DOCSLIB.ORG

Sulfide Sulfate Chimneys on the East Pacific Rise

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sulfide Sulfate Chimneys on the East Pacific Rise Canadian Mineralogist Yol.26, pp. 487-504(1988) SULFIDE_SULFATECHIMNEYS ON THE EAST PACIFICRISE, 11o AND 13oN LAflTUDES. PARTt: MtNERALOcy AND PARAGENESTS URSULAM. GRAHAM, GREGGJ. BLUTHaNo HIRoSHI oHMoTo Department of Geosciences,The Pennsylvonia State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,U.S.A. ASSTRACT speciesfor FeS2,but also recrystallization and replacernent of earlier minerals in warmer conditions. Hydrothermal fluids up to -350.C emerge . o from vent sitesar I I and I3"N latitudes,East pacific Rise. Varia_ Keywords: chimneys, hydrothermal, sulfides, sulfates, tions in the morphology, zoning and mtneralogyof 27 chim_ mineralogy, zoning, paragenesis.East Pacific Rise. neys from I I vent sites can be representedby three active a1{ ge eltinctdogged chimney. Microscopii observation SoMMAIRE of 127 polished sections of these four chimneys has rev_ ealedfour types eachofmarcasite, pyrite and wurtzite, and Des fluides hydrothermaux atteignant une temp6rature lwg.types of sphalerite, which are distinct in their crystal d'environ 350oCsont 6mis des€vents aux latitudes llo et habits. Th€ consistency in the parageneticsequ.n.. und io l3oN, le long de la ride Est-Pacifique.Les variations en the spatial distribution with respect to the exterior chim_ morphologie, zonation et mindralogiede 27 chemin6espro- ney wall of theseFe and Zn sulfides, as well as anhydrite, venant de I I sites sont bien repr6sentdespar trois chemi- cialcopyrite and bornite in these four chimneys ,r,ggot, ndesactives et une €teinte qui est engorgdede d6p6ts. Un all chimneys tha-t in the ll vent sites ,epresent sililar examen par microscopie de 127 sections prdlevdesde ces hydrothermal processes.The variation among the chimneys quatre chemindesr6vble la prdsencede quatre g6n6ralions reflects simply the difference in the maturity (ongevity of de marcasite, pyrite et wurtzite, et deux de sphal6rite, dis- vgnting) preservation and of a complete liaeirty ctrlmney, tingudespar leur habitus. La concordancedans la sdquence which is comprisedof 8 mineralogicalzones. Formation paragen6tiquede ces sulfures de Fe et de Zn, de l,anhy- of zone-l gugerals (anhydrite with minor subhefual pyrite, drite, de la chalcopyrite a de la bornite, aussibien que dans and anhedral marcasiteand wurtzite) takes place during leur distribution par rapport d Ia paroi externe, fait penser mixing of hydrothermal fluids and cold seawaterwhen the que toute chemin6edes I I sitesd,€vents r€sulte de proces- rate of mineral precipitation exceedsmineral dissolution sus hydrothermaux semblables,et que les variations enrre by cold seawater. During outward growth of a chimney, les chemindess'expliquent simplement par les diff6rences zone-l minerals are continuously dissolved by later en maturit6 (durdede l'€mission)et en degr6de prdserva- hydrothermal fl uids, and also metasomaticallytransiormed tion d'une chemin6ecomplbte iddate, qui comprendhuit successively to zone2 (mostly large colloform marcasiteand zones min6ralogiques. Les mindraux de la zone I (anhy- wyt?ite), (mostly zone 3 cubesof pyrite and colloform drite, pyrite sub-idiomorpheaccessoire, avec marcasite non- sphalerite),zone (mostly 4 bomite), and zone 5 (mostly chal_ idiomorphe et wurtzite) sesont form& lors du m6langeentre copyrite); some new minerals (e.g., cubes of iyrite, le fluide hydrothermal et l'eau de mer froide, lorsque le sphalerite, chalcopyrite) also precipitate directly from the taux de pr6cipitation est superieur au taur( de dissolution hydrothermal fluids within the pore space created by the desmin6raux dansI'eau de mer ambiante. Pendantla crois- dissolution of zone-I.minerals. With continued u.n'tiog, sanceexcentrique d'une chemin6e,les mindraux delazone I channel openings enlarge, imd each sulfide zone tends ro sont continuellement redissous par les fluides hydrother- become wider and monomineralic; the width of the maux plus jeunes, ainsi que transform6s par m6tasomato- anhydrite-rich zone l, however,becomes larger during early sessuccessives en assemblagesdes zones 2 (principalement venting and then decreaseswith time. Clogging of a-chim_ de la marcasite colloforme d grains grossierset de la wun- ney occurs during the waning stageofhydrothermal activiry, zite), 3 (principalement des cubesde pyrite et de Ia sphal6- by