Introducing Ida A biographical account of Ida Copeland, former owner of Trelissick Estate

by Mark Pugh Produced on behalf of the National Trust, Telissick 2017 Introducing Ida A profile of Ida Copeland, a Woman in a Man’s World.

An Outline and Rationale Meet Ida Copeland – A brief intro. Early Days – The Fenzi Family and Italy The Galton Family On Century’s Eve – Leonard Daneham Cunliffe The Copeland Family Ronald Copeland and Ida Fenzi Ida and the Guides The Politics of Ida Copeland Women, Parliament and the Vote A Cousin Petitions Ida Copeland, the Women’s Unionist Association and the Conservative Party 1931 – Beating Mosley After the Election Victory The Churchill Letters Pottery and Prisoners Inheriting Trelissick An American Occupation – WWII and Trelissick It’s not over yet – Julian Kulski Life after the Second World War The Death of Geoffrey Copeland The Death of Ronald Copeland International Ida The Hungarian Letter The Polish Pianist Ida’s Legacy – Family, Philanthropy and Trelissick

Sources Acknowledgements Introducing Ida

An Outline and Rationale

The National Trust, Trelissick is engaged in a series of creative programming and interpretation that aims to improve the visitor experience which will result in an increase in visitor numbers. In 2018 the National Trust is undertaking a major celebration of the 100th anniversary of women gaining the right to vote.

To support this I was contracted to produce a piece of research and writing that would tell the story of Ida Copeland, the former owner of Trelissick House, who was one of the earliest women members of Parliament.

The work produced combines information from available and accessible materials plus new research. I aimed to resolve some of the contradictions that appear in published and unpublished work.

The research involved many online resources, including The National Archives, The British Newspaper Archive, parliament online and the Women’s Library (London School of Economics). I also interviewed members of the Copeland family. Visits to the Cornish Studies Library and the Cornwall Record Office were also undertaken. At the time of writing there was no access to National Trust Trelissick archive and limited access to the Lotherton Hall Copeland Loan.

In addition, I received help from a wide variety of organisations including the Conservative Party Archive, Lotherton House (Leeds), the Anglo-Polish Society and the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum.

The work is intended to help highlight the positive impact that Ida Copeland, the former owner of Trelissick Estate, had on the communities she served and on the wider world.

Mark Pugh July 2017 Ida with her dog. Date unknown.Supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan) Meet Ida Copeland – A brief intro. n 1955 Ida Copeland, donated Trelissick time. Evelyne’s new husband was Leonard to the National Trust. She had owned Daneham Cunliffe, another financier, who it for less than two decades, having was a partner in the Cunliffe Bank alongside Iinherited it from her step-father, Leonard his brother, Walter, who eventually became Cunliffe, in 1937. the Governor of the Bank of England. What was it that prompted this act of Leonard Daneham Cunliffe was also a generosity? Of course, the decision may well member of the board at the Hudson’s Bay have been partly financial but as everyone Company. who came to know Ida Copeland would In contrast to her mother, Ida went on to probably testify, she had always been known marry Ronald Copeland, a man whose life at as a very generous individual. the time revolved around the production of Ida was born in Florence, Italy, in the latter pottery, supporting the needs and concerns part of the 19th century. Her mother, Evelyne, of the people of Staffordshire, and promoting had married into a wealthy banking family the newly created Scout Association. Quite named Fenzi. Following the death of her separately Ida also supported the Scout father, Count Camillo Fenzi, in a shooting Association and the Girl Guides Association. accident, Ida and Evelyne left Italy and During the First World War Ida Copeland headed for England. Evelyne was the daughter worked for a Voluntary Aid Detachment with of Sir Douglas Strutt Galton, the British the British Red Cross Society. VAD volunteers railway engineer and Marianne Nicholson, a performed various duties including nursing cousin of Florence Nightingale. in military hospitals and convalescent homes. In 1898, fifteen years after her father’s Following the war Ida continued her death, Ida’s mother wed for the second involvement with the Guides, serving as a division commissioner for the northwest of and her family stayed at Trelissick whenever the county of Staffordshire from 1918. Ida was they had the chance. later to serve on the International Council of During the war, Trelissick was requisitioned Girl Guides from 1920 to 1928 and again in by a United States Anti Aircraft Artillery 1949. In what could be seen as a forerunner (Automatic Weapons) Battalion. Ida and her to her generously donating Trelissick to the family were able to stay in a small part of the National Trust in 1955, Ida and her husband house, whilst the Americans made ready their gave Kibblestone Hall Estate to the Scouting plans to protect the River Fal and Falmouth movement in 1927. itself. Although Ida was never a suffragette, her The rest of the house was returned to Ida political work was part of the ever growing and family by the Americans following the push for the increased empowerment of end of hostilities and it was in 1948 that Ida women. Her own interest in British and and her husband Ronald, moved to Cornwall. foreign politics led to her fighting an election Ida still kept her hand in with Staffordshire in which she stood against Sir Oswald Mosley, society through her work with the counties’ the well known establishment figure and allotment society and her connections with admirer of Hitler and Mussolini, who was the politics of Staffordshire. on his way to being a fully fledged fascist. In 1952 Ida Copeland was awarded the Through her knowledge of and her empathy Polish Gold Cross of Merit by the exiled for the people living in her constituency Ida Polish President for her work on behalf of beat Mosley and contributed the demise of Poland and its people. the New Party. Ida died in June 1964 at Highlands, Ticehust, During her time as an MP she went on a Sussex. fact finding trip to Poland a few years before the Second World War. During this trip she met Julian Kulski, the Deputy Mayor of Warsaw (and the future Mayor of Warsaw), who would go on to help lead the defence of the city during the German invasion and occupation. Several years later Ida was able to help Kulski’s son, also named Julian, who had ended up as a refugee in Great Britain following a dramatic escape from Poland. Ida helped Julian come to terms with his experiences and provide him with an education, which in part lead to him becoming a world renowned architect. Although Ida inherited Trelissick from her step-father Leonard Cunliffe in 1938; Ida and her family didn’t leave Staffordshire until after the war had finished. During this time Ida Above: Evelyne and Leoni in Garden. RIght: Letter to Evelyne from Florence Nightingale. Supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan)

