Study Report

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Study Report

Impact of Lockdown due to COVID – 19 Pandemic on Surface Water Quality

Gujarat Pollution Control Board Sector - 10 A, Gandhinagar-382010

CONTRIBUTIONS

Inspiration and Guidance: Shri Mukesh Puri, IAS, Additional Chief Secretary, Urban Development & Urban Housing Department, and Chairman, Gujarat Pollution Control Board

Shri A.V.Shah Member Secretary, Gujarat Pollution Control Board

Coordination and compilation: Shri B.M.Makwana Senior Scientific Officer, Unit Head P-3,Head Office

Shri K.B.Vaghela Head – Central Laboratory

Inputs by: Dr. M.H. Bhadrecha Scientific Officer, Central Laboratory

Report Prepared by : Dr. Sweta Patel, Scientific Officer, Central Laboratory

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Contents

Sr.No. Details Page No. 1 Introduction 4 2 Objectives of the study 5 3 Parameters 5 4 Primary water quality criteria for different uses 7 5 Water Quality monitoring of River Sabarmati 8 6 Water Quality monitoring of River Khari 12 7 Water Quality monitoring of River Narmada 17 8 Water Quality monitoring of River Mahi 21 9 Water Quality monitoring of River Vishwamitri 25 10 Water Quality monitoring of River Tapi 29 11 Water Quality monitoring of River Damanganga 33 12 Water Quality monitoring of Amlakhadi 37 13 Water Quality monitoring of River Kolak 41 14 Water Quality monitoring of River Shedhi 45 15 Water Quality monitoring of different Rivers of Gujarat 48 16 Summary of Findings 51 17 Conclusion 53 18 References 54

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Impact of Lockdown due to COVID – 19 Pandemic on Surface Water Quality

1. Introduction

Water quality monitoring facilitates evaluation of nature and extent of pollution and effectiveness of pollution control measures, water quality trends and prioritization of pollution control efforts. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) had established a network of monitoring stations across the country under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP) in order to perform the functions laid down under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, to understand the nature of water quality in the various water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks, creeks, canals and groundwater etc. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in association with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) is monitoring the quality of water bodies at 2500 locations across the country under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP). The inland water quality-monitoring network is operated under a Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) and Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS) programmes.

On account of various discharge of wastewater in river, the quality is likely to be adversely affected. It is therefore, necessary to monitor the quality of the various river waters. The Gujarat Pollution Control Board is monitoring the water quality from 70 sampling stations located on various rivers in the Gujarat State under the Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) Project. These rivers include Sabarmati, Meshwo, Anas, Mahi, Panam, Narmada, Damanganga, Kolak, Par, Tapi, Ambica etc. Under this project ground water quality and lake water quality are also monitored periodically by GPCB. Global Environmental Monitoring System project includes an assessment of the quality of water of the major rivers of the State, viz. Narmada, Tapi, Mahi. The quality of surface water monitoring under this GEMS project has been carried out at 6 stations and at 2 stations monitoring of ground water quality has been carried out.

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2. Objectives of the study

Owing to COVID-19 pandemic followed by national lockdown, industrial activities are at the lower level. Therefore, there would definitely be less effluent generation and discharge. Hence it is appropriate time to study the level of pollution coming from the industrial sector and to assess the health of the rivers so as to find out measurable impact on the surface water quality during nationwide lockdown period.

3. Parameters

The water samples have been analyzed for following parameters (Table 1) and the effects of important Parameters are mentioned in Table 2. Table: 1 List of Parameters with analytical methods and equipment used

Sr. No Parameters Method of Analysis

1 Gravimetric method APHA 2 3rd edition 2540 C Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Distillation followed by Titration method APHA 23rdedi. 2 Ammonical Nitrogen (NH 3.N) 4500 NH 3 B & C Chemical Oxygen Demand 3 Open Reflux Method APHA 2 3rdedi - 5220 B (COD) Biochemical Oxygen Demand Three days BOD at 27 0C IS 3025 (Part 44) 1993 4 (BOD) 3 days at 27 ˚C Reaffirmed 1999

5 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) APHA 2 3rd edition 4500 O.C OR Instrumentation

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3.1. Parameters & their effects

Table: 2 List of parameters and their effects

PARAMETERS ITS EFFECTS Total Dissolved High dissolved solid is not desirable in water system. It may cause Solids foaming in boilers. It also causes Undesirable taste, gastro intestinal irritation, solids corrosion or incrustation.

Ammonia Indicates pollution, growth of algae. It is toxic to fish and aquatic organisms, even in very low concentrations. Ammonia levels greater than approximately 0.1 mg/L usually indicate polluted waters. The danger ammonia poses for fish depends on the water’s temperature and pH, along with the dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The higher the pH and the warmer the temperature, the more toxic the ammonia.

Biochemical To measure the amount of biologically oxidizable organic matter Oxygen Demand present in waste. BOD is one of the regulatory standards for effluent discharge.

Dissolved Oxygen Due to decreasing DO, fish and other aquatic life are threatened; in the extreme case, killed. As DO level falls undesirable odors , tastes and colors reduce the acceptability of water.

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4. Primary water quality criteria for different uses

Table: 3 Use based classification of surface waters in India specified by CPCB, 1979 and the Bureau of Indian Standards, 1982 Designated-Best-Use Class of Criteria water Drinking Water Source A 1. Total Coli forms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or without less conventional treatment but 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 after disinfection 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 2mg/l or less Outdoor bathing B 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or (Organized ) less 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less Drinking water source C 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 after conventional or less treatment and disinfection 2. pH between 6 to 9 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less Propagation of Wild life D 1. pH between 6.5 to 8.5 and Fisheries 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less Irrigation, Industrial E 1. pH between 6.0 to 8.5 Cooling, Controlled Waste 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro mhos/cm disposal Max.2250 3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 4. Boron Max. 2mg/l

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5. Water Quality monitoring of River Sabarmati

Sabarmati River System

The Sabarmati basin extends over an area of 21,674 sq km. Located in Western India, the basin covers areas in the States of Rajasthan and Gujarat. It raises in the Aravalli hills. The total length of the river from the head to its outfall into the sea is 371 km. The major tributaries are the Sei, Wakal, Watrak, Shedhi, Harnav, Guhai, Hathmati, Khari, Meshwo, Mazam and Mohar.[1][2] The river Sabarmati and its tributaries are all rain-fed.

