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Texas Hurricane History
Texas Hurricane History David Roth National Weather Service Camp Springs, MD Table of Contents Preface 3 Climatology of Texas Tropical Cyclones 4 List of Texas Hurricanes 8 Tropical Cyclone Records in Texas 11 Hurricanes of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 12 Hurricanes of the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries 13 Hurricanes of the Late Nineteenth Century 16 The First Indianola Hurricane - 1875 21 Last Indianola Hurricane (1886)- The Storm That Doomed Texas’ Major Port 24 The Great Galveston Hurricane (1900) 29 Hurricanes of the Early Twentieth Century 31 Corpus Christi’s Devastating Hurricane (1919) 38 San Antonio’s Great Flood – 1921 39 Hurricanes of the Late Twentieth Century 48 Hurricanes of the Early Twenty-First Century 68 Acknowledgments 74 Bibliography 75 Preface Every year, about one hundred tropical disturbances roam the open Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. About fifteen of these become tropical depressions, areas of low pressure with closed wind patterns. Of the fifteen, ten become tropical storms, and six become hurricanes. Every five years, one of the hurricanes will become reach category five status, normally in the western Atlantic or western Caribbean. About every fifty years, one of these extremely intense hurricanes will strike the United States, with disastrous consequences. Texas has seen its share of hurricane activity over the many years it has been inhabited. Nearly five hundred years ago, unlucky Spanish explorers learned firsthand what storms along the coast of the Lone Star State were capable of. Despite these setbacks, Spaniards set down roots across Mexico and Texas and started colonies. Galleons filled with gold and other treasures sank to the bottom of the Gulf, off such locations as Padre and Galveston Islands. -
The MJO Remained Weak During the Past Week As Reflected on the RMM
The MJO remained weak during the past week as reflected on the RMM-based MJO index, though there are indications that the signal is still present over the eastern Indian Ocean and the far western Maritime Continent in the upper levels. The CPC velocity potential based MJO index depicts a much slower propagation of the upper-level anomaly field, due in part to interference from the La Nina base state and ongoing tropical cyclone activity over the Atlantic. Dynamical model MJO index forecasts are in good agreement supporting renewed eastward propagation of a fairly weak MJO signal over the Maritime Continent during Week1, with possible emergence over the West Pacific by Week-2. Despite this advancing intraseasonal signal, the low frequency suppressed convective signal over the Pacific will likely play the greater role, and there is considerable uncertainty regarding the evolution of the MJO once it reaches the Pacific. Therefore, although dynamical models depict a somewhat quieter period of tropical cyclone activity over the Atlantic basin during Week-2 which would be consistent with MJO activity, there is no clear signal favoring increased shear. There are currently four active tropical cyclones over the Atlantic basin, and one tropical cyclone over the East Pacific. In addition to Hurricane Paulette, which formed last week and brought wind, rain, and surge impacts to Bermuda, Hurricane Sally formed over the eastern Gulf of Mexico and is currently near the northeastern Gulf Coast, and Tropical Storms Teddy and Vicky formed over the main development region (MDR) between the Cape Verde Islands and the Lesser Antilles. -
Appendix 1: Venus Missions
Appendix 1: Venus Missions Sputnik 7 (USSR) Launch 02/04/1961 First attempted Venus atmosphere craft; upper stage failed to leave Earth orbit Venera 1 (USSR) Launch 02/12/1961 First attempted flyby; contact lost en route Mariner 1 (US) Launch 07/22/1961 Attempted flyby; launch failure Sputnik 19 (USSR) Launch 08/25/1962 Attempted flyby, stranded in Earth orbit Mariner 2 (US) Launch 08/27/1962 First successful Venus flyby Sputnik 20 (USSR) Launch 09/01/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Sputnik 21 (USSR) Launch 09/12/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Cosmos 21 (USSR) Launch 11/11/1963 Possible Venera engineering test flight or attempted flyby Venera 1964A (USSR) Launch 