 3 1 2 3

Location

Fig:22A For Biochemical Oxygen Demand Fig:22B % variation in Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD % variation inCOD Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 40 Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 250.00 20 200.00 mg/L 150.00 100.00 50.00 0 0.00 1 2 3 Location 1 2 3

Fig:22C For Chemical Oxygen Demand Fig:22D % variation in Chemical Oxygen Demand

DO Pre Lockdown Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 % variation in DO 10 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 5

mg/L 50.00 0.00 -50.00 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 Location

Fig:22E For Dissolved Oxygen Fig:22F % variation in Dissolved Oxygen

Pre Lockdown Ammonia Lockdown L1 % variation in Ammonia Lockdown L2 0.5 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L1 Lockdown L2 Lockdown L4 Lockdown L3 Lockdown L4 0.00 mg/L -10.00 -20.00 0 -30.00 1 2 3 Location 1 2 3

Fig:22G For Ammonia Fig:22H % variation in Ammonia

Page 49 of 53 Observations:

 In upstream and middle stream of the river kalindri, water quality observed in good health in pre-lockdown as Dissolved oxygen level found above 6 mg/L which is good for aquatic life and BOD level found below 3mg/L while compared to pre-lockdown results no significant variation observed in BOD, Dissolved Oxygen and Ammonical Nitrogen in lockdown.

 At downstream of river kalindri in Lockdown 1 DO has been reduced to 33% which is 3.8 mg/L which observed in pre-lockdown is 5.7 mg/L, BOD found increased to 6 mg/L which observed in pre-lockdown is 2.4 mg/L, COD also increased and found 31 mg/L which was in Pre-lockdown 12 mg/L. This variation may be due to discharge of waste water from unknown source. After that in Lockdown 2, 3 and 4 BOD and COD have been reduced than lockdown 1 but it is observed still higher than the pre-lockdown. Dissolved oxygen concentration has been improved (above 5 mg/L) in lock down 2, 3 and 4 than lockdown 1. At this location, ammonical nitrogen observed in pre-lockdown was 0.37 mg/L which is at low level and in lockdown it is reduced up to 30%.

Page 50 of 53 16. Water Quality monitoring of different rivers in Gujarat

Table: 15 Water Quality of Different Rivers during Pre-lockdown and Lockdown

Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Dissolved O2(mg/L) Name of Location Monitoring No. Location P.L L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L L1 L2 L3 L4 P.L L1 L2 L3 L4

River Kim at 1 0.47 0.84 0.56 0.56 0.84 12 10 9 11 10 1.08 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.94 7.03 7.05 7.03 7.06 7.05 Sahol Bridge

River Bhogavo at Wadhvan Bridge, downstream of 2 3.99 3.60 2.77 4.17 5.04 42.5 45 53 48 40 11.3 7.6 8.66 12.6 7 3.85 2.8 7.2 1 2.7 Surendranagar city, Surendranagar

River Mindhola at 3 State Highway 2.52 1.12 0.84 0.84 0.56 64.67 12 11 12 13 5.31 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.87 5.86 7.02 7.01 7.05 7.07 Bridge Sachin

River Bhadar at Dublipat i.e. 4 9.4 13.5 13.8 16.4 - 379 411 219 89 - 104 88 49 13.3 - BDL BDL BDL 4.3 - Downstream of Jetpur

River Kaveri at 5 village Gumandev, - BDL BDL BDL BDL 7.33 7 6 7 7 0.83 0.81 0.64 0.83 0.85 7.12 6.69 6.88 6.95 6.8 Dist.Bharuch

River par Railway 6 0.29 0.23 0.23 0.5 0.23 17.3 12 18 22 12 2.03 1.1 1 1.9 2 6.13 6.8 7.1 6.8 6.3 bridge

Note: Average Analytical values for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 are considered for Pre-lockdown (P.L.) period.

Page 51 of 53 Observations:

 River Kim at Sahol Bridge, River Kaveri at village Gumandev, Dist.Bharuch and River Par at Railway bridge water quality observed in good health in pre-lockdown as Dissolved oxygen level found above 6 mg/L and BOD level found 2 mg/L or less hence as per CPCB Criteria fit to water quality of Class A which is for Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfection and. This water quality maintain continue to Class A in all Lockdown phases as there is no significant variation has been observed.