There are 20 industrial estates developed by Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation in Sabarmati Basin area. The major industrial estate includes Naroda, Odhav, Vatva, Narol, Danilimda. The textile industry continues to dominate the industrial scene in Ahmedabad. The immense urban and industrial growth combined with growing demand of irrigation water has taken their toll as observed by the deteriorating water quality recorded particularly from Ahmedabad city to Vautha. The total length of the stretch from Ahmedabad city to Vautha is of 52 km and in the polluted river stretch; the main contributing outfalls are the Maninagar (mixed effluent) and river Khari (industrial). The monitoring locations for River Sabarmati are Figure 1 monitoring locations of River Sabarmati shown in F igure no.1. The important findings for water quality of River Sabarmati during the study period is as per Table No. 4. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 2

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Table 4 Water Quality of River Sabarmati during Pre lockdown and during Lockdown

Location Name of Total Dissolved Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Dissolved O 2 No. Monitoring Solids (mg/L) (mg/L) Location Average April Average. April Average April Average April Average April . (Jan- (During (Jan- (During .(Jan- (Durin .(Jan- (During (Jan- (During March- Lockdo March- Lockdow March- g March- Lockdow March- Lockdown 2020) wn) 2020) n) 2020) Lockd 2020) n) 2020) ) own) 1 Sabarmati river at Hansaol bridge, Dist. Ahmedabad 186 180 1.01 0.95 17.67 11 2.14 1.2 7.54 8

Lat - 23 o 05 ’ 26 ’’ Long- 72 o 37’ 47’’ 2 River River At Narayan Ghat Lat - 23 o 03’ 41’’ 157 180 0.7 0.5 17.7 15 2.1 1.9 7.7 8.12 Long- 72 o 35’ 16 ’’ 3 Sabarmati at railway bridge, Ahmedabad, 153 178 0.8 0.73 18 14 2.3 1.85 7.7 8.2 Lat - 23 o 03’ 43 ’’ Long- 72 o 35 ’ 22 ’’ 4 River Sabarmati At- Gandhi Bridge Lat - 23 o 02’ 20 ’’ 183 190 0.93 0.67 21.67 15 2.39 1.98 7.74 7.9 Long - 72 o 34’ 26 ’’

5 Sabarmati at Ahmedabad at V.N. bridge, Dist. 1398 600 20.3 18.82 414 198 133 57 BDL BDL Ahmedabad Lat - 22o 58 ’ 53 ’’ Long- 72 o 32 ’ 35 ’’ 6 River Sabarmati At Ahmedabad downstream,@100ft Away From Outfalls At V N Bridge, 4492 1090 23.22 21.22 302 257 136 64 BDL BDL Narol Dist. Ahmedabad Lat - 22o 58 ’ 50 ’’ Long- 72 o 32’ 33 ’’ 7 Sabarmati at Vill. Miroli taluka dascroi, Ahmedabad 1488 796 24.8 18.37 219 96 62 20 BDL 4.26 Lat - 22o 52 ’ 57 ’’ Long- 72 o 30’ 15 ’’ 8 River Sabaramati A/C With River Vatrak At Vautha 1404 976 19.39 14.06 139 63 31 12 BDL 4.37 Lat - 22o 39 ’ 10 ’’ Long- 72 o 32’ 16 ’’

Note: Average Analytical values Analysis for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 is considered for Pre Lockdown period. Page 9 of 54

Figure 2. Graphs showing Water Quality of River Sabarmati during the study period

200 BOD (mg/L)

Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 100 mg/L

0 1 2 3 Sabarmati4 River 5Stations 6 7 8

Fig.1a For Biochemical Oxygen Demand

600 COD (mg/L) Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 400

200 mg/L

0 1 2 3 Sabarmati4 River Stations5 6 7 8

Fig.1b For Chemical Oxygen Demand 10 Dissolved O2 (mg/L) Pre Lockdown During Lockdown

mg/L 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sabarmati River Stations Fig.1c For Dissolved O 2 5000 Total Dissolved Solids Pre Lockdown During Lockdown mg/L

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sabarmati River Stations

Fig.1d For Total Dissolved Solids

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Table 5. Observation Table

Station Stations Name As compared with the pre lockdown Remarks No. Analysis result significantly reduction has been observed for parameters 1 Sabarmati river at Hansaol Continue to remain satisfactory as were Due to the lockdown bridge, Dist. Ahmedabad before the Lockdown period water quality has improved and fit to Class A instead of Class B 2 River Sabarmati at Narayan ghat Continue to remain satisfactory as were Due to the lockdown before the Lockdown period water quality has improved and fit to Class A instead of Class B 3 Sabarmati at railway bridge, Continue to remain satisfactory as were Due to the lockdown Ahmedabad, before the Lockdown period water quality has improved and fit to Class A instead of Class B 4 River Sabarmati At- Gandhi Continue to remain satisfactory as were Due to the lockdown Bridge before the Lockdown period water quality has improved and fit to Class A instead of Class B 5 Sabarmati at Ahmedabad at V.N. COD has been reduce to 52.1 %, Water Quality has improved bridge, Dist. Ahmedabad BOD has been reduce to 57. % during Lockdown Reduction in NH 3.N and TDS No improvement of dissolved o 2 has been observed 6 River Sabarmati At Ahmedabad COD has been reduce to 14.9 %, Water Quality has Improved Downstream,@ 100 ft Away BOD has been reduce to 52.9 % during Lockdown From Outfalls At V N Bridge, Reduction in NH 3.N and TDS Narol No improvement of dissolved o 2 has been Dist. Ahmedabad observed 7 Sabarmati at vill. Miroli taluka COD has been reduce to 56.1 %, Water Quality has improved dascroi, Ahmedabad BOD has been reduce to 67.7 % during Lockdown Reduction in NH 3.N and TDS Dissolved o 2 has been observed significantly improved 8 River Sabarmati A/C With River COD has been reduce to 54.6 %, Water Quality has improved Vatrak At Vautha BOD has been reduce to 61.2 % during Lockdown Reduction in NH 3.N and TDS Dissolved o 2 has been observed significantly improved

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6. Water Quality monitoring of River Khari

Khari River originates from the hills near Nandol, 20 km east of Gandhinagar, bordering Ahmedabad district. This first order river joins the Meshwo River, a tributary of the Sabarmati near Vautha on the border of Kheda district. Meshwo meets the Sabarmati at Kheda 50 km down the route. The 80 km Kharicut canal that begins from Raipur village was constructed for the purpose of providing irrigation support to 10,200 ha in 110 villages spread over 80 km in Daskroi taluka of Ahmedabad district and Mahemdavad Taluka of Kheda district. The monitoring locations for River Khari are shown in F igure no.3. The important findings for water quality of River Khari during the study period is as per Table No. 6. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 4

Figure no.3 : Sampling Locations of River Khari

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Table 6. Water Quality of River Khari during Pre lockdown and during Lockdown

Location Name of Monitoring Location Total Dissolved Ammonia N COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) No. Solids (mg/L) (mg/L)

Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) 2020) 2020) 2020) 2020)

1 Kharicut Canal Near Dehagam Naroda Road Bridge 204 0.61 15 3.33 Lat - 23 o 04’ 36 ’’ 168 0.28 11 1.0 Long- 72 o 39 ’ 47 ’’ 2 Kharicut Canal At Odhav Kathavada Road Bridge 321 4.16 50 11.33 Lat - 23 o 04 ’ 11 ’’ 232 0.34 7 0.9 Long- 72 o 41 ’ 11 ’’ 3 Kharicut Canal Near Nirma Bridge Vatva 1219 8.92 253 68 Lat - 22o 55 ’ 54 ’’ 1334 9.46 139 43 Long- 72 o 35 ’ 44 ’’ 4 Kharicut Canal behind Maradiya Chemicals, Ahmedabad 20.7 15.47 210 130 76.0 38 o 1859 Lat - 22 57 ’ 53 ’’ 1198 Long- 72 o 38 ’ 28 ’’ 5 River Khari At Geratpur Village Lat - 22o 54 ’ 58 ’’ 1153 984 32.1 38.42 352 297 131 97 Long- 72o 38 ’ 28 ’’ 6 Kharicut canal before Confluence With River Khari Ropada 27.23 17.47 817 309 279 101 1293 Lat - 22o 55 ’ 43 ’’ 986 Long- 72 o 38 ’ 34 ’’ 7 River Khari after Confluence with Kharicut Canal Ropada 26.08 18.87 756 268 283 83 1307 Lat - 22o 55 ’ 25 ’’ 1012 Long- 72 o 38’ 29’’ 8 Khari at Lali Village Near Ahmedabad, 1383 1082 25.48 23.3 376 336 144 106 Lat - 22o 52 ’ 07 ’’ Long- 72 o 37 ’ 38 ’’ 9 River Khari At Kanera Bridge , Ahmedabad 923 954 12.22 21 203 179 78.33 55 Lat - 22o 48 ’ 45 ’’ Long- 72 o 36 ’ 50 ’’ 10 River Khari at Pinglaj, Ahmedabad 899 960 14.37 23.24 178 107 62 30 Lat - 22o 49 ’ 25 ’’ Long- 72 o 36 ’ 37 ’’ 11 River Khari at Khallo, Ahmedabad 852 938 15.18 21.17 156 115 57.33 34 Lat - 22o 49’ 09’’ Long- 72 o 36 ’ 08 ’’ 12 River Khari at Navagam , Ahmedabad 937 972 16.88 23.35 179 122 71 33 Lat - 22o 47 ’ 07 ’’ Long- 72 o 35 ’ 31 ’’

Note: Average Analytical values Analysis for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 is considered for Pre Lockdown period.

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Figure 4. Graphs showing Water Quality of River Khari during the study period 300 BOD (mg/L)

200 Pre Lockdown During Lockdown

100 mg/L mg/L

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Khari River Stations Fig.2a For Biochemical Oxygen Demand

1000 COD (mg/L)

Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 500 mg/L mg/L

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Khari River Stations Fig.2b For Chemical Oxygen Demand 2000 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)

mg/L mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 2 3 4 Khari5 River6 Stations7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig.2c For Total Dissolved Solids 50 Ammonia N (mg/L) Pre Lockdown During Lockdown mg/L mg/L 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Khari River Stations

Fig.2d For Amonia

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Table 7.Observation Table

Station Stations Name As compared with the pre lockdown Remarks No. Analysis result significantly reduction has been observed for parameters 1 Kharicut Canal Near COD has been reduce to 66 %, Water Quality has Dehagam Naroda Road BOD has been reduce to 26.6 % improved during Bridge , Naroda Reduction in NH 3.N and TDS Lockdown

2 Kharicut Canal At COD has been reduce to 86 %, Water Quality has OdhavKathavada Road BOD has been reduce to 91.8 % significantly Improved Bridge Reduction in NH 3.Nand TDS during Lockdown

3 Kharicut Canal Near Nirma COD has been reduce to 45 %, Not significantly Bridge,Vatva BOD has been reduce to 36 % improved water quality

Increasing concentration of NH 3.N has been observed in lockdown to 5 % and TDS also increasing in Lockdown 4 Kharicut Canal B/H COD has been reduce to 38 %, Water Quality has Maradiya Chemicals, BOD has been reduce to 50 % improved during Ahmedabad Reduction in NH 3.N and TDS Lockdown 5 River Khari At Geratpur COD has been reduce to 15 .6 %, Not significantly Village BOD has been reduce to 25.9 % improved water quality Reduction in TDS however increasing concentration of NH 3.N has been observed in lockdown to 15.7% 6 Kharicut canal before COD has been reduce to 62.1 %, Water Quality has Confluence With River BOD has been reduce to 63.7 % improved during Khari Ropada Reduction in NH 3.Nand TDS Lockdown 7 River Khari after COD has been reduce to 64.5 %, Water Quality has Confluence with Kharicut BOD has been reduce to 70.6 % improved during Canal Ropada Reduction in NH 3.N and TDS Lockdown 8 Khari at Lali Village Near COD has been reduce to 10.6 %, Water Quality has Ahmedabad, BOD has been reduce to 26.3 % improved during

Reduction in NH 3.N and TDS Lockdown 9 River Khari At Kanera COD has been reduce to 11.8 %, Not significantly Bridge , Ahmedabad BOD has been reduce to 29.4 % improved water quality Increasing concentration of NH 3.N has been observed in lockdown to 42.8% and TDS also increasing in Lockdown 10 River Khari at Pinglaj, COD has been reduce to 39.8 %, Not significantly Ahmedabad BOD has been reduce to 51.6 % improved water quality Increasing concentration of NH 3.N has been observed in lockdown to 39.1% and TDS also increasing in Lockdown

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11 River Khari at Khallo, COD has been reduce to 26.2 %, Not significantly Ahmedabad BOD has been reduce to 40.3 % improved water quality Increasing concentration of NH 3.N has been observed in lockdown to 28.57% and TDS also increasing in Lockdown 12 River Khari at Navagam , COD has been reduce to 31.8 %, Not significantly Ahmedabad BOD has been reduce to 53.5 % improved water quality Increasing concentration of NH 3.N has been observed in lockdown to 26% and TDS also increasing in Lockdown

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7. Water Quality monitoring of River Narmada

The River Narmada arises from Amarkantak Plateau near Anuppur district, Madhya Pradesh. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India. It flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before out falling in, the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat, 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat. The Narmada River enters in the Gujarat before Gadudeshwar, Narmada District and passes through near Bharuch city before reaching to Arabian sea. The monitoring locations for River Narmada are shown in F igure no.5.

