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THE MODEL CITY: CIVIL RIGHTS, the BLACK PANTHER PARTY, and the REVOLUTION of URBAN POLITICS in PORTLAND, OREGON by LUCAS N.N. BU

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THE MODEL CITY: CIVIL RIGHTS, the BLACK PANTHER PARTY, and the REVOLUTION of URBAN POLITICS in PORTLAND, OREGON by LUCAS N.N. BU THE MODEL CITY: CIVIL RIGHTS, THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY, AND THE REVOLUTION OF URBAN POLITICS IN PORTLAND, OREGON by LUCAS N.N. BURKE A THESIS Presented to the Department of History and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts September 2012 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Lucas N.N. Burke Title: The Model City: Civil Rights, the Black Panther Party, and the Revolution of Urban Politics in Portland, Oregon This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Department of History by: Ellen Herman Chair Marsha Weisiger Member Melissa Stuckey Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2012 ii © 2012 Lucas N.N. Burke iii THESIS ABSTRACT Lucas N.N. Burke Master of Arts Department of History September 2012 Title: The Model City: Civil Rights, the Black Panther Party, and the Revolution of Urban Politics in Portland, Oregon In recent decades, scholars have praised Portland as a model for urban planning and citizen participation. This thesis complicates Portland's rose-colored image by situating it within recent histories on the long civil rights movement in the West, the Black Panther Party, and civil rights and metropolitan space. The history of Portland's Black Panthers represents an important moment for the black freedom struggle in Northeast Portland's Albina district and for the city's approach to urban planning. Excluded from politics, spatially confined, and subjected to destructive urban renewal projects by the 1960s, blacks in Albina experimented with innovative forms of political participation. These approaches ranged from moderate demands for neighborhood involvement with urban planners to radical, separatist opposition. Although the Panthers' vision of socioeconomic uplift and community control declined, a citywide revolution in politics co-opted their approach, responded to moderate voices, and dismantled much of the undemocratic planning structure in the 1970s. iv CIRRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Lucas N.N. Burke GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon Washington State University, Pullman, Washington DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Arts, History, 2012, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts, History, 2010, Washington State University Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, 2010, Washington State University AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: United States Social and Political History PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Teaching Fellow, Department of History, University of Oregon, 2010 to Present GRANTS, HONORS, AND AWARDS: Graduate Teaching Fellowship, Department of History, University of Oregon, 2010 to Present William W. Stout University Scholarship, University of Oregon, 2011 to 2012 College of Liberal Arts Most Outstanding Graduating Senior, Department of Philosophy, Washington State University, 2010 Emeritus Society Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Research and Scholarship in Arts and Humanities, Washington State University, 2010 Claudius O. Johnson Memorial Scholarship, Washington State University, 2009 to 2010 Libraries Excellence in Undergraduate Research Award, Washington State University, 2009 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would not have been able to complete this thesis or the Master of Arts degree without the valuable support of several individuals. Most importantly, I would like to acknowledge my advisor, Ellen Herman, who gave me the opportunity to attend the University of Oregon, the encouragement and flexibility to find and pursue a topic that fit my interests, and the guidance to be a better teacher. Similarly, I would like to thank the other members of my Master's committee, Marsha Weisiger and Melissa Stuckey. Not only is Marsha Weisiger one of the hardest working professor's I have ever known, but I strongly believe she has helped make me, and almost every other student who has the opportunity to work with her, a better writer. Likewise, Melissa Stuckey has been incredibly supportive, both in her willingness to let me compose part of this thesis for one of her classes and the opportunity to improve my teaching skills as a Graduate Teaching Fellow. I am also indebted to Bill Toll, without whom I would not have been able to construct this project or navigate the complex and unique political and social history of the city of Portland. Finally, I would never have gotten this far without the tutelage and guidance of my undergraduate advisor at Washington State University, Matt Sutton. Without his support and willingness to take a chance on me, even as an undergraduate, I undoubtedly would have never embarked on my graduate school career. In addition to faculty members, I am would like to acknowledge several fellow graduate students. First, and most important, I am very grateful for the support, encouragement, and love of my girlfriend Bree Goosmann, who has helped me through the final months of this process. Likewise, I would like to express unending gratitude to my officemate of the past two years, Daniel Rinn, whose shotgun friendship, interesting vi conversations, and blunt and usually hilarious honesty have been a source of levity, humility, and encouragement throughout my entire tenure at the University of Oregon. In addition, I would like to acknowledge my other friends and graduate student colleagues who have supported me and given me feedback throughout this entire process, especially those who helped me to revise early drafts of this thesis in the graduate student writing workshop. I am also forever indebted to the support and sacrifices of my family, especially my parents, Neal and Tomie, as well as my brother, Travis. Without the emotional and financial support of my mom and dad, there is no way that I would have been able to pursue my dream of an academic career. My mom's lifelong pursuit of education undeniably helped to make me a better scholar and writer. Likewise, my dad has always helped me remember to take time for myself and enjoy life, and he has helped me keep everything in perspective, even at the most stressful times. Moreover, I would never have developed an appreciation and love for history without my brother. For as long as I can remember, his intricate knowledge of history has always led me to want to know more about the world in which we live. Finally, while I am forever appreciative to all of these individuals, there is also a lifetime of friends, family, and teachers that are too many to name here. Without each and every one of them, this accomplishment is moot. Thank you to everyone who has inspired and encouraged me to give my very best in pursuit of my academic interests. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION: URBAN PLANNING AND CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE CITY OF ROSES . AND PANTHERS ......................................................... 1 II. BUILDING AND REBUILDING ALBINA: ORIGINS OF THE LONG CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN PORTLAND, 1900-1966 ........................... 12 The Growth and Development of Portland's Black Community and Civil Rights ................................................................................................. 14 The Second World War and the Creation of the Albina Ghetto ..................... 25 Postwar Civil Rights and Urban Renewal in Albina ..................................... 34 III. DEFENDING ALBINA: MODEL CITIES AND PANTHERS IN NORTHEAST PORTLAND, 1966-1970........................................................... 46 Model Cities and Rebellion in Albina .......................................................... 48 The Early Years of Portland's Black Panther Party ....................................... 62 IV. LOSING THE BATTLE: EMANUEL HOSPITAL, COUNTER INTELLIGENCE, AND THE FALL OF THE PORTLAND PANTHERS, 1970-1973 ......................................................................................................... 85 V. WINNING THE WAR? THE TRIUMPH OF COMMUNITY POLITICS AND THE RISE OF BLACK POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN PORTLAND, 1970-1979 ......................................................................................................... 107 Neil Goldschmidt and the Triumph of Community Politics .......................... 108 African Americans and Portland Politics in the 1970s .................................. 121 VI. CONCLUSION: LEGACIES OF THE PORTLAND PANTHERS ................... 133 APPENDICES A. GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................ 141 B. PORTLAND POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS, 1900-1970 .................... 142 C. MAPS OF PORTLAND, 1890-1970 ........................................................... 144 D. BLACK PANTHER PARTY TEN-POINT PLATFORM AND PROGRAM ................................................................................................. 153 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................................ 156 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: URBAN PLANNING AND CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE CITY OF ROSES . AND PANTHERS The first time I set foot in the Albina district of Northeast Portland in September 2010, I had no idea of the neighborhood's history. In fact, I was there only to attend a concert at Memorial Coliseum in the southwest corner of the district along the Willamette River. Arriving by train at Union Station downtown, I looked east across the river dividing the eastern and western
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