 At River Kim at Sahol Bridge ammonical Nitrogen observed slight increased in lockdown than pre-lockdown where it is 0.47 mg/L but observed concentration in lockdown is at very low level (maximum 0.84 mg/L) and COD reflected at river par Railway bridge which may be due to tidal effect.

 In River Mindhola at State Highway Bridge Sachin monitoring location, in Lockdown dissolved oxygen concentration increased up to 20%, BOD and COD reduction observed up to 83% and Ammonical nitrogen reduction observed up to 77%. This effect of reduced pollution load in the river because of as this river received the treated industrial effluent and domestic waste water from private industrial estates located at Palasana, Baleshvar, Parab, Kadodara, Jolva and Tatithaiya. Since Lockdown imposed due to COVID – 19 pandemic, industrial activities in this estates have been stopped or at lower level, Thus discharge from such sources have been reduced. Apart from this, workers residing around or in estates moved to their native places in lockdown, thus domestic discharge from such sources in to the river also stopped or reduced.

 In River Bhogavo at Wadhvan Bridge no major changes have been observed in the

pollution load in terms of COD, BOD, DO and NH3-N than the pre-lockdown as this monitoring location is the downstream and received domestic waste water from Wadhvan city and Surendranagar city. This is likely to be continued discharge in the lockdown and no effect has been observed. Only in lockdown 2, Dissolved oxygen concentration increased which is 7.2 mg/L which might be due to water released from Dhori Dhaja Dam for irrigation which mixed with the stream.

 At downstream of river Bhadar at Dublipat, Jetpur Organic load has been observed decrease gradually in Lockdown and maximum reduction observed in lockdown 3 where 76% reduction of COD and 87% reduction of BOD. No sample collected in Lockdown 4. Dissolved oxygen concentration found 4.3 mg/L in lockdown 3 which was in Lockdown 1 & 2 and in pre-lockdown found below detection limit. Dissolved oxygen concentration found in lockdown 3 is good to maintain aquatic life. This location has discharge of industrial waste water and sewage water and in lockdown industrial activities were stopped or at lower level because of this reduction of organic load has been observed. There is no improvement observed in concentration of Ammonical Nitrogen and observed up to 77 % increase then the pre-lockdown. This might be due to decay of discharged organic waste or continual discharge of domestic sewage.

Page 52 of 53 17. Conclusion

The load of pollutant in lockdown has been observed decrease than pre-lockdown in river Sabarmati locations at Miroli, after confluence with River Vatrak at Vautha, at V.N. Bridge downstream, @100ft Away from Outfalls at V N Bridge, Narol, River Mindhola, Khari, Downstream of Vishwamitri at Khalipur, River Kolak at KoteshwarMahadev and River Bhadar at Dublipat.

Water quality of River Narmada, Tapi, Mahi, Kim, Kaveri, Par, upstream of kalindri, Kolak at NH 8, Morai, Kolak at Pataliya bridge , upstream of Vishwamitri where the load of pollutant is less remains almost unchanged and continue to remain satisfactory as it was before the Lockdown period.

Amlakhadi at Low Level Bridge, N.H.No.8, and Downstream of river Bhogavo have pollution load because of domestic discharge and this discharge has been remaining

continual in lockdown hence no significant impact of lockdown observed.

Hence it can be concluded definitely that the lockdown has been significantly impact to reduce the pollution load in the rivers than it was before and helped to improve the health of rivers water quality.

18. References

1. Water Year Book 2011-12: Mahi, Sabarmati & Other West Flowing Rivers (http://www.cwc.nic.in/regionaloffices/ntbo/Water%20Year%20Book/WYB-mahi-2011- 12.pdf) (PDF). Gandhinagar: Central Water Commission. 2012. p. 14. 2. "Sabarmati River, INDIA" (http://envfor.nic.in/nrcd/NRCD/Sabarmati.htm). National River Conservation Directorate.

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