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Detection of Tropical Cyclone PHET Using 19.35Ghz SSM/I Data

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Detection of Tropical Cyclone PHET Using 19.35Ghz SSM/I Data Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 44(3), March 2015, pp. 404-410 Detection of Tropical Cyclone PHET Using 19.35GHz SSM/I Data O P N Calla*, Shruti Singhal, Harendra Kumar Dadhich International Centre for Radio Science, Jodhpur-342 304, India *[E-mail: [email protected]] Received 6 August 2013; revised 14 November 2013 For detection of the cyclone PHET, brightness temperature data (BT) of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) sensor at 19.35GHz over Arabian Sea (AS) was procured for the year 2010. In order to trace the cyclone PHET; study of the cyclone affected area before and after striking of the cyclone affected day is done. During analysis at 19.35GHz, the BT and rain rate data over cyclonic area was found to be exceptionally high when compared with the ordinary days. This behavior could be due to the presence of rain clouds during cyclone that emit more radiation at lower frequency (< 37GHz) than the background ocean and cloud free atmosphere. Surface roughness that is caused by high winds increases the BT. As a result at 19.35GHz the BT is found to be high at cyclonic areas as this frequency is greatly affected by rains and high winds. This result shows an insight to detect the natural hazards using passive microwave remote sensing. [Keywords: Brightness Temperature, Microwaves, Remote Sensing, Cyclone] Introduction beginning of the cyclonic activity. The most In general a tropical cyclone1 is a storm formed important electrical parameter that affects the due to existence of low-pressure system over microwave emission over the ocean is expressly tropical or sub-tropical waters that leads to strong dielectric constant (DC) that is a function of surface winds and heavy rain. Tropical cyclones derive temperature, salinity and wavelength. The emission their energy from the warm tropical oceans and do by the ocean is also dependent on the different not form unless the sea-surface temperature is high. physical parameters including surface roughness They are also able to produce high waves, caused by high winds, rain rate & Cloud Liquid damaging storm surge and floods, even can persist Water (CLW)4 that change abruptly during the for many days and have somewhat irregular paths. cyclone occurrence. The BT over the cyclonic area They in fact cause large damage to the life and goes high as roughness of the sea increases, which property. Inland regions are much safer than the in itself is raised due to the presence of high winds. coastal as cyclones do not get moisture and indeed Even the increase in CLW over the cyclone looses energy while penetrating into the land. produces an increase in BT. The large amount of Tropical Cyclone detection has improved a lot droplets present in the clouds also causes heavy rain from last few years with the significant as well as re-emits which add in to the satellite improvements in satellite remote sensing2. radiometric BT . Infrared/optical imagers onboard satellite provide In this paper, a case study has been performed valuable information that help in determining the and is presented as an example of the application of location of the Tropical Cyclone, however due microwave sensor data available in this millennium presence of clouds these sensors do not lead to that can help in early detection and tracking of the accurate assessment. Here is where the Microwave cyclonic activities. Remote Sensing’s unique capability of all weather penetration helps in providing the data even in Materials and Methods presence of clouds. Microwave Sensors3 has Tropical Cyclone Phet brief description tremendous potential and offer certain specific In 2010, AS witnessed many cyclones. But, advantages which help in obtaining the correct PHET was one of the strongest tropical cyclone information for detection, tracking and prediction of ever recorded in the AS causing a breaking record cyclone. rainfall in year 2010. The cyclone formed on 30th By regular monitoring of the microwave May 2010 in the middle of AS, moved along the emissions from the ocean, one can detect the south-western edge of subtropical ridge and it CALLA et al.: DETECTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE PHET 405 further twisted to the northern AS. Finally, it struck to retrieve important geophysical parameters over the east coast of Oman on 4th June 2010. Track of the ocean: near-surface wind speed (m/s), columnar tropical cyclone PHET over the AS is shown in water vapor (mm), columnar cloud liquid water Figure 1. (mm) and rain rate as well. In table 1 the detailed specification of SSM/I are shown. Table 1: SSM/I Satellite Specification Special Sensor Microwave/Imager Type Polar Orbiter (~ 102 min/orbit) Areal Coverage Twice Daily (One ascending and