Early Days – The Fenzi Family and Italy

n the latter part of the 19th century, Ida the overseas export of Tuscan products Copeland was born into the wealthy including straw hats to Great Britain. The Fenzi family, whose influence and Fenzi Bank was founded in 1821 by Ida’s Isuccess at the time were well known in Italy great-grandfather, Emanuele Fenzi, whose life and beyond. There is some discrepancy as to has been described as ‘extremely significant the exact year of Ida’s birth. Based on the age ‘ thanks to his being able to ‘accumulate a recorded at her death she was born in 1875, formidable fortune’. but her marriage certificate indicates either Anecdotes from the time describe Fenzi as 1880 or 1881. 1* having ‘enviable real estate’ and ‘benefit(ing) Ida’s father was Count Camillo Fenzi from every economic activity he faced. He (1852-1883), a member of the Fenzi banking used his fortune to establish a tobacco firm dynasty, and her mother was Evelyne Isabella and this in turn provided him with enough née Galton (1853-1938), who was originally capital to establish Banko Fenzi. 3* from England. Evelyne was the daughter of The Banco Fenzi invested in public Sir Douglas Galton (1822-1899), the well- initiatives including the Livorno-Florence known railway engineer and Marianne railway, known as the Leopolda Railway, Nicholson (1819-1909). named after Grand Duke Leopold. Banko Count Camillo Fenzi and Evelyne were Fenzi fought off fierce competition from married at Hadzor Hall, Worcestershire on 21 other banks by winning the confidence of July 1875, the very place Evelyne’s father was the Italian government with serious and born in 1822. 2* Congratulations came from convicing plans. 4* Italy and from England including her cousin, The Banko Fenzi also had financial dealings Florence Nightingale, who wrote to Evelyne with the Oppenheim family, which resulted to wish her well (see pictures next page). in them becoming central players in the The Fenzi family’s wealth came from financing of the Suez Canal. 5* banking, iron production, railways and According to Ida’s grandson, William Copeland (b.1966), his grandmother had a twin sister called Camilla, who died when she was only six years old. Ida also had two brothers, one called Carlo, who died in infancy, and another called Leone Galton- Fenzi (1880 - 1976) who went on to run a coffee estate in Nairobi, Kenya. Leone was also the founder of the Royal East African Automobile Association in 1919. He was the first man to drive from Nairobi to Mombasa in January 1926 in a Riley 12/50. His feat is commemorated on a monument on Kenyatta Avenue, Nairobi. 6* Although life may have started out well enough for young Ida, things did not remain easy for long. In 1883 her father, Camillo Fenzi, was killed in a shooting incident in 1883. Within a few years, more misfortune was to hit the Fenzi family, the Fenzi Bank and her mother in particular.