precipitation -8 of zone-7 and minerals (wurtzite, mar_ rite colloforme), 4 (principalementde la bornite), et 5 casite pyrite) and along the inner chalcopyriie wall oizone (principalementde la chalcopyrite). Certainsmin€raux (par 5, and recrystallization in time to form zone6 (mostly pyrite exemple, cubes de pyrite, sphal6rite et chalcopyrite) sont a1d sphalerite). With decreasinghydrothermal activlty, tne aussidirectement pr6cipit& desfluidc hydrothermauxdans chimney walls begin to dissolve fiom the outside bv?ac_ les pores cr6espar la dissolution des min6raux de la zone tion with cold se:rwater.The observedparagenesis suggests l. A mesureque l'6mission progresse,les orifices s'€lar- that the ratesof cooling and oxidation, as will as tt . -.:tut_ gissent,et chaquezone de sulfures tend i devenir plus large sulfur chemistry of hydrothermal fluids, are important et monomindralique,except€ la zone l, qui s'6largit pen- parameters that control the chimney mineralogy. Quench- dant les stadespr6coces pour ensuite diminuer au cours de ing of H2S-rich fluids, causedby rapid mixing wiih cold l'€volution d'un 6vent. L'engorgement d'une chemin€e seawater, may result in precipitation of pyrrhotite and wun_ caracteriseles stadesterminaux de I'activitd hydrothermale, zite, while anhydrite precipitatesby incorporating SOr2- lors de la pr6cipitation desmin6raux deszones 7 ef 8 (wun- oI locat s€awater. Anhydrite layersformed by zucha process zite, marcasiteet pyrite) le long de la paroi interne'de chal- may play important roles both physically and chemically copyrite de la zone5, et de leur recristallisationdventuelle in the development of sulfide mineralogywithin the chim- pour former la zone 6 (principalement de la pyrite et de ney_walls by creating environments that promote not only Ia sphal6rite).Au cours de la diminution de I'activit€, les oxidation of hydrothermal H2S to generate polysulfide parois d'une chemindesont progressivementdissous par 481 488 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST rfuction avecI'eau de mer froide. La s6quenceparag6n6ti- by Haymon & Kastner(1981), Oudin (1983),Gold- que observ6eindique que les taux de refroidissementet farb et ol. (1983),and Haymon (1983).Lareer, struc- d'oxydation,aussi bien que les relations chimiques entre turally more complex sulfide deposits than those m6tauxet soufredans les fluides hydrothermau(, exercent from 21oN have been found on the Endeavor and un contr6leimportant sur la compositionmindralogique of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, d'unechemin€e. Un refroidissementbrutal de fluides riches Middle Valley Segments en H2Spar m6langerapide avec l'eau de merpourrart cau- and are described respectively by Tivey & Delaney serla prdcipitationde pyrrhotite et dewurzite, tandisque (1986)and Tunnicliffe et al. (1986).The chemical I'anhydriteserait precipit€e par incorporationdu SOa2- evolution of ocean-ridgehot springsis describedby provenantde l'eau demer ambiante.Les niveaux d'anhy- Bowers et al, (1985), and a laboratory and theoreti- drite ainsiform6s pourrart jouer desr6les physique et chi- cal study of the growh of black-smokerchimneys miqueimportants dans le d6veloppementde la mindralogre is given by Turner & Campbell (1987). dessulfures i I'int6rizurdes parois d'une cheminde en cr6ant Chimney samples from the vent sites studied by qui, provoquent du desmilieux non seulement l'oxydatron previousworkers are similar in many respects.For pour permettrela formationd'espdces H2Shydrothermal of chal- polysulfur€esaux d6pensdu FeS2,mais aussi facilitent la example,the chimneysconsist dominantly recristallisationet le remplacementdes min6raux pr6coces copyrite, pyrite, wurtzite (sphalerite),and anhydrite, dansles milieux plus chauds. although their proportions vary greatly among the (Traduit par la R6daction) chimneys. There are regularities in mineralogical zonation, with a nearly monomineralic chalcopyrite Mots-cl&: chemindes,hydrothermal, sulfures, sulfates, layer at the interior walls of the chimneys, and an mindralogie,zonation, paragendse, ride Est-Pacifique. increasetowards the exteriorsin the abundanceof disseminated Fe and Zn sulfides associated with INTRODUCTION anhydrite. Replacement and overgrowth textures Within the past decade, hydrothermal systems among sulfides are also common to all chimney activelydepositing sulfides of Cu, Fe, and Zn have structures. been examinedat numerous locations along oceanic Previous