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Study Report Study Report Impact of Lockdown due to COVID – 19 Pandemic on Surface Water Quality Gujarat Pollution Control Board Sector - 10 A, Gandhinagar-382010 CONTRIBUTIONS Inspiration and Guidance: Shri Mukesh Puri, IAS, Additional Chief Secretary, Urban Development & Urban Housing Department, and Chairman, Gujarat Pollution Control Board Shri A.V.Shah Member Secretary, Gujarat Pollution Control Board Coordination and compilation: Shri B.M.Makwana Senior Scientific Officer, Unit Head P-3,Head Office Shri K.B.Vaghela Head – Central Laboratory Inputs by: Dr. M.H. Bhadrecha Scientific Officer, Central Laboratory Report Prepared by : Dr. Sweta Patel, Scientific Officer, Central Laboratory Page 2 of 54 Contents Sr.No. Details Page No. 1 Introduction 4 2 Objectives of the study 5 3 Parameters 5 4 Primary water quality criteria for different uses 7 5 Water Quality monitoring of River Sabarmati 8 6 Water Quality monitoring of River Khari 12 7 Water Quality monitoring of River Narmada 17 8 Water Quality monitoring of River Mahi 21 9 Water Quality monitoring of River Vishwamitri 25 10 Water Quality monitoring of River Tapi 29 11 Water Quality monitoring of River Damanganga 33 12 Water Quality monitoring of Amlakhadi 37 13 Water Quality monitoring of River Kolak 41 14 Water Quality monitoring of River Shedhi 45 15 Water Quality monitoring of different Rivers of Gujarat 48 16 Summary of Findings 51 17 Conclusion 53 18 References 54 Page 3 of 54 Impact of Lockdown due to COVID – 19 Pandemic on Surface Water Quality 1. Introduction Water quality monitoring facilitates evaluation of nature and extent of pollution and effectiveness of pollution control measures, water quality trends and prioritization of pollution control efforts. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) had established a network of monitoring stations across the country under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP) in order to perform the functions laid down under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, to understand the nature of water quality in the various water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks, creeks, canals and groundwater etc. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in association with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) is monitoring the quality of water bodies at 2500 locations across the country under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP). The inland water quality-monitoring network is operated under a Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) and Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS) programmes. On account of various discharge of wastewater in river, the quality is likely to be adversely affected. It is therefore, necessary to monitor the quality of the various river waters. The Gujarat Pollution Control Board is monitoring the water quality from 70 sampling stations located on various rivers in the Gujarat State under the Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) Project. These rivers include Sabarmati, Meshwo, Anas, Mahi, Panam, Narmada, Damanganga, Kolak, Par, Tapi, Ambica etc. Under this project ground water quality and lake water quality are also monitored periodically by GPCB. Global Environmental Monitoring System project includes an assessment of the quality of water of the major rivers of the State, viz. Narmada, Tapi, Mahi. The quality of surface water monitoring under this GEMS project has been carried out at 6 stations and at 2 stations monitoring of ground water quality has been carried out. Page 4 of 54 2. Objectives of the study Owing to COVID-19 pandemic followed by national lockdown, industrial activities are at the lower level. Therefore, there would definitely be less effluent generation and discharge. Hence it is appropriate time to study the level of pollution coming from the industrial sector and to assess the health of the rivers so as to find out measurable impact on the surface water quality during nationwide lockdown period. 3. Parameters The water samples have been analyzed for following parameters (Table 1) and the effects of important Parameters are mentioned in Table 2. Table: 1 List of Parameters with analytical methods and equipment used Sr. No Parameters Method of Analysis 1 Gravimetric method APHA 2 3rd edition 2540 C Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Distillation followed by Titration method APHA 23rdedi. 