There are a few brief mentions about Above: Ida and Leone Fenzi. Supplied by Lotherton the bank’s misfortune and Ida’s mother’s Hall (Copeland Loan) subsequent decision to return to England, but the most detailed account comes from a letter written in 1892 by Harriet Ellis Caetani, a bear the loss and say nothing. Now I see wealthy English women living in Italy around that he would have shown up their irregular the same time as Ida. The letter was addressed proceedings.” to her friend Miss Louisa Evelyne Denison To make matters worse Harriet relays the (1841-19190 the daughter of Edward Denison story of Camillo’s sister: (1801-1954), the Bishop of Salisbury (from 1837). 7* “When Camillo Fenzi’s sister left her husband The letter, dated 5 February 1892, explains: Oppenheim, to live with Ricotti, Oppenheim, “Everybody is still occupied with the Fenzi who was enormously rich, withdrew all bankruptcy. It seems it began long ago. The his money from Fenzi’s bank; then Camillo Bank was in temporary difficulties, and gambled away 900,000 francs, so the ruin has Carlo and Emanuele proposed to borrow on been steadily approaching.” the securities deposited with them, always Harriet’s letter then explains how the intending to make good what they took when problems with the bank affected Ida’s mother: affairs came round. Their cassiere (a cashier) “I hear it is doubtful whether Emanuele’s wife, helped them, and then profited by their Cristina (who was a sister of Camillo’s), will be example to do a little business on his own able to claim her fortune, or Evelina (Evelyne) account, and went off with £80,000.” Fenzi her fortune of £20,000...everything Harriet then explains why the bank’s owners depends on whether the mortgages were did little about the theft by the cashier: executed before or after the Bank practically became insolvent. “They said it would do the bank so much Evelina talks of going to England; she cannot harm if it was known that they had better bear the disgrace that has come on the family.” We now know that ‘going to England’ was exactly what Evelyne did bringing her daughter with her. It was an important decision and led to her remarrying in 1898. It was from that marriage that Ida gained a stepfather, Mr Leonard Cunliffe.

Ida and Leone Fenzi c 1890. Supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan)

The Galton Family Marianne (Nicholson) and Douglas Strutt Galton

he family history of Ida’s mother is as interesting as that of the Fenzi family. Ida’s Tgrandfather on her mother’s side was Douglas Strutt Galton (1822-1899), an engineer who helped bring about improvements to hospital design, railway operations and many other projects throughout his lifetime. He was knighted in 1887 during Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee. 1* Marianne, Sir Douglas Galton, Gwendolen, Evelyne, Ida (right) Evelyne’s mother, whom Douglas and Leone. Supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan) had married in 1851, was Marianne Nicholson (1819 – 1909), a cousin and Above: The cover of the report prepared by Douglas Galton. Right: A letter to Marianne from Ida c1899. Supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan). great friend of Florence Nightingale (1820- Institute of Mechanical Engineers following 1910), the social reformer known as the ‘lady his death in 1899, saw him “entrusted with the lamp’, who transformed nursing and by Lord Herbert with the design and the design of hospitals. Marianne was also construction of the Herbert Hospital at a cousin of Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon Woolwich, the largest military hospital in the (1827-1891), the women’s rights campaigner world”. 5* and journalist who was a close friend of What the IME obituary fails to mention George Eliot (real name; Mary Anne Evans is that many of the ideas behind the 1819-1880) the novelist and poet. 2* Herbert Hospital works were created with the guidance of Florence Nightingale. Marianne, Douglas and Florence Douglas Strutt Galton acknowledged Miss Nightingale Nightingale’s contribution in his own report Douglas Galton was a military man at heart, to the Secretary of State for War, where he having joined the army at fifteen in 1837, stated that the plans had been seen by Miss before receiving a commission with the Royal Nightingale, whose “practical experience was Engineers. He left the army in 1846 and began of great assistance in the design”, and that work with Ordnance Survey. A year later the inquiry has “received a paper of evidence he was appointed Secretary to the Railway from Miss Nightingale, containing the results Commission. In 1854 he became Secretary of extensive experience in hospitals of every to the Railway Department of the Board of variety of construction”. Trade. In May 1862, the then Prime Minister, According to the Royal College of Nurses, Viscount Palmerston, made him Assistant Galton involved Florence in “every stage Permanent Under-Secretary for War. of the design, from the overall planning to It was during this time that he became a the wall and floor finishes.” The works were member of the Army Sanitary Committee nearly cancelled because Lord Herbert, after and started writing to his cousin by marriage, whom the hospital is named, died and the Florence Nightingale, about the design of Commander in Chief of the British Army, the military hospitals.3* Galton, like Florence Duke of Cambridge, asked for the hospital to Nightingale, felt that hospital layouts of the be cancelled implying it was a waste of money period were detrimental to the well being of and that the improvements would soften the patients and staff.4* soldiers up. Thankfully this was dismissed In 1860 he was appointed Assistant by Lord Herbert’s replacement and the work Inspector General of Fortifications, which, went ahead. 6* according to his obituary published by the In 1869 Douglas left the War Office and became Director of Public Works and She and Florence Nightingale would write Buildings. He continued his campaign to to each other offering advice about children improve the sanitary conditions of hospitals, and news of the comings and goings of family other public buildings and homes. Sir life. The two remained friends until Marianne Douglas Galton died in March 1899 and died. Some of the letters between Florence Ida wrote a letter to Marianne offering her and Marriane are currently on display at condolences (see picture). Lotherton Hall in Leeds. 7*

Marianne and Florence Marianne outlived her husband by ten years.