investigators recognizedthat minerals in spreading ridges. The strongest manifestation of the chimneys were formed by two concurrent hydrothermal activity occurs within axial grabens processes:direct precipitation from the mixed solu- (H6kinian et al. 1983, Ballard et al. 1984). The tions of hot fluid and cold seawater,and replace- hydrothermal vents dischargemetal- and H2S-rich, ment or recrystallization of the earlier minerals acidic, high-temperature(up to -350"C) fluids into within the chimneywall (e.g., Goldfarb et ol. 1983, cold seawater; sulfide and sulfate minerals precipi- H6kinian et al. 1983,Tivey & Delaney1986). Initial tate from the mixtures of hydrothermal fluids and chimney growth starts with the rapid precipitation seawater. of anhydrite and minor sulfidesto establisha perme- Precipitates from high-temperature vents seemto able chimney wall (Goldfarb
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Laser Raman Spectroscopy As a Technique for Identification Of
    ARTICLE IN PRESS CHEMGE-15589; No of Pages 13 Chemical Geology xxx (2008) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemical Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemgeo Laser Raman spectroscopy as a technique for identification of seafloor hydrothermal and cold seep minerals Sheri N. White ⁎ Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA article info abstract Article history: In situ sensors capable of real-time measurements and analyses in the deep ocean are necessary to fulfill the Received 8 August 2008 potential created by the development of autonomous, deep-sea platforms such as autonomous and remotely Received in revised form 8 November 2008 operated vehicles, and cabled observatories. Laser Raman spectroscopy (a type of vibrational spectroscopy) is an Accepted 10 November 2008 optical technique that is capable of in situ molecular identification of minerals in the deep ocean. The goals of this Available online xxxx work are to determine the characteristic spectral bands and relative Raman scattering strength of hydrothermally- Editor: R.L. Rudnick and cold seep-relevant minerals, and to determine how the quality of the spectra are affected by changes in excitation wavelength and sampling optics. The information learned from this work will lead to the development Keywords: of new, smaller sea-going Raman instruments that are optimized to analyze minerals in the deep ocean. Raman spectroscopy Many minerals of interest at seafloor hydrothermal and cold seep sites are Raman active, such as elemental sulfur, Mineralogy carbonates, sulfates and sulfides. Elemental S8 sulfur is a strong Raman scatterer with dominant bands at ∼219 and Hydrothermal vents 472 Δcm−1.
    [Show full text]
  • Both Pestle and Mortar Should Be Sent to a Commercial Heat Treating House to Be Carburized to a Depth of at Least $ Inch and Hardened to 62-64 Rockwell C
    NOTES AND NEWS 165 Both pestle and mortar should be sent to a commercial heat treating house to be carburized to a depth of at least $ inch and hardened to 62-64 Rockwell C. It is not necessaryto harden the sleeve although it may be cyanided. After heat treating the mortar is chucked in the lathe and the diameter of the projection is ground with a tool post grinder to a tight, but re- movable, fi.t to the sleeve. The face of the projection should be ground true to the side at the same chucking. The pestle is also chucked and the diameter of the grinding end reduced about .005 inch, or a working fit in the sleeve.The face of the pestle should also be ground true with the side. A NEW LOCALITY FOR GREENOCKITE CRYSTALS IN BOLIVIA FnBoBnrco Aur,rnr,o, C ochabambo, Bol'ivia. Greenockite is a rare mineral in the Bolivian tin deposits' It has been describedonly from Llallagua by S. Gordon (1). The mineral forms coat- ings of minute red crystals, resembling vanadinite in colour, upon quartz' marcasite, cassiteriteand on the wall rock, almost always associatedwith wavellite. The crystals are exceedinglyminute, rarely measuring as much as 0.1 mm. They vary greatly in habit from pyramidal to thick tabular and prismatic. Cyclic twins are common. Gordon ascribesthe formation of the mineral to supergenesolutions. The source of the cadmium may have been from the wurtzite or sphalerite which has relaced pyrrhotite. 166 NOTESAND NEWS Recently I found a secondoccurrence of greenockite in Bolivia, which is remarkable for the larger size and the rich red colour of the crystals.