02/19/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Venera 1964B (USSR) Launch 03/01/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Cosmos 27 (USSR) Launch 03/27/1964 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Zond 1 (USSR) Launch 04/02/1964 Venus flyby, contact lost May 14; flyby July 14 Venera 2 (USSR) Launch 11/12/1965 Venus flyby, contact lost en route Venera 3 (USSR) Launch 11/16/1965 Venus lander, contact lost en route, first Venus impact March 1, 1966 Cosmos 96 (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Possible attempted landing, craft fragmented in Earth orbit Venera 1965A (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Flyby attempt (launch failure) Venera 4 (USSR) Launch 06/12/1967 Successful atmospheric probe, arrived at Venus 10/18/1967 Mariner 5 (US) Launch 06/14/1967 Successful flyby 10/19/1967 Cosmos 167 (USSR) Launch 06/17/1967 Attempted atmospheric probe, stranded in Earth orbit Venera 5 (USSR) Launch 01/05/1969 Returned atmospheric data for 53 min on 05/16/1969 M. -
Archons (Commanders) [NOTICE: They Are NOT Anlien Parasites], and Then, in a Mirror Image of the Great Emanations of the Pleroma, Hundreds of Lesser Angels
A R C H O N S HIDDEN RULERS THROUGH THE AGES A R C H O N S HIDDEN RULERS THROUGH THE AGES WATCH THIS IMPORTANT VIDEO UFOs, Aliens, and the Question of Contact MUST-SEE THE OCCULT REASON FOR PSYCHOPATHY Organic Portals: Aliens and Psychopaths KNOWLEDGE THROUGH GNOSIS Boris Mouravieff - GNOSIS IN THE BEGINNING ...1 The Gnostic core belief was a strong dualism: that the world of matter was deadening and inferior to a remote nonphysical home, to which an interior divine spark in most humans aspired to return after death. This led them to an absorption with the Jewish creation myths in Genesis, which they obsessively reinterpreted to formulate allegorical explanations of how humans ended up trapped in the world of matter. The basic Gnostic story, which varied in details from teacher to teacher, was this: In the beginning there was an unknowable, immaterial, and invisible God, sometimes called the Father of All and sometimes by other names. “He” was neither male nor female, and was composed of an implicitly finite amount of a living nonphysical substance. Surrounding this God was a great empty region called the Pleroma (the fullness). Beyond the Pleroma lay empty space. The God acted to fill the Pleroma through a series of emanations, a squeezing off of small portions of his/its nonphysical energetic divine material. In most accounts there are thirty emanations in fifteen complementary pairs, each getting slightly less of the divine material and therefore being slightly weaker. The emanations are called Aeons (eternities) and are mostly named personifications in Greek of abstract ideas. -
Section 9 Development of and Studies with Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere
Section 9 Development of and studies with coupled ocean-atmosphere models Global warming and Mean Indian summer monsoon Sujata K. Mandke*1, A K Sahai1, Mahesh Shinde1 and Susmita Joseph1 1Climate & Global Modeling Division, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411 008, India *[email protected] The rising level in concentration of green house gases(GHGs) in the atmosphere have led to enhanced radiative heating of the earth. Global warming is evident from increase in temperature, sea level rise etc(IPCC,1990,IPCC WG1 TAR,2001). The extreme events of climate system such as floods and droughts is projected(IPCC WG1 TAR, 2001). The impact of climate change on monsoon and its variability is a major issue for Indian subcontinent where agriculture and economic growth is strongly linked to behavior of monsoon. Current versions of Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models(AOGCM) provide reliable simulations of the large scale features of the present day climate but there are uncertainties on regional scale. The present study emphasis the possible impact of climate change on the daily mean summer precipitation focusing on Indian region simulated by ten AOGCMs. Daily precipitation simulated by ten AOGCMs that participated in IPCC for fourth assessment report is used in the present study. The model output from variety of experiments carried out by different modeling groups throughout the world is archived by PCMDI and made available on request to international research community on pcmdi.llnl.gov/ipcc/about_ipcc.php website. Two experiments namely 1pctto2x (1% per year CO2 increase to doubling) and 1pctto4x (1% per year CO2 increase to quadrupling) have been used to study the influence of climate change relative to control experiment. -