On Century’s Eve A new father for Ida

Leonard Daneham Cunliffe

Painting of Leonard Cunliffe (NT1296304)

oung Ida had been through a lot by the wealthiest men, Leonard Daneham Cunliffe. Ymid-1890s, even for a child of wealthy Who was Leonard Daneham Cunliffe? parents those years must have been painful. Born in 1860, Leonard Daneham Cunliffe, She had lost her father to a gun accident; was one of six children born to Roger an untimely death that some suggested Cunliffe, of Tyrrell’s Wood, Leatherhead, a may have been suicide. 1* In addition Ida’s merchant banker, and his wife, Anne Edge mother lost £20,000 in the debacle of her 2*. The Cunliffe family were considered very family’s bank going bankrupt thanks to the wealthy by the standards of the time. Roger irresponsible borrowing by family members Cunliffe left £1,383,000, an enormous sum, in and staff. his will following his death in 1895. 3* For Ida and her mother, Evelyne, returning The Cunliffe family’s interest in the financial to England seemed the best choice. It turned world spread to their sons. In 1890, before out to be a wise decision for it was there that Leonard had met Evelyne, he and two of his Evelyne met and married one of England’s brothers, Walter and Arthur, founded Cunliffe Brothers, a merchant bank (closed 1939). Leonard was also an investor in Harrods Walter Cunliffe would eventually become department store and it was through this Deputy Governor of the Bank of England connection that he persuaded the Managing (1911 – 1913) and later Governor of the Bank Director of the store, Sir Richard Burbidge, of England (1913-1918). 4* to accompany him to Canada to inspect the According to Ida’s grandson, William Hudson’s Bay Company’s retail business. Copeland, Ida was introduced to Leonard Sir Richard’s wife, Emily, and Evelyne Daneham Cunliffe as a possible wife. The accompanied the their husbands on their story goes that Leonard Cunliffe fell for journey. Leonard and Sir Richard continued Evelyne instead and within a short period to investigate the company’s management of time the pair were married. The wedding and were appalled at what they saw as poor took place at St Saviour’s Church, Walton business practices a detailed report was Place, Kensington in 1898. 5* Ida now had produced. a stepfather and as she was to learn later in The report’s underlying message, according life he was an extremely generous one. The to author Peter C Newman’s ‘The Merchant family moved to Juniper Hill, an 18th-century Princes’ a biography of the Hudson’s Bay mansion in Surrey, which Leonard purchased Company, was that Lord Strathcona, in 1899. 6* Governor of the company, was “running the Leonard Cunliffe, despite being a married Hudson’s Bay Company into the ground.” The man, was considered to be a typical report and resulting rescue plan turned the Edwardian gentleman who traveled around company’s fortunes around. 8* Europe frequently. 7* Like his brother Walter, Leonard was also It wasn’t only Europe that drew his attention. on the board of other banking institutions In 1907 he joined the board of the Hudson’s in addition to the Cunliffe Bank. In 1913 for Bay Company, the world-renowned trading example, he was listed as a director of the company that had started life trading furs London and Brazilian Bank Ltd. from the Hudson’s Bay area of Canada and All in all, Leonard Cunliffe, like his brother which was incorporated back in 1670. Walter, was very much his father’s son. 9*

A notice that appeared in the Statesman publication 1913, listing Leonard Daneham Cunliffe as a director of the London and Brazilian Bank Limited. The Copeland Family

Abover left: Ida Copeland being escorted by her stepfather, Leonard Daneham Cunliffe on her wedding day. Supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan). Above right: Wedding announcement in the Staffordshire Advertiser 31 July 1915

n 1915, Ida Fenzi married Richard Ronald Sheriff of Roxburghshire and Custodian John Copeland (1884-1958), 1* known of Berwick-on-Tweed, was well-known in as Ronald, a member of the Copeland England and in France. He was known to Ifamily who owned W.T.Copeland & Sons, be quite a ruthless man and had plenty of manufacturers of earthenware and fine enemies. porcelain under the brand name Spode. 2* In one report by Jean Froissart (1337-1405), It was only two years before, in 1913, that it was said that he “ran Sir Lancelot Louis, a Ronald took on the business alongside his French knight, through the body and killed brother Gresham (1889-1967). The Copeland him, for saying he had a more beautiful family were in control of the company since mistress than any of the English.” 5* 1833; firstly as partners with Thomas Garret, With such a reputation one can see how Sir and then in 1846/47 the Copeland family John de Coupland met his own death when took complete control.The family’s history he was killed by a group of attackers including with Spode pottery goes back even further to archers and men carrying lances. No one was William Copeland (1765-1826) who worked convicted of his murder. with the original owner’s son Josiah Spode II Ronald Copeland’s grandfather, William following Josiah Spode I’s death in 1797. 3* Taylor Copeland (1797-1868), who took over The Copeland family history can be traced the Spode works from his father William, was back to John de Coupland (1363) who elected Lord Mayor of London for 1835-36 captured David II of Scotland after the Battle and was MP for Coleraine, Ireland on three of Neville’s Cross in 1346. The battle had occasions. Later he twice became MP for taken place because Philip VI of France had Stoke-upon-Trent (now referred to as Stoke), asked the Scots to attack the English. John one of the six towns that make up the city of de Coupland was knighted as a result of the Stoke-on-Trent, preceding his granddaughter- capture. 4* in-law, Ida Copeland, by nearly a century. 6* John de Coupland, who had numerous Richard Pirie Copeland (1841-1913), titles and duties throughout his life including Ronald’s father, became the sole owner of W.T. Copeland & Sons until his death. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace in 1876 and High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1902. 7*8* Until Ida Fenzi married Ronald Copeland on the 28th July 1915, she had lived with her mother, Evelyne and stepfather Leonard Cunliffe, at Juniper Hill in Mickleham, Surrey. Following the marriage the newly wed couple soon moved into Ronald’s home at Kibblestone Hall, Staffordshire. 9* Ida and Ronald met for the first time at Craignish Castle, Argyllshire, owned by the Dressing up with the Gascoignes. Ida (Right) supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan). Gascoigne family. Ida knew the family well thanks to her Aunt Gwendolyn marrying with Gwendolyn and would frequently visit Colonel Frederick Trench Gascoigne. Ida’s Lotherton Hall frequently. It was on one such mother Evelyne had a strong friendship visit that Evelyne passed away in 1928. 10*