    [Show full text]
  • Se2 Nanoparticles for Screen Printing Application
    nanomaterials Article Large-Scale Synthesis of Semiconducting Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Nanoparticles for Screen Printing Application Bruna F. Gonçalves 1,2,3 , Alec P. LaGrow 1 , Sergey Pyrlin 2, Bryan Owens-Baird 4,5 , Gabriela Botelho 3 , Luis S. A. Marques 2, Marta M. D. Ramos 2, Kirill Kovnir 4,5 , Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez 2,6,7 and Yury V. Kolen’ko 1,* 1 International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; [email protected] (B.F.G.); [email protected] (A.P.L.) 2 Center of Physics, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; pyrlinsv@fisica.uminho.pt (S.P.); lsam@fisica.uminho.pt (L.S.A.M.); marta@fisica.uminho.pt (M.M.D.R.); [email protected] (S.L.-M.) 3 Center of Chemistry, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; [email protected] 4 Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; [email protected] (B.O.-B.); [email protected] (K.K.) 5 Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA 6 BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain 7 Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Citation: Gonçalves, B.F.; LaGrow, A.P.; Pyrlin, S.; Owens-Baird, B.; Abstract: During the last few decades, the interest over chalcopyrite and related photovoltaics has Botelho, G.; Marques, L.S.A.; Ramos, been growing due the outstanding structural and electrical properties of the thin-film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 M.M.D.; Kovnir, K.; photoabsorber.
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical List
    LIST L - MINERALS - ALPHABETICAL LIST Specific mineral Group name Specific mineral Group name acanthite sulfides asbolite oxides accessory minerals astrophyllite chain silicates actinolite clinoamphibole atacamite chlorides adamite arsenates augite clinopyroxene adularia alkali feldspar austinite arsenates aegirine clinopyroxene autunite phosphates aegirine-augite clinopyroxene awaruite alloys aenigmatite aenigmatite group axinite group sorosilicates aeschynite niobates azurite carbonates agate silica minerals babingtonite rhodonite group aikinite sulfides baddeleyite oxides akaganeite oxides barbosalite phosphates akermanite melilite group barite sulfates alabandite sulfides barium feldspar feldspar group alabaster barium silicates silicates albite plagioclase barylite sorosilicates alexandrite oxides bassanite sulfates allanite epidote group bastnaesite carbonates and fluorides alloclasite sulfides bavenite chain silicates allophane clay minerals bayerite oxides almandine garnet group beidellite clay minerals alpha quartz silica minerals beraunite phosphates alstonite carbonates berndtite sulfides altaite tellurides berryite sulfosalts alum sulfates berthierine serpentine group aluminum hydroxides oxides bertrandite sorosilicates aluminum oxides oxides beryl ring silicates alumohydrocalcite carbonates betafite niobates and tantalates alunite sulfates betekhtinite sulfides amazonite alkali feldspar beudantite arsenates and sulfates amber organic minerals bideauxite chlorides and fluorides amblygonite phosphates biotite mica group amethyst
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Review of Zno Materials and Devices Ü
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2005 A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices Ü. Özgür Virginia Commonwealth University, [email protected] Ya. I. Alivov Virginia Commonwealth University C. Liu Virginia Commonwealth University See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/egre_pubs Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons Ozgur, U., Alivov, Y. I., Liu, C., et al. A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices. Journal of Applied Physics 98, 041301 (2005). Copyright © 2005 AIP Publishing LLC. Downloaded from http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/egre_pubs/174 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Ü. Özgür, Ya. I. Alivov, C. Liu, A. Teke, M. A. Reshchikov, S. Doğan, Vitaliy Avrutin, S.-J. Cho, and H. Morkoç This article is available at VCU Scholars Compass: http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/egre_pubs/174 JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 98, 041301 ͑2005͒ APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices ͒ ͒ ͒ Ü. Özgür,a Ya. I. Alivov, C. Liu, A. Teke,b M. A. Reshchikov, S. Doğan,c V. Avrutin, ͒ S.-J. Cho, and H. Morkoçd Department of Electrical Engineering and Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3072 ͑Received 2 February 2005; accepted 13 June 2005; published online 30 August 2005͒ The semiconductor ZnO has gained substantial interest in the research community in part because of its large exciton binding energy ͑60 meV͒ which could lead to lasing action based on exciton recombination even above room temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Characterization Studies on Semiconducting Znsnn2 Films Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction
    Structural Characterization Studies on Semiconducting ZnSnN2 Films using Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction by Nancy Senabulya A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Applied Physics) in The University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Professor Roy Clarke, Chair Professor Steven M. Durbin Assistant Professor Emmanouil Kioupakis Professor Cagliyan Kurdak [email protected] ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3394-5452 © Nancy Senabulya All Rights Reserved To Andrew, Jordan and Elise ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my mom who sacrificed everything for my siblings and I to get the best education in Uganda. For some reason, she always believed I would get a PhD and I never believed her until now. Her love and support helping me look after our kids in the first six months of their lives, when I had them in graduate school is the reason I could complete this PhD in record time. My sister and friend Donna has been an important source of inspiration for me since childhood. Her passion for Math and Science and subsequent successful career in Telecommunications Engineering have allowed me to dream beyond my wildest dreams the things I could accomplish as a woman from a developing country. Thank you, Donna, for not allowing to be limited by circumstances. You worked hard and set a good example for all of us to follow. I am proud to be your sister. Diana, Ivan, Penny, Jenna, Martin, I love you guys so much. Thanks for rooting for me throughout this whole process, I have enjoyed our conversations on skype and been so proud of all you have accomplished the last few years.