Extratropical Cyclones and the Projected Decline of Winter Mediterranean Precipitation in the CMIP5 Models
Clim Dyn DOI 10.1007/s00382-014-2426-8 Extratropical cyclones and the projected decline of winter Mediterranean precipitation in the CMIP5 models Giuseppe Zappa · Matthew K. Hawcroft · Len Shaffrey · Emily Black · David J. Brayshaw Received: 23 July 2014 / Accepted: 21 November 2014 © The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The Mediterranean region has been identified Keywords Mediterranean climate · Precipitation as a climate change “hot-spot” due to a projected reduc- projections · Extratropical cyclones · CMIP5 tion in precipitation and fresh water availability which has potentially large socio-economic impacts. To increase confidence in these projections, it is important to physi- 1 Introduction cally understand how this precipitation reduction occurs. This study quantifies the impact on winter Mediterranean The Mediterranean area has been identified as a climate precipitation due to changes in extratropical cyclones in change “hot-spot” (Giorgi 2006; Diffenbaugh and Giorgi 17 CMIP5 climate models. In each model, the extratropi- 2012). Under climate change scenarios, the precipitation cal cyclones are objectively tracked and a simple approach in the Mediterranean region is projected to decline lead- is applied to identify the precipitation associated to each ing to increasing aridification and reduction in fresh water cyclone. This allows us to decompose the Mediterranean supplies (Mariotti et al. 2008; Jin et al. 2010; Collins et al. precipitation reduction into a contribution due to changes in 2013; Seager et al. 2014). This may have serious socio- the number of cyclones and a contribution due to changes economic impacts in regions such as the Middle East and in the amount of precipitation generated by each cyclone. -
Storm Watcher Pdf, Epub, Ebook
STORM WATCHER PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Maria V Snyder | 228 pages | 05 May 2013 | Leap Books, LLC | 9781616030339 | English | Powell, WY, United States National Hurricane Center Tropical Storm Wilfred forms over the eastern Atlantic. Tropical Depression 22 forms in the Gulf of Mexico. September 17, September 14, Hurricane Teddy forms over the central Atlantic. September 16, Hurricane Sally has formed over the Gulf of Mexico. September 12, Paulette is now a hurricane over the northwestern Atlantic. September 13, The NHC indicates that Nana has become a hurricane and is expected to make landfall along the coast of Belize tonight. September 02, Tropical Storm Omar forms off the east coast of the United States. September 01, Marco has become a hurricane and could make landfall near the Louisiana coast on Monday. August 23, Tropical Storm Laura becomes a hurricane , forecast to reach category 3 before making landfall on the south coast of the USA. August 25, Tropical Storm Kyle has formed off the east coast of the United States. August 14, August 13, Tropical Depression 10 forms over the eastern Atlantic. J uly 31, Hurricane Isaias moving closer towards southern Florida. August 01, Hanna strengthens and has become the first hurricane of the Atlantic season. July 25, J uly 22, Tropical Storm Fay has formed near the coast of North Carolina. July 09, July 05, Tropical Storm Dolly forms over the north Atlantic. June 23, June 2, Tropical Storm Bertha has formed near the coast of South Carolina this morning. May 27, May 16, Storm Names for the Atlantic Hurricane Season. Tropical Storm Arthur. -
Reducing Hurricane Damage Costs