Figure No. 5 Location of River Narmada The important findings for water quality of River Narmada during the study period is as per Table No. 8. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 6

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Table 8. Water Quality of River Narmada during Pre lockdown and during Lockdown

Location Name of Monitoring No. Location Dissolved O2 Total Dissolved Ammonia N COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Solids (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During March- Lockdown) March Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) 2020) -2020) 2020) 2020) 2020)

1 Narmada Main Canal, Nr. Village. Limbadia, Dist. 184 180 0.25 0.168 4 4 0.7 0.76 7.9 7.81 Gandhinagar Lat - 23 o 07’ 22 ’’ Long- 72 o 40 ’ 44 ’’ 2 Narmada At Garudeshwar 186 174 BDL BDL 6.67 6 0.64 0.64 7.45 7.56 Lat - 21o 51 ’ 33 ’’ Long- 73o 41 ’ 36 ’’ 3 River Narmada At Panetha, 192 178 BDL BDL 6 6 0.71 0.68 7.58 7.46 Lat - 21o 53 ’ 30 ’’ Long- 73o 17 ’ 4 1’’ 4 River Narmada At Chandod, 180 174 0.56 0.28 5.3 4 0.66 0.46 7.6 7.9 Lat - 21o 58 ’ 57 ’’ Long- 73o 27’ 27’’ 5 River Narmada At Zanor (Ntpc), 231 188 BDL BDL 6 6 0.78 0.78 7.52 7.52 Bharuch Lat - 21o 50 ’ 12 ’’ Long- 73o 03 ’ 55 ’’ 6 River Narmada At Bharuch, Zadeshvar, 239 198 BDL BDL 9 7 0.82 0.8 7.47 7.42 Lat - 21o 42 ’ 54 ’’ Long- 73o 02 ’ 4 8’’ 7 River Narmada at Golden bridge, -- 208 -- BDL 13.67 14 0.98 0.89 7.36 6.28 Bharuch Lat - 21o 41 ’ 44 ’’ Long- 73o 00 ’ 08 ’’

Note: Average Analytical values Analysis for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 is considered for Pre Lockdown period.

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Figure 6. Graphs showing Water Quality of River Narmada during the study period 1.5 BOD (mg/L)

1 Pre Lockdown During Lockdown

0.5 mg/L

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Narmada River Stations Fig.3a For Biochemical Oxygen Demand 15 COD (mg/L)

10 Pre Lockdown During Lockdown

5 mg/L

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Narmada River Stations Fig.3b For Chemical Oxygen Demand 10 Dissolved O2 (mg/L)

mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Narmada River Stations Fig.3c For Dissolved O 2 300 Total Dissolved Solids

200

100 mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Narmada River Stations Fig.3d For Total Dissolved Solids

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Table 9.Observation Table

Station Stations Name Observation Remarks No. 1 Narmada Main Canal, Nr. Village. All mentioned monitoring As their criteria within the Limbadia, stations at river Narmada range as BOD is 2mg /L or 2 River Narmada At Garudeshwar continue to remain satisfactory less and DO is more than 6 3 River Narmada At Panetha as were before the Lockdown mg/L for all stations which 4 River Narmada At Chandod, period indicates th ese stations 5 River Narmada At Zanor (NTPC), water quality within the Bharuch Criteria of Class A as per 6 River Narmada At Bharuch, CPCB before and during Zadeshvar, lockdown period. 7 River Narmada At Golden Bridge, Bharuch

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8. Water Quality monitoring of River Mahi

The Mahi basin extends over states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat having total area of 34,842 Sq.km with a maximum length and width of about 330 km and 250 km. It lies between 72°21’ to 75°19’ east longitudes and 21°46’ to 24°30’ north latitudes. It is b ounded by Aravalli hills on the north and the northwest, by Malwa Plateau on the east, by the Vindhyas on the south and by the Gulf of Khambhat on the west. Its total length is 583 km, traversing 167 km. in Madhya Pradesh, 174 km. in Rajasthan and remaining 242 km. in Gujarat. Mahi is joined by the Bhadar, the Anas, the Panam and the Meshri. The monitoring locations for River Mahi are shown in F igure no.7. The important findings for water quality of River Mahi during the study period is as per Table No. 10. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 8

Figure no.7 : Sampling Locations of River Mahi

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Table 10. Water Quality of River Mahi during Pre lockdown and during Lockdown

Location Name of Total Dissolved Ammonia N Dissolved O2 COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) No. Monitoring Solids (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Location Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) 2020) 2020) 2020) 2020) 2020) Mahi At Sevalia 1 Lat - 22o 48 ’ 22 ’’ 260 246 0.56 0.28 4 4 0.50 0.38 7.93. 7.9 Long - 73o 21 ’ 33 ’’ River Mahi At Parthampura (Rania) 2 Bridge,GSFC 277 244 0.56 0.56 4 4 0.48 0.4 8.2 8.2 Water Works, Lat - 22o 30 ’ 52 ’’ Long - 73o 06’ 45 ’’ Mahi At Vasad 3 Lat - 22o 28 ’ 10 ’’ - 268 0.56 0.56 4 4 0.59 0.48 7.73 7.7 Long - 73o 05’ 28’’ River Mahi At Sherkhi At 4 Sindhrot Bridge 278 264 0.56 0.56 8 8 0.6 0.51 7.7 8.2 Lat - 22o 21 ’ 04’’ Long - 73o 03’ 13 ’’ Mahi At Umeta 5 Bridge - 256 0.56 0.56 4 4 0.61 0.52 7.70 8.1 Lat - 22o 19 ’ 49 ’’ Long - 73o 03 ’ 15 ’’ Mahi At Mujpur 6 Lat - 21o 15 ’ 22 ’’ 784 348 0.56 0.56 8 8 0.65 0.61 7.2 6.5 Long - 72o 59 ’ 15 ’’

Note: Average Analytical values Analysis for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 is considered for Pre Lockdown period.

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Figure 8. Graphs showing Water Quality of River Mahi during the study period 1 BOD (mg/L)

0.5

mg/L mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mahi River Stations Fig.4a For Biochemical Oxygen Demand 10 COD (mg/L)

mg/L mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mahi River Stations Fig.4b For Chemical Oxygen Demand

10 Dissolved O2 (mg/L)

mg/L mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mahi River Stations Fig.4c For Dissolved O 2 1000 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)

Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 500 mg/L mg/L 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mahi River Stations Fig. 4d For Total Dissolved Solids

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Table 11.Observation Table

Station Stations Name Observation Remarks No. 1 Mahi At Sevalia All mentioned monitoring As their criteria within the 2 River Mahi At Parthampura stations at river Mahi range as BOD is 2mg /L or less (Ran ia) Bridge,GSFC Water continue to remain and DO is more than 6 mg/L Works, satisfactory as were before for all stations which indicates 3 Mahi At Vasad the Lockdown period th ese stations water quality fit 4 River Mahi At Sherkhi At Sindhrot Bridge the Criteria of Class A as per 5 Mahi At Umeta Bridge CPCB before and during 6 Mahi At Mujpur lockdown period.