one Descending orbit) Sensor Passive Microwave Measurement Brightness Temperature Fig. 1— Super Cyclone PHET, projected path and Intensity Frequency Band 19(H,V), 22(V), 37(H,V), 85(H,V) (Source: CIMSS) GHz where H is Horizontal The cyclone PHET had the rarest of the rare Polarization and V is vertical track over the AS with two landfall points over Polarization Oman and Pakistan and longest track as well. As a Swath (Km) 1392 result of such unique track, the system affected three countries, viz. Oman, Pakistan and India Cell Footprint (Km) 40 (Gujarat and Rajasthan). While there was loss of Wind Height (m) 20 life and property in Oman due to both heavy rain Range of Wind 3-25 and strong wind, the loss of life and property in Speeds (m/s) Pakistan was mainly due to heavy rain and there was no significant adverse impact in India, though there was heavy rain over Gujarat and Rajasthan. The BT along with rain rate data of SSM/I has According to Joint Typhoon Warning Center been procured and analyzed for month of May and (JTWC), PHET had maximum sustained winds of June 2010 when cyclone PHET formed over AS. 38 meter per second with minimum sea level When cyclone occurs the wind speed of that area pressure as 970 HPa was reported. goes high and sustained high wind speed are also the indication of cyclonic condition. Here, to Data Procurement and Analysis validate the behavior of SSM/I BT data over The main objective of this paper is to detect the cyclonic area, the rain rate data is also acquired tropical cyclone PHET. This cyclone produced over the same location and found to be in good co- record-breaking rainfall. Detection has been done relation with BT. Figure 2(a)(c)(e) depicts the using passive microwave sensor data. For this SSMI passes of BT at 19.35 GHz with the purpose, we used the SSM/I5 BT data at 19.35 GHz. corresponding rain rate passes shown in figure In addition, we attempted to quantify this result by 2(b)(d)(f). Only three days passes are shown in comparing the cyclonic days with the ordinary days Figure 2, since only three day satellite passes as well as by observing the behavior of two areas coincides with the cyclone track during cyclone on same day; one affected by cyclone and the other PHET time period. unaffected area. Present methodology is based on the concept of SSM/I was flown over the Defense data mining which is an approach of analyzing data Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). The from different perspectives and summarizing it into SSM/I operate at four frequencies: 19.35, 22.235, useful information - that corresponds to different 37, and 85.5 GHz. With these channels it is possible stages of tropical storm. Our methodology is based 406 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 3 MARCH 2015 Brightness Temperature Data (Kelvin) Rain Rate Data (millimeter per hour) SSM/I Passes for 30 May 2010 (a) (b) SSM/I Passes for 31 May 2010 (c) (d) SSM/I Passes for 01 June 2010 (e) (f) on the monitoring of the variation of microwave BT. The variation in the BT is observed and it is found that the BT increases during cyclone disturbance as compared to the non cyclone area. This is also validated by the rain rate data. CALLA et al.: DETECTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE PHET 407 Fig. 2- SSM/I satellite brightness temperature (19.35GHz frequency channel) and rain rate imagery of tropical cyclone PHET showing different stages of intensity and propagation from 30 May 2010 to 01 June in 2010. (a,b) 30 May 2010 (c,d) 31 May 2010 (e,f) 01 June 2010. Brightness Temperature Analysis when compared to other open ocean areas. Radiometric BT6 datasets from SSM/I have been used in the present work. The data is available online. SSM/I BT data at 19.35 GHz of May and Result and Discussion June months have been examined. Data was taken Tropical cyclone PHET was the second strongest from 24th May to 8th June 2010 in AS when the tropical cyclone recorded in the AS in year 2010. cyclone genesis started and ended. During this time For the detection of cyclone many researches have period BT data assessment was done using two been carried out. Here, in this paper a different type approaches. In first approach, the BT data over of analysis and approach to detect cyclone has been cyclone affected area before and after striking of the discussed which is carried out using microwave cyclone affected day was analyzed. By the analysis radiometric system SSM /I. The different day’s data one finds exceptionally high BT values over of SSMI have been procured and by analysis one cyclonic area when compared with the normal days. can see that the cyclonic activity taking place (found Similarly in second approach same behavior was exceptionally high values of BT and rain rate over observed when two areas of same day were cyclonic area) from 30th May 2010 to 1st June compared; one affected by cyclone and the other 2010 in AS.
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