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Precipitation and Growth of Barite Within Hydrothermal Vent Deposits

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Precipitation and Growth of Barite Within Hydrothermal Vent Deposits University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Publications, Agencies and Staff of the .SU . U.S. Department of Commerce Department of Commerce 2016 Precipitation and Growth of Barite within Hydrothermal Vent Deposits from the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge John William Jamieson GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, [email protected] Mark D. Hannington GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, [email protected] Margaret K. Tivey Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, [email protected] Thor aH nsteen GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, [email protected] Nicole M.-B. Williamson University of Ottawa, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub Part of the Geochemistry Commons, Mineral Physics Commons, and the Tectonics and Structure Commons Jamieson, John William; Hannington, Mark D.; Tivey, Margaret K.; Hansteen, Thor; Williamson, Nicole M.-B.; Stewart, Margaret; Fietzke, Jan; Butterfield, David; Frische, Matthias; Allen, Leigh; Cousens, Brian; and Langer, Julia, "Precipitation and Growth of Barite within Hydrothermal Vent Deposits from the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge" (2016). Publications, Agencies and Staff of ht e U.S. Department of Commerce. 541. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/541 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Commerce at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications, Agencies and Staff of the .SU . Department of Commerce by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors John William Jamieson, Mark D. Hannington, Margaret K. Tivey, Thor aH nsteen, Nicole M.-B. Williamson, Margaret Stewart, Jan Fietzke, David Butterfield, Matthias Frische, Leigh Allen, Brian Cousens, and Julia Langer This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/ 541 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 173 (2016) 64–85 www.elsevier.com/locate/gca Precipitation and growth of barite within hydrothermal vent deposits from the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge John William Jamieson a,b,⇑, Mark D. Hannington a,b, Margaret K. Tivey c, Thor Hansteen a, Nicole M.-B. Williamson b, Margaret Stewart d, Jan Fietzke a, David Butterfield e, Matthias Frische a, Leigh Allen b, Brian Cousens d, Julia Langer a a GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany b University of Ottawa, FSS Hall, 120 University, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada c Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1050, USA d Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada e University of Washington and NOAA/PMEL, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA Received 3 July 2015; accepted in revised form 21 October 2015; Available online 27 October 2015 Abstract Hydrothermal vent deposits form on the seafloor as a result of cooling and mixing of hot hydrothermal fluids with cold seawater. Amongst the major sulfide and sulfate minerals that are preserved at vent sites, barite (BaSO4) is unique because it requires the direct mixing of Ba-rich hydrothermal fluid with sulfate-rich seawater in order for precipitation to occur. Because of its extremely low solubility, barite crystals preserve geochemical fingerprints associated with conditions of formation. Here, we present data from petrographic and geochemical analyses of hydrothermal barite from the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean, in order to determine the physical and chemical conditions under which barite pre- cipitates within seafloor hydrothermal vent systems. Petrographic analyses of 22 barite-rich samples show a range of barite crystal morphologies: dendritic and acicular barite forms near the exterior vent walls, whereas larger bladed and tabular crys- tals occur within the interior of chimneys. A two component mixing model based on Sr concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr of both seawater and hydrothermal fluid, combined with 87Sr/86Sr data from whole rock and laser-ablation ICP-MS analyses of barite crystals indicate that barite precipitates from mixtures containing as low as 17% and as high as 88% hydrothermal fluid com- ponent, relative to seawater. Geochemical modelling of the relationship between aqueous species concentrations and degree of fluid mixing indicates that Ba2+ availability is the dominant control on mineral saturation. Observations combined with mod- el results support that dendritic barite forms from fluids of less than 40% hydrothermal