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9. Water Quality monitoring of River Vishwamitri

This river originating from Pavagadh in the Panchmahal District of Gujarat, The Vishwamitri River flows mainly through the west of the city of Vadodara. Two other tributaries namely Dhadhar and Khanpur merge into it before it amalgamates with the Gulf of Khambhat . The monitoring locations for River Vishwamitri are shown in F igure no.9. The important findings for water quality of River Vishwamitri during the study period is as per Table No. 12. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 10.

Figure no.9 : Sampling Locations of River Vishwamitri

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Table 12. Water Quality of River Vishwamitri during Pre lockdown and during Lockdown

1 Asod Bridge At 266 226 0.56 0.28 5.3 4 0.71 0.57 7 6.4 N.H. 8 Lat - 22o 21 ’ 25 ’’ Long - 73o 12 ’ 48 ’’ Vishwamitri Downstream of At 2 Khalipur 657 696 9.52 1.12 99 50 21 12 BDL BDL Lat - 22o 12 ’ 24 ’’ Long - 73o 09 ’ 53 ’’

Note: Average Analytical values Analysis for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 is considered for Pre Lockdown period.

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Figure 10. Graphs showing Water Quality of River Vishwamitri during the study period

30 BOD (mg/L) Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 20

10 mg/L mg/L

0 1 Vishwamitri River Stations 2 Fig.5a For Biochemical Oxygen Demand 150 COD (mg/L)

100 Pre Lockdown During Lockdown

50 mg/L mg/L

0 1 Vishwamitri River Stations 2 Fig.5b For Chemical Oxygen Demand

10 Dissolved O2 (mg/L) Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 5 mg/L mg/L

0 1 Vishwamitri River Stations 2 Fig.5c For Dissolved O 2 1000 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 500 mg/L mg/L

0 1 Vishwamitri River Stations 2 Fig. 5d For Total Dissolved Solids

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Table 13.Observation Table

Station Stations Name As compared with the pre lockdown Remarks No. Analysis result significantly reduction has been observed for parameters 1 Vishwamitri Upstream At Continue to remain satisfactory as were Water quality fit the Asod Bridge At N.H. 8 before the Lockdown period Criteria of Class A as per CPCB before and during lockdown period. 2 Vishwamitri Downstream COD has been reduce to 49.4 %, Water Quality has Improved of At Khalipur BOD has been reduce to 42.8 % during Lockdown Reduction in NH 3.N observed 88.2% No improvement of dissolved o 2 has been observed

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10. Water Quality monitoring of River Tapi

The Tapi River originates near Multai in Betul district at an elevation of 752 m above m.s.l. The total length of this west flowing river from its origin to its out fall into the sea is 724 Km. For the first 282 km the river flows in Madhya Pradesh, out of which 54 km forms the common boundary with Maharashtra State. It flows for 228 km in Maharashtra before entering Gujarat. Traversing a length of 214 km in Gujarat, the Tapi River joins Arabian Sea in the Gulf of Cambay after flowing past the Surat city. The river receives tidal influence for a length of about 25 Km upstream from the mouth. The Tapi River drains an area of 65145 Sq.Km. out of which nearly 80 percent lies in Maharashtra. The monitoring locations for River Tapi are shown in Figure no.11. The important findings for water quality of River Tapi during the study period is as per Table No. 14. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 12

Figure no. 11 : Sampling Locations of River Tapi

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Table 14. Water Quality of River Tapi during Pre lockdown and during Lockdown

Location Name of Total Dissolved Ammonia N Dissolved O2 COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) No. Monitoring Solids (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Location Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April (Jan - (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March Lockdown) 2020) 2020) 2020) 2020) -2020) Tapi At Mandavi 1 Lat - 21o 15 ’ 08 ’’ 311 300 0.56 0.56 10.67 9 0.85 0.78 7.13 7.04 Long- 73o 17 ’ 20 ’’ Tapi River Near Bardoli (Kapp 2 Bridge) Bardoli 265 290 0.65 0.56 11 9 0.87 0.77 7.18 7.05 Lat - 21o 16 ’ 02 ’’ Long- 73o 21 ’ 52 ’’ Tapi At Kathore, 3 NH -8 Bridge 376 350 0.65 0.84 9.33 8 0.89 0.82 7.23 7.12 Lat - 21o 17 ’ 01 ’’ Long- 72 o 57 ’ 02 ’’ River Tapi At 4 Varachha Bridge 340 340 0.75 0.56 9.33 9 0.9 0.92 7.08 7.05 Lat - 21o 14 ’ 05 ’’ Long- 72 o 53 ’ 28 ’’ Tapi At Rander 5 Bridge, Surat 386 390 0.75 0.56 12.33 12 1.04 0.96 7.07 7.09 Lat - 21o 13 ’ 56 ’’ Long- 72o 47 ’ 33 ’’ Tapi River At Ongc Bridge At 6 Surat, Dist. Surat 27468 18760 0.84 0.84 23.67 22 1.86 1.21 6.58 6.92 Lat - 21o 08 ’ 50 ’’ Long- 72o 44 ’ 42 ’’

Note: Average Analytical values Analysis for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 is considered for Pre Lockdown period.

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Figure 12. Graphs showing Water Quality of River Tapi during the study period

2 BOD (mg/L)

Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 1 mg/L mg/L 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tapi River Stations Fig.6a For Biochemical Oxygen Demand 40 COD (mg/L)

Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 20 mg/L

0 1 2 Tapi3 River Stations4 5 6

Fig.6b For Chemical Oxygen Demand 8 Dissolved O2 (mg/L)

mg/L mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 6 1 2 Tapi3 River Stations4 5 6

Fig.6c For Dissolved O 2 30000 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)

20000 Pre Lockdown During Lockdown

10000 mg/L mg/L

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tapi River Stations

Fig.6d For Total Dissolved Solids

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Table 15.Observation Table

Station Stations Name As compared with the pre Remarks No. lockdown Analysis result significantly reduction has been observed for parameters 1 Tapi At Mandavi Continue to remain satisfactory as As their criteria within the were before the Lockdown period range as BOD is 2mg /L or less 2 Tapi River Near Bardoli and DO is more than 6 mg/L for (Kapp Bridge) Bardoli all stations which indicates th ese stations water quality fit 3 the Criteria of Class A as per Tapi At Kathore, NH-8 CPCB before and during Bridge lockdown period.