Ronald Copeland and Ida Fenzi

Ronald’s car before and after conversion to an ambulance. Supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan)

onald and Ida married a year after NOTE: The letters from Ronald to Ida are said the First World War started and to exist in the Copeland archive. The archive is they wanted to contribute to the war not accessible at the time of writing. 2* Reffort. Ida volunteered for the Voluntary Aid Detachment with the British Red Cross. Following the First World War, Ida and Ronald wanted to enlist but due to poor Ronald made their home at High Chase, eyesight he was unable to do so. Determined Colwich, Staffordshire. It was around this to do his bit, he converted the family car into time that Ida gave birth to Richard Spencer an ambulance and headed to France to join Charles Copeland (1918-2002), known as the Third Army in a Quaker ambulance unit. Spencer. Two years later Ronald Geoffrey It was there he wrote to Ida about his feelings Galton Copeland (1920-1952) joined the for her.1* family. 3* Ida and the Guides

Top left: Ida Copeland in her uniform c1920. Top Right: Ronald Copeland in his Scout uniform. Both supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan). Above: Sir Robert Baden-Powell surrounded by scouts at the home of Ida and Ronald Copeland. Staffordshire Advertiser 9 July 1927 Left: Ida (right) in her Guide Uniform. Evening Sentinel 18 July 1939.

hroughout their marriage, Ida and Every month thousands of young people, Ronald were involved in the Guiding both male and female joined the new and Scouting movements. Robert movement, so Robert Baden-Powell decided TBaden-Powell had founded the Scouting that there was a need for a separate female- movement in 1907 and the following year only organisation. With this in mind, he Ronald became involved after a group of asked his sister, Agnes, to help create a new boys, living near his home in Staffordshire, organisation, the Girl Guides. 2* visited him and asked if he could start a Ida was already involved with the two Scout troop. 1* movements before she met and later married Ronald Copeland. Ida was living with her stepfather and mother, who owned a house at Mickleham on the South Downs and when scouting first started, Ida became a scout master. Following the formation of the Girl Guides, Ida decided to work with them. 3* Ida and Ronald became great friends with the Baden-Powells and spent a lot of time supporting and promoting the two movements. Looking through old Staffordshire newspapers from the first half of the 20th century there are plenty of reports about the Guides and Scouts and nearly all the stories carry the name of either Ida or Ronald. 4*