2 Ammonical Nitrogen (NH 3.N) 4500 NH 3 B & C Chemical Oxygen Demand 3 Open Reflux Method APHA 2 3rdedi - 5220 B (COD) Biochemical Oxygen Demand Three days BOD at 27 0C IS 3025 (Part 44) 1993 4 (BOD) 3 days at 27 ˚C Reaffirmed 1999 5 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) APHA 2 3rd edition 4500 O.C OR Instrumentation Page 5 of 54 3.1. Parameters & their effects Table: 2 List of parameters and their effects PARAMETERS ITS EFFECTS Total Dissolved High dissolved solid is not desirable in water system. It may cause Solids foaming in boilers. It also causes Undesirable taste, gastro intestinal irritation, solids corrosion or incrustation. Ammonia Indicates pollution, growth of algae. It is toxic to fish and aquatic organisms, even in very low concentrations. Ammonia levels greater than approximately 0.1 mg/L usually indicate polluted waters. The danger ammonia poses for fish depends on the water’s temperature and pH, along with the dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The higher the pH and the warmer the temperature, the more toxic the ammonia. Biochemical To measure the amount of biologically oxidizable organic matter Oxygen Demand present in waste. BOD is one of the regulatory standards for effluent discharge. Dissolved Oxygen Due to decreasing DO, fish and other aquatic life are threatened; in the extreme case, killed. As DO level falls undesirable odors , tastes and colors reduce the acceptability of water. Page 6 of 54 4. Primary water quality criteria for different uses Table: 3 Use based classification of surface waters in India specified by CPCB, 1979 and the Bureau of Indian Standards, 1982 Designated-Best-Use Class of Criteria water Drinking Water Source A 1. Total Coli forms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or without less conventional treatment but 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 after disinfection 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 2mg/l or less Outdoor bathing B 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or (Organized ) less 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less Drinking water source C 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 after conventional or less treatment and disinfection 2. pH between 6 to 9 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less Propagation of Wild life D 1. pH between 6.5 to 8.5 and Fisheries 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less Irrigation, Industrial E 1. pH between 6.0 to 8.5 Cooling, Controlled Waste 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro mhos/cm disposal Max.2250 3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 4. Boron Max. 2mg/l Page 7 of 54 5. Water Quality monitoring of River Sabarmati Sabarmati River System The Sabarmati basin extends over an area of 21,674 sq km. Located in Western India, the basin covers areas in the States of Rajasthan and Gujarat. It raises in the Aravalli hills. The total length of the river from the head to its outfall into the sea is 371 km. The major tributaries are the Sei, Wakal, Watrak, Shedhi, Harnav, Guhai, Hathmati, Khari, Meshwo, Mazam and Mohar.[1][2] The river Sabarmati and its tributaries are all rain-fed. There are 20 industrial estates developed by Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation in Sabarmati Basin area. The major industrial estate includes Naroda, Odhav, Vatva, Narol, Danilimda. The textile industry continues to dominate the industrial scene in Ahmedabad. The immense urban and industrial growth combined with growing demand of irrigation water has taken their toll as observed by the deteriorating water quality recorded particularly from Ahmedabad city to Vautha. The total length of the stretch from Ahmedabad city to Vautha is of 52 km and in the polluted river stretch; the main contributing outfalls are the Maninagar (mixed effluent) and river Khari (industrial). The monitoring locations for River Sabarmati are Figure 1 monitoring locations of River Sabarmati shown in F igure no.1. The important findings for water quality of River Sabarmati during the study period is as per Table No. 4. Whereas the graphical presentation of water quality in terms of different parameters is depicted in Figure No. 2 Page 8 of 54 Table 4 Water Quality of River Sabarmati during Pre lockdown and during Lockdown Location Name of Total Dissolved Ammonia N (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Dissolved O 2 No. Monitoring Solids (mg/L) (mg/L) Location Average April Average. April Average April Average April Average April . (Jan- (During (Jan- (During .(Jan- (Durin .(Jan- (During (Jan- (During March- Lockdo March- Lockdow March- g March- Lockdow March- Lockdown 2020) wn) 2020) n) 2020) Lockd 2020) n) 2020) ) own) 1 Sabarmati river at Hansaol bridge, Dist. Ahmedabad 186 180 1.01 0.95 17.67 11 2.14 1.2 7.54 8 Lat - 23 o 05 ’ 26 ’’ Long- 72 o 37’ 47’’ 2 River River At Narayan Ghat Lat - 23 o 03’ 41’’ 157 180 0.7 0.5 17.7 15 2.1 1.9 7.7 8.12 Long- 72 o 35’ 16 ’’ 3 Sabarmati at railway bridge, Ahmedabad, 153 178 0.8 0.73 18 14 2.3 1.85 7.7 8.2 Lat - 23 o 03’ 43 ’’ Long- 72 o 35 ’ 22 ’’ 4 River Sabarmati At- Gandhi Bridge Lat - 23 o 02’ 20 ’’ 183 190 0.93 0.67 21.67 15 2.39 1.98 7.74 7.9 Long - 72 o 34’ 26 ’’ 5 Sabarmati at Ahmedabad at V.N.
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