4 River Tapi At Varachha Bridge 5 Tapi At Rander Bridge, Surat

6 Tapi River At Ongc Bridge At Surat

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11. Water Quality monitoring of River Damanganga

The River Damanganga originates from Sahyadri hills near Valveri village in Nasik district of Maharashtra state. The catchment area is bounded by Arabian Sea on the West and Sahyadri ranges on the East. The river flows from East to West along with tributaries, passing through hilly areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Union Territories (UT) of Dadra & Nagar Haveli (DNH) and Daman & Diu (DD), travelling 131.30 KM before draining into Arabian Sea in Daman. The Major tributaries of Damanganga River are Dawan, Shrimant, Val, Rayate, Lendi, Wagh, Sakartond, Roshni, Dudhni and Piperiya. The river basin is situated in the western Ghat region between 19051’ to 20028’ North Latitude and 70050’ to 73038’ East Longitude. The Total Catchment of the basin is = 2290 Sq. km. The Madhuban Dam constructed on the upstream of Damanganga River in Gujarat state is the major water resources for drinking and irrigation purpose as well as for industrial uses in DNH, Daman and Vapi (Gujarat). The Stretch of Damanganga River from Madhuban Dam up to its confluence with Arabian Sea is @41.56 KM. Large, Medium and Small scale industries located along the stretch of the river & treated waste water after CETP, discharge into River Damanganga. Apart from the industrial effluent, domestic waste water from the catchment area is also discharge into the river.

Figure No 13 Location of Damanganga Page 33 of 54

The monitoring locations for River Damanganga are shown in F igure no.13. The important findings for water quality of River Damanganga during the study period is as per Table No. 16. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 14.

Table 16. Water Quality of River Damanganga during Pre lockdown and during Lockdown

Damanganga At Kachigaon downstream 2 2213 3622 1 1.151 35 28 2.6 2.7 5 4.9 (Daman), Lat - 20o 22 ’ 18 ’’ Long - 72o 52 ’ 49 ’’

Note: Average Analytical values Analysis for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 is considered for Pre Lockdown period.

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Figure 14. Graphs showing Water Quality of River Damanganga during the study period

4 BOD (mg/L) Pre Lockdown During Lockdown

2 mg/L mg/L

0 1 Damanganga Stations 2

Fig.7a For Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD (mg/L) 40 Pre Lockdown During Lockdown

20 mg/L mg/L

0 1 2 Damanganga Stations Fig.7b For Chemical Oxygen Demand

10 Dissolved O 2 (mg/L) Pre Lockdown During Lockdown

5 mg/L mg/L

0 Damanganga Stations 1 2 Fig.7c For Dissolved O 2

5000 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)

Pre Lockdown During Lockdown mg/L mg/L

0 1 2 Damanganga Stations Fig.7d For Total Dissolved Solids

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Table 17.Observation Table

Station Stations Name As compared with the pre lockdown Remarks No. Analysis result significantly reduction has been observed for parameters 1 Damanganga At Continue to remain satisfactory as Water quality fit the Criteria Kachigaon upstream At were before the Lockdown period of Class A as per CPCB GIDC Wier before and during lockdown period. 2 Damanganga At Continue to remain satisfactory as Water quality fit the Criteria Kachigaon D ownstream were before the Lockdown period of Class C as per CPCB (Daman), before and during lockdown period.

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12. Water Quality monitoring of Amlakhadi

Amlakhadi is a natural drain originates from overflow of Tapi Irrigation Canal passing nearby Kapodra village of Ankleshwar Taluka. It flows alongside Bhadkodra, Piraman, Ankleshwar, Sakkarpurbhata and meets to estuary of river Narmada near village Pungam.Though there is no perennial source of fresh water influx in to this natural drain, it flows all round the year because of various domestic outfalls from Ankleshwar Nagarpalika, surrounding urban agglomerates. The monitoring locations for Amlakhadi are shown in F igure no.15. The important findings for water quality of Amlakhadi during the study period is as per Table No. 18. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 16

Figure no.15 : Sampling Locations of Amlakhadi

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Table 18. Water Quality of Amlakhadi during Pre lockdown and during Lockdown

Total Dissolved Ammonia N Dissolved O2 COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Name of Solids (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Location Monitoring Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April No . (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During Location March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdow 2020) 2020) 2020) 2020) 2020) n) Amlakhadi at Pungam (River), 1 Ta.Ankleshwar 849 770 12 7.95 54 41 9 7.0 3 1.53 Lat - 21o 37 ’ 53 ’’ Long - 72o 57 ’ 23 ’’ Amlakhadi after confluence of wastewater for Ankleshwar drain at at N.H.No.8, Low 861 918 14 17.08 66 79 12 13 BDL BDL 2 Level Bridge, Ankleshwar Lat - 21o 37 ’ 00 ’’ Long - 72o 59 ’ 45 ’’

Note: Average Analytical values Analysis for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 is considered for Pre Lockdown period.

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Figure 16. Graphs showing Water Quality of Amlakhadi during the study period

BOD (mg/L) 15

mg/L mg/L 5 Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 Amlakhadi Stations 2 Fig.8a For Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD (mg/L) 100 Pre Lockdown During Lockdown

50 mg/L mg/L

0 1 Amlakhadi Stations 2 Fig.8b For Chemical Oxygen Demand

5 Dissolved O 2 (mg/L) Pre Lockdown During Lockdown mg/L mg/L 0 1 Amlakhadi Stations 2 Fig.8c For Dissolved O 2

1000 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)

mg/L mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 500 1 Amlakhadi Stations 2 Fig.8d For Total Dissolved Solids

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Table 19.Observation Table

Station Stations Name As compared with the pre Remarks No. lockdown Analysis result significantly reduction has been observed for parameters 1 Amlakhadi at Pungam (River), COD has been reduce to 24 %, Water Quality has Improved Ta.Ankleshwar BOD has been reduce to 22 % during Lockdown Reduction in NH 3.N and TDS No i mprovement of dissolved o 2 has been observed 2 Amlakhadi after confluence of Concentration of COD, BOD, NH3.N No improvement of water wastewater. for Ankleshwar drain and TDS not reduce as compared with quality during lockdown at N.H.No.8, Low Level Bridge, before lockdown water quality Ankleshwar No improvement of dissolved o 2 has been observed

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13. Water Quality monitoring of River Kolak

Kolak River is a river in Gujarat in western India whose origin is Saputara hills. Its basin has a maximum length of 50 km. Kolak river flows from Saputara to the Arabian Sea near Udwada (holy place of Parsis in Gujarat).The Catchment area of the basin is 584 Square Kilometer. The monitoring locations for River Kolak are shown in Figure no.17. The important findings for water quality of River Kolak during the study period is as per Table No. 20. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 18.