    [Show full text]
  • Primary Minerals of the Jáchymov Ore District
    Journal of the Czech Geological Society 48/34(2003) 19 Primary minerals of the Jáchymov ore district Primární minerály jáchymovského rudního revíru (237 figs, 160 tabs) PETR ONDRU1 FRANTIEK VESELOVSKÝ1 ANANDA GABAOVÁ1 JAN HLOUEK2 VLADIMÍR REIN3 IVAN VAVØÍN1 ROMAN SKÁLA1 JIØÍ SEJKORA4 MILAN DRÁBEK1 1 Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, CZ-118 21 Prague 1 2 U Roháèových kasáren 24, CZ-100 00 Prague 10 3 Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, V Holeovièkách 41, CZ-182 09, Prague 8 4 National Museum, Václavské námìstí 68, CZ-115 79, Prague 1 One hundred and seventeen primary mineral species are described and/or referenced. Approximately seventy primary minerals were known from the district before the present study. All known reliable data on the individual minerals from Jáchymov are presented. New and more complete X-ray powder diffraction data for argentopyrite, sternbergite, and an unusual (Co,Fe)-rammelsbergite are presented. The follow- ing chapters describe some unknown minerals, erroneously quoted minerals and imperfectly identified minerals. The present work increases the number of all identified, described and/or referenced minerals in the Jáchymov ore district to 384. Key words: primary minerals, XRD, microprobe, unit-cell parameters, Jáchymov. History of mineralogical research of the Jáchymov Chemical analyses ore district Polished sections were first studied under the micro- A systematic study of Jáchymov minerals commenced scope for the identification of minerals and definition early after World War II, during the period of 19471950. of their relations. Suitable sections were selected for This work was aimed at supporting uranium exploitation. electron microprobe (EMP) study and analyses, and in- However, due to the general political situation and the teresting domains were marked.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Chemical Problems in Geology
    Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1916 Some chemical problems in geology Reginald Scott Dean Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons Department: Recommended Citation Dean, Reginald Scott, "Some chemical problems in geology" (1916). Masters Theses. 4650. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/4650 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOME CHEMICAL PROBLEMS IN GEOLOGY BY REGINALD SCOTT DEAl A THESIS subm! tted to the faculty of the SCHOOL OF MIRES liD METALLURGY OF THE UNIVERSI!Y OF MISSOURI in partial ful~111.8nt of the work required for the Degree o~ MASTER OF SCIENCE Rolla, Mo. 1916 Approved bY __~:r.w....""...;.:.:..uI· .. c?tt6~~vLJjoUll:iWl~~(' ___ Professor of Chemistr,r. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Introduotion. The Nature and Formation of Iron Disulfide. Bibliography. The Nature of Iron Disulfide. The Formation of Iron Disulfide in Nature. ~actor8 Controlling the Formation of Maroasite or Pyrite. The Natural ~erric Oxides. BIbliography • The Nature of a Gel. Natural Ferric OxIdes. The Reduotion of Sulfates to Sulfides. Relations of Pyrite to Maroasite and Sphalerite to Wurtzite. (Some Chemical Problems in Geology) INTRODUCTION. This thesis is in the main a oompi1ation of the views held at this institution in regard to the prob­ lems disoussed as interpreted by the author.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Zincian Greenockite Occurrence in the Saishitang Cu Skarn Deposit, Qinghai Province, Northwest China
    minerals Article A New Zincian Greenockite Occurrence in the Saishitang Cu Skarn Deposit, Qinghai Province, Northwest China Jianping Liu and Shugen Zhang * Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Non-Ferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitor (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-731-888-30616 Received: 15 June 2017; Accepted: 26 July 2017; Published: 28 July 2017 Abstract: Zn-Cd-S series minerals not only comprise industrial resources for Zn and Cd, but are also significant mineralogical indicators for hydrothermal ore-forming processes. Due to its unique formation conditions and rare occurrence, our understanding of the formation of zincian greenockite in natural systems is limited. Zincian greenockite was discovered during mineralogical studies in the Saishitang Cu skarn deposit, Qinghai