HURRICANE RISK AND COASTAL PROPERTY OWNER CHOICES Robert T. Burrus, Professor of Economics, [email protected] Christopher F. Dumas, Professor of Economics, [email protected] J. Edward Graham, Associate Professor of Finance, [email protected] Department of Economics and Finance University of North Carolina Wilmington 601 South College Rd. Wilmington, NC 28403 Phone: (910) 962-3510 FAX: (910) 962-7464 November 2010 The authors thank the Cameron School of Business and its summer research program for continuing support. 1 HURRICANE RISK AND COASTAL PROPERTY OWNER CHOICES Abstract Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to contrast the behavior of a homeowner exposed to hurricane risk with government policies designed to limit hurricane losses. Owners limit these losses by selecting structural improvements or mitigation and wind and flood insurance. Design/Methodology/Approach – We use mitigation costs, hurricane probabilities and insurance premiums to frame rational cost-minimizing choices for the homeowner. Findings - First, even though nationwide hurricane damage costs are large, the cost-minimizing response for an individual property owner may be to buy no mitigation or structural improvements, no flood insurance and minimal wind insurance, as probabilities of strong hurricanes striking particular locations are extremely low. Second, additional insurance is a less costly defense than structural improvement, even under much higher insurance premiums and hurricane strike probabilities. Third, federally subsidized flood insurance may reduce the effectiveness of government programs encouraging structural mitigation. Originality/value – The last few years were underscored by the catastrophic damages of Hurricanes Katrina, Ike and Wilma. Enormous costs suffered by the public and private sectors could have been avoided with greater mitigation by homeowners. -
Texas Hurricane History
Texas Hurricane History David Roth National Weather Service Camp Springs, MD Table of Contents Preface 3 Climatology of Texas Tropical Cyclones 4 List of Texas Hurricanes 8 Tropical Cyclone Records in Texas 11 Hurricanes of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 12 Hurricanes of the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries 13 Hurricanes of the Late Nineteenth Century 16 The First Indianola Hurricane - 1875 19 Last Indianola Hurricane (1886)- The Storm That Doomed Texas’ Major Port 22 The Great Galveston Hurricane (1900) 27 Hurricanes of the Early Twentieth Century 29 Corpus Christi’s Devastating Hurricane (1919) 35 San Antonio’s Great Flood – 1921 37 Hurricanes of the Late Twentieth Century 45 Hurricanes of the Early Twenty-First Century 65 Acknowledgments 71 Bibliography 72 Preface Every year, about one hundred tropical disturbances roam the open Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. About fifteen of these become tropical depressions, areas of low pressure with closed wind patterns. Of the fifteen, ten become tropical storms, and six become hurricanes. Every five years, one of the hurricanes will become reach category five status, normally in the western Atlantic or western Caribbean. About every fifty years, one of these extremely intense hurricanes will strike the United States, with disastrous consequences. Texas has seen its share of hurricane activity over the many years it has been inhabited. Nearly five hundred years ago, unlucky Spanish explorers learned firsthand what storms along the coast of the Lone Star State were capable of. Despite these setbacks, Spaniards set down roots across Mexico and Texas and started colonies. Galleons filled with gold and other treasures sank to the bottom of the Gulf, off such locations as Padre and Galveston Islands. -
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
1 NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 @S0002-7537~90!01201-X# The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ~GSFC! The civil service scientific staff consists of Dr. Mario Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics ~LEP! performs Acun˜a, Dr. John Allen, Dr. Robert Benson, Dr. Thomas Bir- experimental and theoretical research on the heliosphere, the mingham, Dr. Gordon Bjoraker, Dr. John Brasunas, Dr. interstellar medium, and the magnetospheres and upper David Buhl, Dr. Leonard Burlaga, Dr. Gordon Chin, Dr. Re- atmospheres of the planets, including Earth. LEP space gina Cody, Dr. Michael Collier, Dr. John Connerney, Dr. scientists investigate the structure and dynamics of the Michael Desch, Mr. Fred Espenak, Dr. Joseph Fainberg, Dr. magnetospheres of the planets including Earth. Their Donald Fairfield, Dr. William Farrell, Dr. Richard Fitzenre- research programs encompass the magnetic fields intrinsic to iter, Dr. Michael Flasar, Dr. Barbara Giles, Dr. David Gle- many planetary bodies as