Figure no.17 : Sampling Locations of River Kolak

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Table 20. Water Quality of River Kolak during Pre lockdown and during Lockdown

Locatio Name of Total Dissolved Ammonia N Dissolved O2 COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) n No Monitoring Solids (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Location Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During March- Lockdown) March Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March Lockdown) 2020) -2020) 2020) 2020) -2020) 1 River Kolak at NH 8 at Morai Lat - 20o 42 ’ 23 ’’ 227 144 0.41 0.21 4.33 7 1.03 1 6.63 6.4 Long - 72o 91 ’ 51 ’’

2 River Kolak At Koteshwar Mahadev 813 208 0.41 0.35 14.33 9 2.2 2.7 5.47 6 Lat - 20o 43 ’ 83 ’’ Long - 72o 90 ’ 76 ’’

3 River Kolak Pataliya bridge Lat - 20o 46 ’ 45 ’’ 975 1464 0.45 0.44 27.33 16 2.23 2 5.6 5.5 Long - 72o 88 ’ 06 ’’

Note: Average Analytical values Analysis for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 is considered for Pre Lockdown period.

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Figure 18. Graphs showing Water Quality of River Kolak during the study period

4 BOD (mg/L)

mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 2 3 Kolak River Stations

Fig.9a For Biochemical Oxygen Demand

30 COD (mg/L) 20

10 mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 2 3 Kolak River Stations Fig.9b For Chemical Oxygen Demand 10 Dissolved O2 (mg/L)

mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 2 3 Kolak River Stations Fig.9c For Dissolved O 2

2000 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)

Pre Lockdown During Lockdown mg/L 0 1 2 3 Kolak River Stations

Fig.9d For Total Dissolved Solids

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Table 21. Observation Table

Station Stations Name As compared with the pre lockdown Remarks No. Analysis result significantly reduction has been observed for parameters 1 River Kolak at NH8 at Continue to remain satisfactory as were Water quality fit the Criteria Morai before the Lockdown period of Class A as per CPCB before and during lockdown period. 2 River Kolak At Koteshwar Continue to remain satisfactory as were Water quality fit the Criteria Mahadev before the Lockdown period of Class B as per CPCB before and during lockdown period. 3 River Kolak Pataliya bridge Continue to remain satisfactory as were Water quality fit the Criteria before the Lockdown period of Class B as per CPCB before and during lockdown period.

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14. Water Quality monitoring of River Shedhi

River Shedhi is a tributary of river Sabarmati flowing through Kheda district of Gujarat. It is not a perennial river, very shallow & flows only during monsoon & dries up during majority of period. It originates from Dhamod village in Mahisagar district, passes through Kheda & Matar Taluka of Kheda district of Gujarat State and meets Vatrak River near Kheda Town of Kheda District.

Table 22. Water Quality of River Shedhi during Pre lockdown and during Lockdown

Note: Average Analytical values Analysis for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 is considered for Pre Lockdown period.

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Figure 19. Graphs showing Water Quality of River Shedhi during the study period

4 BOD (mg/L)

mg/L mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 2 Shedhi Stations

Fig.10a For Biochemical Oxygen Demand

40 COD (mg/L) Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 20 mg/L mg/L

0 1 Shedhi Stations 2 Fig.10b For Chemical Oxygen Demand 10 Dissolved O2 (mg/L)

mg/L mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 Shedhi Stations 2

Fig.10c For Dissolved O 2

1000 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)

mg/L mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 Shedhi Stations 2

Fig.10d For Total Dissolved Solids

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Table 23. Observation Table

Station Stations Name As compared with the pre lockdown Remarks No. Analysis result significantly reduction has been observed for parameters 1 River Shedhi at Kheda Continue to remain satisfactory as were Due to the lockdown water Matar Road before the Lockdown period quality has improved and fit to Class A instead of Class C 2 River Shedhi at Nadiad Continue to remain satisfactory as were Due to the lockdown water Mahemdabad Road before the Lockdown period quality has improved and fit to Class A instead of Class C

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15. Water Quality monitoring of different rivers of Gujarat

Table 24. Water Quality of Different rivers during Pre lockdown and during Lockdown

Location Name of Monitoring Total Dissolved Ammonia N Dissolved O2 COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) No. Location Solids (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April Avg. April (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During (Jan- (During March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) March- Lockdown) 2020) 2020) 2020) 2020) 2020)

River Kim At Sahol 1 23 26 0.47 0.84 12 10 1.08 0.98 7.03 7.05 Bridge

River Bhogavo at Wadhvan Bridge, 2 downstream of 696 910 3.99 3.60 42.5 45 11.3 7.6 3.85 2.8 Surendranagar city, Surendranagar River Mindhola At State 3 861 428 2.52 1.12 64.67 12 5.31 0.91 5.86 7.02 Highway Bridge Sachin River Bhadar At 4 Dublipat i.e. 2739 5036 9.4 13.5 379 411 104 88 BDL BDL Downstream of Jetpur River Kaveri at village 5 Gumandev, 453 504 - BDL 7.33 7 0.83 0.81 7.12 6.69 Dist.Bharuch River par Railway 6 24405 3546 0.29 0.23 17.3 12 2.03 1.1 6.13 6.8 bridge

Note: Average Analytical values Analysis for the Month of January 2020 to March 2020 is considered for Pre Lockdown period.

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Figure 20. Graphs showing Water Quality of Different Rivers during the study period

200 BOD (mg/L)

Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 100 mg/L mg/L 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Diffrent Rivers Stations

Fig.11a For Biochemical Oxygen Demand 500 COD (mg/L) Pre Lockdown During Lockdown mg/L mg/L

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Diffrent Rivers Stations Fig.11b For Chemical Oxygen Demand 10 Dissolved O2 (mg/L)

5 mg/L mg/L Pre Lockdown During Lockdown 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Diffrent Rivers Stations

Fig.11c For Dissolved O 2

50000 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L

Pre Lockdown During Lockdown mg/L mg/L 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Diffrent Rivers Stations

Fig.11d For Total Dissolved Solids

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Table 25. Observation Table

Station Stations Name As compared with the pre lockdown Remarks No. Analysis result significantly reduction has been observed for parameters 1 River Kim At Sahol Bridge Continue to remain satisfactory as were Water quality fit the Criteria before the Lockdown period of Class A as per CPCB before and during lockdown period. 2 River Bhogavo at Wadhvan BOD has been reduced to 36.3 % however Not significantly improved Bridge, downstream .of No any reduction in COD and TDS has water quality Surendranagar city, been observed, No improvement observed