Kibblestone Hall Camp Always on the lookout for new ways to support the two movements, Ida and Ronald started a camp for Scouts and Guides on the Kibblestone Estate, near Oulton, Staffordshire. The estate became a Copeland property when Ronald’s Grandfather, William Taylor Copeland purchased the property and gave it to his son Richard Pirie Copeland when he married Emily Henrietta Wood in 1868. 5* Kibblestone Scout Camp c 1930. It included approximately 300 acres of land Postcards of Kibblestone Hall (date unknown). including the Hall and various farms and water mills. Kibblestone should have been inherited and occupied by Ronald’s older brother, William Fowler Mountford, following Richard Pirie Copeland’s death, but William wanted to pursue his daffodil business on the south coast, so he left Kibblestone for his brother’s use. The hall, which was demolished in 1954, was described as a “former farmhouse built of hand-made bricks to which gabled Victorian frontages had been added”. Richard and Henrietta, Ronald’s parents, enlarged the hall during their time there. 6* Despite William’s kind offer, Ida and Ronald enjoyed a comfortable life at High Chase, Colwich, and so it was decided to use Kibblestone estate as a Scout and Guide’s camp. Their plan was a huge success as hundreds of Scouts and Guides used the newspaper thanking the Guides for their location. contributions: There are Staffordshire newspaper reports stating that 400 Scouts from 30 troops spent Dear Guiders, Rangers, Guides, and Brownie the night under canvas at Kibblestone. 7* of the North West Staffordshire Division, One report includes a picture of Lord Baden- I should like to thank you all very much Powell surrounded by Scouts at High Chase, indeed for the really lovely things that you have Colwich, the home of Ida and Ronald. 8* knitted for men in the Navy, on minesweepers, In a May 1939 edition of the Evening trawlers, &c. You have evidently all taken a Sentinel, a report tells of Ida Copeland, as great deal of trouble, and the knitting is of a Divisional Commissioner for North-West high standard. Altogether, 319 articles were Staffordshire, and 600 Brownies attending a sent in. rally where a message from the Queen was A large bale is being despatched to the ships read out. today and will bring warmth and comfort to In response, Ida spoke about how the half- many of the splendid men who are guarding million Guides in Britain “were carrying out out shores. national service.” 9* With the very best Christmas wishes to you all Ida became Division-Commissioner for and many thanks. Stoke-on-Trent from 1915 to 1919, Division Yours sincerely, Commissioner for North West Staffordshire Ida Copeland, Division of the Girl Guides from 1918 Divisional Commander. to at least 1939. She also served on the The High Chase, Colwich, near Stafford, International Council of Girl Guides from December 16th 1939. 11* 1920 to 1928, and again in 1940. 10* Ida recruited the young Guides for all kinds of projects including helping with the war Throughout their lives, the Copelands effort. On one occasion Guides were asked to continued to support the Guides and Scouts. knit items for men in the Navy. Ida and Ronald remained friends with the A letter from Ida appeared in a local Baden-Powells and would often invite them to stay at Trelissick. The house was also used by the scouts on many occasions. Michael Copeland, Ida’s grandson, recalled one such event: “I was quite young but I remember coming home and there was a large gathering of Scouts and Guides. There were a lot of Scouts around and there was a fire burning. It was a very exciting time.” 12* Kibblestone was eventually handed over to the scouting movement in the 1950s and remains a thriving camp to this day. The generosity of the Copeland family is enshrined within the camp’s grounds; one of the many Kibblestone Scout Camp buildings is called the Copeland Cabin. 13* Ida Copeland in her guide uniform. Staffordshire Advertiser 4 May 1935 The Politics of Ida Copeland Ida Copeland MP 1931 Supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan)