component and with a saturation index greater than 0.6, whereas more euhedral crystals form at lower levels of supersaturation associated with greater con- tributions of hydrothermal fluid. Fluid inclusions within barite indicate formation temperatures of between 120 °C and 240 ° C during barite crystallization. The comparison of fluid inclusion formation temperatures to modelled mixing temperatures indicates that conductive cooling of the vent fluid accounts for 60–120 °C reduction in fluid temperature. Strontium zonation within individual barite crystals records fluctuations in the amount of conductive cooling within chimney walls that may result ⇑ Corresponding author at: GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J.W. Jamieson), [email protected] (M.D. Hannington), [email protected] (M.K. Tivey), [email protected] (T. Hansteen), [email protected] (N.M.-B. Williamson), [email protected] (M. Stewart), jfi[email protected] (J. Fietzke), david.a.butterfi[email protected] (D. Butterfield), [email protected] (M. Frische), Leigh. [email protected] (L. Allen), [email protected] (B. Cousens), [email protected] (J. Langer). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.10.021 0016-7037/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. J.W. Jamieson et al. / Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 173 (2016) 64–85 65 from cyclical oscillations in hydrothermal fluid flux. Barite chemistry and morphology can be used as a reliable indicator for past conditions of mineralization within both extinct seafloor hydrothermal deposits and ancient land-based volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. INTRODUCTION that are characterized by lower hydrothermal fluxes and fluid temperatures (Tivey et al., 1990; Hannington et al., Heat from shallow magmatic activity drives the circula- 1995). However, precipitation of these low-temperature tion of seawater through oceanic crust along volcanically- minerals will still occur within chimneys formed from active mid-ocean ridges, arcs, and back-arc basins (Baker high-temperature venting, often in the exterior walls of a et al., 1995; Hannington et al., 2005). As fluids circulate, chimney where extensive mixing with seawater occurs they are heated, and react with the surrounding rock, (Hannington and Scott, 1988; Hannington et al., 1991). resulting in leaching and transport of dissolved chemical Barite is especially important as a key structural component constituents from the underlying substrate to the seafloor. to hydrothermal edifices on the seafloor, and its occurrence Hydrothermal chimneys and mounds form on the seafloor and abundance can affect hydrothermal deposit morphol- at sites where the high temperature, focused hydrothermal ogy, the style of venting and chimney growth, and the reten- fluid discharges, and where mineral precipitation is driven tion of metals within a deposit (Tivey and Delaney, 1986; by the mixing of the hot vent fluid with local cold seawater Hannington et al., 1995). Precipitation of barite occurs (Von Damm, 1990; Hannington et al., 1995). when the product of the concentrations of Ba2+ (from the 2À The composition of the substrate is a major control on hydrothermal fluid) and SO4 (from seawater) exceed the both vent fluid composition and the mineralogy of the solubility constant of the mixed fluid (Blount, 1977). End- hydrothermal deposits that form on the seafloor (e.g., member concentrations of Ba in hydrothermal fluids from Von Damm, 1990). The primary minerals that typically Main Endeavour Field have been measured at concentra- make up vent edifices are sulfides such as pyrite, sphalerite, tions of up to 31 lmol/kg (Seyfried et al., 2003), indicating chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, sulfates such as barite and anhy- significant enrichment of Ba relative to ambient seawater drite, and amorphous silica. These minerals precipitate (0.1 lmol/kg) resulting from leaching of Ba during either from dissolved constituents within the hydrothermal hydrothermal alteration of basalt (Chan et al., 1976; Kim 2+ fluids (e.g., pyrite precipitated from dissolved Fe and H2S and McMurtry, 1991). Modern seawater contains or HSÀ), from dissolved constituents within locally heated 28 mmol/kg of dissolved sulfate, whereas sulfate concen- seawater (e.g., anhydrite precipitated from dissolve Ca2+ trations in endmember hydrothermal fluids are generally 2À and SO4 ), or from dissolved constituents within both flu- near zero as a result of precipitation of anhydrite within ids (e.g., barite and anhydrite precipitated from Ba2+ and the crust and the thermo-chemical reduction of remaining Ca2+, respectively, in hydrothermal fluid that has mixed sulfate during high-temperature reactions
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