Surendranagar in Concentration of Dissolved Oxygen 3 River Mindhola At State COD has been reduce to 81.2 %, Water Quality has Improved Highway Bridge Sachin BOD has been reduce to 81.8 % during Lockdown and fit to Reduction in NH 3.N and TDS Criteria of Class A as per Concentration of Dissolved Oxygen has CPCB been improved 4 River Bhadar At Dublipat BOD has been reduce to 15.3 % however Not significantly improved i.e. downsream of Jetpur There is no any reduction in COD , NH 3.N water quality and TDS has been observed, No improvement observed in Concentration of Dissolved Oxygen

5 River Kaveri at village Continue to remain satisfactory as were Water quality fit the Criteria Gumandev, Dist.Bharuch before the Lockdown period of Class A as per CPCB before and during lockdown period. 6 River par Railway bridge Continue to remain satisfactory as were Water quality fit the Criteria before the Lockdown period of Class A as per CPCB before and during lockdown period.

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16. Summary of Findings River Sabarmati Due to the impact of lockdown water quality of river Sabarmati at different locations which were polluted has been improved. Among polluted water quality stations of river Sabarmati at Miroli, A/C with River Vatrak at Vautha and at V.N. Bridge very good impact of lockdown on water quality has been observed where reduction of BOD and COD above 50% is observed. In River Sabarmati at Miroli and A/C with River Vatrak at Vautha Dissolved oxygen concentration observed above 4 mg/L which was earlier below detection limit (i.e.0 mg/L). River Sabarmati at Narayan Ghat, Railway Bridge, Ahmedabad, Gandhi Bridge and Hansol Bridge water quality has been improved in lockdown and fit to Class A criteria which are for drinking water after disinfection which was earlier falling under Class B i.e. for Outdoor bathing which was before the lockdown. Looking to the Dissolved Oxygen value at Miroli and Vautha are dramatically increase with indicates the good quality of Water for survival of aquatic fauna and flora. The health of River Sabarmati has been significantly improved after the enforcement of Nationwide Lockdown cause by The Corona Virus out break which has reduce the inflow of pollutant into it.

River Khari

At River Khari also lock down effect has been observed as improved the water quality. Many of the locations of the River Khari reflects reduced concentration of BOD, COD,

TDS and NH 3.N significantly. As a result water quality has been improved at stations of River Khari at Lali Village Near Ahmedabad, River Khari after Confluence With Kharicut Canal Ropada, Kharicut canal before confluence With River Khari Ropada, Kharicut Canal Near Dehagam Naroda Road Bridge, Naroda, Kharicut Canal At Odhav Kathavada Road Bridge and Kharicut Canal behind Maradiya Chemicals, Ahmedabad.

Other Rivers Monitoring stations at River Narmada, Tapi, Mahi, Kim, Kaveri and Par, the water quality remains almost unchanged and continue to remain satisfactory as it was before the

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Lockdown period. As their water criteria within the range as BOD is 2 mg/L or less and DO is more than 6 mg/L for all stations which indicates these stations water quality is fit for drinking water after disinfection within the Criteria of Class A as per CPCB before and during lockdown period.

River Mindhola

River Mindhola station water quality has been improved in lockdown. At this station Dissolved Oxygen concentration increased as compared to Pre lockdown period, COD

and BOD reduction observed 81 % along with reduction in NH 3.N and TDS. This indicate water quality improved at river Mindhola and Now water quality of river Mindhola is fit for drinking water after disinfection within the Criteria of Class A as per CPCB.

River Shedhi

River Shedhi stations water quality has been improved in lockdown and fit to Class A criteria instead of Class C which was before the lockdown.

River Vishwamitri

At River Vishwamitri Downstream of at Khalipur BOD reduction observed 42.6% and COD reduction 49.4% it indicates water quality has been improved in lockdown. Although there have been no any improvement on Dissolved oxygen concentration observed. Vishwamitri Upstream at Asod Bridge remain satisfactory as were before the Lockdown period. At this location Water quality fit the Criteria of Class A as per CPCB before and during lockdown period.

River Damangaga and Kolak At River Damangaga and River Kolak monitoring stations water quality continues to remain satisfactory as it was before the Lockdown period.

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Amlakhadi

Amlakhadi at pungam lock down effect has been observed as improved the water quality due to reduction of COD (24%), BOD (22%) Although there have been no any improvement on Dissolved oxygen concentration observed. No significant impact of lockdown on water quality has been observed at Amlakhadi after confluence of wastewater for Ankleshwar drain at N.H.No.8., No significant impact of lockdown on water quality has been observed for River Bhogavo at Wadhvan Bridge, Downstream of Surendranagar city, Surendranagar and River Bhadar At Dublipat i.e. Downstream of Jetpur.

17. Conclusion

The lockdown has significantly helped to improve the health of the water quality of Rivers where the Industrial wastewater discharge has been the major sources of water pollution and deteriorate the water quality. The most improved water quality stations are River Sabarmati at Miroli, Sabarmati after confluence With River Vatrak at Vautha, Sabarmati at V.N. Bridge, Khariat Lali Village Near Ahmedabad, River Khari after confluence With Kharicut Canal Ropada, Kharicut canal before confluence With River Khari Ropada, Kharicut Canal Near Dehagam Naroda Road Bridge, Naroda, Kharicut Canal At Odhav Kathavada Road Bridge and Kharicut Canal behind Maradiya Chemicals, Ahmedabad, River Shedhi, River Mindhola, Vishwamitri Downstream of at Khalipur and Amlakhadi at Pungam. There has been no significant improvement in the water quality of River polluted due to discharge of domestic wastewater which are Amlakhadi after confluence of wastewater for Ankleshwar drain at N.H.No.8, River Bhogavo at Wadhvan Bridge, Downstream of Surendranagar city, Surendranagar and River Bhadar At Dublipat i.e. Downstream of Jetpur. Those Rivers stations qualities were good before the Lockdown remain in good conditions during the lockdown.

Hence it can be concluded definitely that there has been improved the health of rivers water quality due to enforcement of national lockdown which has minimalize the inflow of pollutants into the rivers.

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18. References

1. Water Year Book 2011-12: Mahi, Sabarmati & Other West Flowing Rivers (http://www.cwc.nic.in / regional offices/ ntbo / Water%20Year%20Book/WYB-mahi- 2011-12.pdf) (PDF). Gandhinagar: Central Water Commission. 2012. p. 14. 2. "Sabarmati River, INDIA" (http://envfor.nic.in/nrcd/NRCD/Sabarmati.htm). National River Conservation Directorate.

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