Women, Parliament and the Vote da Copeland became Member of Rights of Woman’ back in 1792, which called Parliament for the Stoke constituency in for educational reform, which would give the 1931 General Election. Previously women the same educational opportunities as Ithere had only been 22 women elected to men. 3* parliament, and only four of those were In August 1832 Henry Hunt (1773-1835), Conservatives. 1* MP for Preston, presented a petition to the The first female to take her seat in House of Commons on behalf of Mary Smith, Parliament was the Conservative Nancy from Yorkshire. The petition stated: “That by Astor (1879-1964), whose husband had had laws or usages, originating in times of gross to resign his seat in 1919 as he had inherited barbarism, an entire half of the inhabitants his father’s peerage and thus couldn’t sit in of this realm, that is to say, all the women the House of Commons. Nancy took the thereof, are deprived of the elective franchise, opportunity to stand for election that year. and of their clear and most valuable rights”. 4* She won with more than 50% of the vote. 2* The petition highlighted the fact that The fight for women to have more say in women earned money, paid taxes and should, the running of the nation’s affairs had been therefore, have the same rights as men in ongoing for more than a century prior to the same position. A few months earlier the either Nancy Astor’s win in 1919, a year after Representation of the People Act 1832, known women got the vote, or Ida’s subsequent as the Great Reform Act, was given royal win in Stoke more than a decade later. Mary ascent and whilst it increased the number of Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), the writer and constituents who could vote, it specified that philosopher, had written ‘A Vindication of the they be ‘male’. 5* Ida Copeland, the Women’s Unionist Association and the Conservative Party. n 1920, a year after Nancy Astor took her seat in Parliament, Ida Copeland became Chairman of the Stoke Division Iof the Women’s Unionist Association. The organisation was one of many from across the political spectrum that supported the idea of women participating in politics at all levels. From the end of the previous century, women had become more visible in political organisations such as the Independent Barbara Bodichon (1827-1891) from a sketch made in 1861. Labour Party, The Fabian Society, and the Portrait by Samuel Lawrence (crayon drawing, 1880) Mu- Conservative linked Primrose League. 1* seum of Hastings; Girton College, Cambridge Women who supported the Conservative Party were often portrayed as little more than A Cousin Petitions helpers for their husbands and opposition In 1866, Barbara Bodichon (1827-1891), one to women’s suffrage was to be found in of Ida’s cousins, twice removed, who’d helped organisations such as the Women’s National found the Women’s Suffrage Committee, Anti-Suffrage League, founded in 1908. Led collected signatures calling for the vote for by the writer Mary Ward, who wrote under women. John Stuart Mill MP (1806-1873) her married name, Mrs Humphry Ward, presented the petition to the House of the league opposed women’s suffrage on the Commons having first agreed to do so on grounds that ‘the spheres of men and women, condition that Bodichon could raise 100 owing to natural causes, are essentially signatures, she collected 1,500. 6* different.’ 2* By 1918, nearly 12,000 petitions had been In complete contrast, during that same presented in Parliament, the equivalent to year, another supporter of the Conservative one every working day for 52 years. 7* It Party, Lady Louisa Knightley, became the was that same year that the Representation first president of the Conservative and of the People Act 1918 gave the vote to both Unionist Women’s Franchise Association. men, over 21, and women, over 30, who met Her involvement in the battle for women’s minimum property qualifications. 8* political rights had started many years earlier, With the heavy loss of men during the recent when in 1885 she had, as she wrote sometime war, the age difference was introduced by the later, “waited outside and felt, for the first all-male parliament to ensure that women time personally, the utter anomaly of my not could not form a majority. The curious thing having the vote, while Joe Bull has!”. 3* was that women aged 21 could become Following the stamp of approval by both Members of Parliament. This oddity wasn’t Houses of Parliament of the Representation rectified until the Representation of the of the People Act 1918, which gave women People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 came into the vote, support for the anti-suffrage groups effect. 9* collapsed. Organisations such as the Women’s Unionist Association, the similarly titled that one of the reasons they existed was to Women’s Unionist Organisation and the help train women as organisers. 5* It was imaginatively named Women’s Amalgamated Ida’s involvement with the WUA that lead Unionist and Tariff Reform Association were to her being approached to stand for the inundated with new members who believed Conservatives against the then Labour MP for that women should have more say in the Stoke, Lady Cynthia Mosley, the wife of the world of politics. 4* future leader of the British Union of Fascists. The WUA, Ida’s organisation, publicly stated