Province, Northwest China. This provided an ideal opportunity to assess the occurrence and formation of zincian greenockite in skarn-type deposits. Ore minerals were observed using reflected-light microscopy, and the zincian greenockite was further analyzed using electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The zincian greenockite occurs in the bornite–chalcopyrite ores and is composed of subhedral to anhedral grains approximately 50 × 150 µm2 to 200 × 300 µm2 in size, replaces the bornite, and is replaced by native silver. Two phases (I and II) were identified based on back-scattered electron images, X-ray element-distributions maps, and EPMA data. The textural relationship indicated that Phase I was replaced by Phase II. Phase I contained high Zn (14.6 to 21.7 mol % ZnS) and low Cd (72.4 to 82.2 mol % CdS), while Phase II contained low Zn (5.6 to 9.1 mol % ZnS) and high Cd (85.4 to 89.9 mol % CdS).
    [Show full text]
  • Coupled Substitutions of Minor and Trace Elements in Co-Existing Sphalerite and Wurtzite
    minerals Article Coupled Substitutions of Minor and Trace Elements in Co-Existing Sphalerite and Wurtzite Allan Pring 1,*, Benjamin Wade 2, Aoife McFadden 2,3, Claire E. Lenehan 1 and Nigel J. Cook 4 1 College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia; claire.lenehan@flinders.edu.au 2 Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia; [email protected] (B.W.); [email protected] (A.M.) 3 Flinders Microscopy, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia 4 School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: allan.pring@flinders.edu.au; Tel.: +618-8201-5570 Received: 28 November 2019; Accepted: 6 February 2020; Published: 9 February 2020 Abstract: The nature of couple substitutions of minor and trace element chemistry of expitaxial intergrowths of wurtzite and sphalerite are reported. EPMA and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses display significant differences in the bulk chemistries of the two epitaxial intergrowth samples studied. The sample from the Animas-Chocaya Mine complex of Bolivia is Fe-rich with mean Fe levels of 4.8 wt% for wurztite-2H and 2.3 wt% for the sphalerite component, while the sample from Merelani Hills, Tanzania, is Mn-rich with mean Mn levels in wurztite-4H of 9.1 wt% and for the sphalerite component 7.9 wt% In both samples studied the wurtzite polytype is dominant over sphalerite. LA-ICP-MS line scans across the boundaries between the wurtzite and sphalerite domains within the two samples show significant variation in the trace element chemistries both between and within the two coexisting polytypes.
    [Show full text]
  • Precipitation and Growth of Barite Within Hydrothermal Vent Deposits
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Publications, Agencies and Staff of the .SU . U.S. Department of Commerce Department of Commerce 2016 Precipitation and Growth of Barite within Hydrothermal Vent Deposits from the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge John William Jamieson GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, [email protected] Mark D. Hannington GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, [email protected] Margaret K. Tivey Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, [email protected] Thor aH nsteen GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, [email protected] Nicole M.-B. Williamson University of Ottawa, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub Part of the Geochemistry Commons, Mineral Physics Commons, and the Tectonics and Structure Commons Jamieson, John William; Hannington, Mark D.; Tivey, Margaret K.; Hansteen, Thor; Williamson, Nicole M.-B.; Stewart, Margaret; Fietzke, Jan; Butterfield, David; Frische, Matthias; Allen, Leigh; Cousens, Brian; and Langer, Julia, "Precipitation and Growth of Barite within Hydrothermal Vent Deposits from the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge" (2016). Publications, Agencies and Staff of ht e U.S. Department of Commerce. 541. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/541 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Commerce at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications, Agencies and Staff of the .SU . Department of Commerce by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors John William Jamieson, Mark D. Hannington, Margaret K.
    [Show full text]