well as their charged-particle nar, Dr. Melvyn Goldstein, Dr. Joseph Grebowsky, Dr. Fred environments and plasma-wave emissions. The LEP also Herrero, Dr. Michael Hesse, Dr. Robert Hoffman, Dr. conducts research into the nature of planetary ionospheres Donald Jennings, Mr. Michael Kaiser, Dr. John Keller, Dr. and their coupling to both the upper atmospheres and their Alexander Klimas, Dr. Theodor Kostiuk, Dr. Brook Lakew, magnetospheres. Finally, the LEP carries out a broad-based Dr. Ronald Lepping, Dr. Robert MacDowall, Dr. William research program in heliospheric physics covering the Maguire, Dr. Marla Moore, Dr. David Nava, Dr. Larry Nit- origins of the solar wind, its propagation outward through tler, Dr. -
The Center for the Study of Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Atmospheres (CSTEA) Dr
_ ; i •_ '. : .' _ ";¢ hi-__¸_:_7 NASA-CR-204199 The Center For The Study Of Terrestrial And Extraterrestrial Atmospheres (CSTEA) Dr. Arthur N. Thorpe, Director Dr. Vernon R. Morris, Deputy Director Funded By The National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA) NAGW 2950 Five-Year Report April 1992-December 1996 Howard University 2216 6th Street, NW Room 103 Washington, DC 20059 202-806-5172 202-806-4430 (FAX) URL Home Page: http://www.cstea.howard.edu e-mail: thorpe@ cstea.cstea.howard.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS CSTEA's Existence ... Then And Now 1 The CSTEA PIs ... Their Research And Students 6 Dr. Peter Bainum ... 7 Dr. Anand Batra ... 10 Dr. Robert Catchings ... 10 Dr. L. Y. Chiu ... 11 Dr. Balaram Dey ... 13 Dr. Joshua Halpern ... 14 Dr. Peter Hambright ... 20 Dr. Gary Harris ... 24 Dr. Lewis Klein ... 26 Dr. Cidambi Kumar ... 28 Dr. James Lindesay ... 29 Dr. Prabhakar Misra ... 32 Dr. Vernon Morris ... 35 Dr. Hideo Okabe ... 39 Dr. Steven Pollack ... 41 Dr. Steven Richardson ... 42 Dr. Yehuda Salu ... 43 Dr. Sonya Smith ... 45 Dr. Michael Spencer ... 46 Dr. George Morgenthaler ... 48 Five Year Report (April 1992-31 December 1996) Center for the Study of Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Atmospheres (CSTEA) Dr. Arthur N. Thorpe, Director CSTEA's EXISTENCE ... THEN AND NOW The Center for the Study of Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Atmospheres (CSTEA) was established in 1992 by a grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administra- tion (NASA) Minority University Research and Education Division (MURED). Since CSTEA was first proposed in October of 1991 by Dr. William Gates, then Chairman of the Department of Physics at Howard University, it has become a world-class, comprehen- sive, nationally competitive university center for atmospheric research .. -
Title Author(S)
th 5 European Conference on Severe Storms 12 - 16 October 2009 - Landshut - GERMANY ECSS 2009 Abstracts by session ECSS 2009 - 5th European Conference on Severe Storms 12-16 October 2009 - Landshut – GERMANY List of the abstract accepted for presentation at the conference: O – Oral presentation P – Poster presentation Session 09: Severe storm case studies and field campaigns, e.g. COPS, THORPEX, VORTEX2 Page Type Abstract Title Author(s) An F3 downburst in Austria - a case study with special G. Pistotnik, A. M. Holzer, R. 265 O focus on the importance of real-time site surveys Kaltenböck, S. Tschannett J. Bech, N. Pineda, M. Aran, J. An observational analysis of a tornadic severe weather 267 O Amaro, M. Gayà, J. Arús, J. event Montanyà, O. van der Velde Case study: Extensive wind damage across Slovenia on July M. Korosec, J. Cedilnik 269 O 13th, 2008 Observed transition from an elevated mesoscale convective J. Marsham, S. Trier, T. 271 O system to a surface based squall line: 13th June, Weckwerth, J. Wilson, A. Blyth IHOP_2002 08/08/08: classification and simulation challenge of the A. Pucillo, A. Manzato 273 O FVG olympic storm H. Bluestein, D. Burgess, D. VORTEX2: The Second Verification of the Origins of Dowell, P. Markowski, E. 275 O Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment Rasmussen, Y. Richardson, L. Wicker, J. Wurman Observations of the initiation and development of severe A. Blyth, K. Browning, J. O convective storms during CSIP Marsham, P. Clark, L. Bennett The development of tornadic storms near a surface warm P. Groenemeijer, U. Corsmeier, 277 O front in central England during the Convective Storm C.