1931 - Beating Mosley Far left: The prospetive MP for Stoke. Staffordshire Advertiser 4 October 1930

Left: Elections address 1931. Supplied by the Conservative Party Archive, Bodleian Library

n September 1930 Ida was selected The Mosleys had a lot of experience in the as the prospective parliamentary political world, far more than Ida Copeland. candidate for Conservatives in the Stoke At the age of 21, Oswald Mosley became the Iconstituency.1* She’d been asked by the Conservative MP for Harrow in 1918. He local Conservative Association to fight Lady then left the Conservatives and became an Cynthia Mosley (1898-1933), the incumbent independent MP for that same constituency Labour Party MP. 2* in the two following general elections, one in Ida considered it to be “a great honour” 1922 and another a year later. Oswald Mosley 3*and despite her own popularity she knew didn’t fight for the Harrow constituency in the that it would be a hard battle against an 1924 election as he had decided to become a opponent who had been elected to the seat member of the Labour Party. 5* the previous year with nearly 60 percent of Oswald Mosley fought and won the the vote and a large majority of 7,850. 4* Smethwick constituency for Labour in 1926 Left: Elections address 1931. Supplied by the Conservative Party Archive

and Cynthia, who’d married Oswald in 1920 resigned from Labour Party, as did his wife. also joined Labour Party prior to his election. It was now that Mosley decided to found a Lady Cynthia would speak at rallies and new political party called the New Party. The meetings in support of her husband. As the newly created political entity was supported Labour Party candidate, she stood for and by the likes of Oliver Baldwin, the son of won the Stoke seat for the party in the 1929 former Conservative Prime Minister Stanley General Election that saw Labour take power Baldwin, and others from across the political from the Conservatives. 6* spectrum. 9* Standing against Lady Cynthia Mosley and Since her victory as a Labour MP in 1929, winning the constituency in 1931could have Lady Cynthia had often been taken ill thanks seemed a formidable task for Ida, but as with to her “suffering from strain following the everything else Ida did, she went about it General Election” as the newspapers quoting with enthusiasm and determination. Also, as Oswald Mosley put it. 10* history shows, the number of candidates was Although Lady Cynthia’s ill health persisted to increase and Lady Cynthia Mosley dropped throughout the middle of 1931she was put out of the race, in part due to ill health and in forward as the candidate for her husband’s part to support her husband’s latest political new political creation. But things changed project.*7 once again adding another surprise for Ida’s Stoke campaign. After Lady Cynthia left the POLITICAL TURMOIL Labour Party, it was expected that she would Following the end of the First World War, give up her seat. This she refused to do. The there had been political turmoil across local Labour Party, who had asked her to Europe, including at home in Britain. Five step down, decided that they needed their General Elections had brought alternate own candidate. This came in the form of Ellis governments to power - A coalition led by Smith, a local patternmaker. As a result, the David Lloyd George in 1918, a Conservative race to become Member of Parliament for government led by Andrew Bonar Law in Stoke became a three-way contest.11* 1922, followed by Labour led by Ramsay With less than three weeks to go before MacDdonald a year later in 1923. The polling day, and only a week before the Conservatives won again, with Stanley deadline for nominations, Oswald Mosley Baldwin as Prime Minister in 1924, followed announced he had decided to contest the by Ramsay MacDonald for a second time, this Stoke seat on behalf of the New Party instead time leading a minority Labour government of his seat at Smethwick. The newspaper in 1929. 8* reporters at the time asked why Mosley was It was partly thanks to the political turmoil changing constituency. “Ill health,” he had of the time that support for the ideas of Sir said, “prevents my wife, Lady Cynthia, from Oswald Mosley grew and in early 1931 he contesting Stoke again this election, and I have been pressed to stand in her stead. she understood what was needed for the Hence I had to choose between Smethwick national good.16* and Stoke, and the reason for my choice was After winning the election in 1929, simply that Stoke is the place with which I Ramsay MacDonald’s minority run Labour have had the longest associations.” Indeed, in government struggled to deal with the addition to his wife being the former MP, his economic recession. In order to introduce grandfather and great-grandfather had been austerity measures MacDonald and his MPs for Stoke.12* supporters formed a National Government Ida had been campaigning since the with Conservative and Liberal support. He announcement of her candidature the year was then pressured into another election by before, but now, thanks to Mosley’s decision the Conservative Party. 17* she had to step up a gear. Some parts of the Although Ida was a Conservative Party press reports didn’t appear to favour her candidate, her election address reiterated chances. On October 9th the Gloucester her belief that a national government, Citizen and others stated: “At the moment the dominated by Conservatives, but led by Conservative candidate is a woman”, and that Ramsay MacDonald, was the solution to the “It is likely that the Conservative candidate countries ills. The address further noted that will stand down in favour of Sir Oswald”.13* MacDonald and other former members of Earlier that year the press had been the Labour Party had the “courage to place somewhat kinder, referring to Ida as “plucky”, country before party”. Ida called for voters and describing her opponent at the time, to “put their country first and come forward Lady Cynthia, as an “importation”. There and wholeheartedly support the National were, of course, advantages that Ida was Government”. She ended, “Let me urge every well aware of and these too were reported in man and woman in this constituency to the newspapers, who suggested that as Ida exercise their great privilege of voting and I was “well-known locally” she had acquired have every faith in their wisdom.”18* “an intimate acquaintance with the life and conditions of Stoke workers – knowledge that ELECTION DAY AND THE RESULTS should stand her in excellent stead during her Although campaigning finished the previous campaign.”14* day, Ida could not sit still as election day On the campaign trail Oswald Mosley, spoke wore on. A passionate believer in democracy, to hundreds of factory workers, but despite she wanted everyone to take part, Ida laid his efforts, he was criticised. His cousin James on a fleet of cars to take people to the voting Lees-Milne, the historian, gave Sir Oswald’s stations. style a negative slant following a brief visit By the end of the day, Ida felt that she had to Stoke: “The posturing, the grimacing, the done the best she could and awaited the switching on and off of those gleaming teeth, result. She felt positive despite the onslaught and overall swashbuckling, so purposeful of the Mosleys. Ida’s enthusiasm didn’t spread and calculated were more likely to appeal to her husband Ronald who decided not to go to Mayfair flappers than to sway indigent to the count, as he was so sure she wouldn’t workers in the Potteries”.15* get in. 19* In contrast, it was the ‘moderate and Ida Copeland won more than 45% of the straightforward appeal’ of Ida that swayed the vote with 19,918 votes. Ellis Smith won 13,264 voters of Stoke. Ida understood the needs of votes for Labour and Sir Oswald Mosley won the local population, she utilized her family’s only 10,534 votes for his New Party. Ida had history and involvement in the area and felt won with a 6,654 majority. 20* After the Election Victory

Above left: The winning women of the Conservative Party in the 1931 General Election. Nancy Astor (left) and Ida Copeland (back row, second from the right), Parliamentary Archives. Above right: Ida in the centre, Sketch 4 November 1931. ithin days of Ida’s victory industry and jobs, continued when Ida in Stoke, Nancy Astor, the made her maiden speech on 4th May 1932. first women to take her seat Parliament was debating a new act that Win parliament, gathered eleven female would, if approved, introduce a general Conservative MPs on the Thameside terrace tariff of 10% on most imports with a few at Parliament for what today would be exceptions. Following the proposed act being called a photo opportunity. There are two outlined by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, photographs and two short films of the Neville Chamberlain, MPs had a chance to women on the terrace. One film made by respond.3* Movietone features Nancy Astor introducing When her turn came, Ida thanked the the female MPs to the press.1* Members of the House from “all parties for the kindness that they have extended The film is available at: to all of us women members”. Ida went on https://goo.gl/mA4TZD to show support for Ramsay MacDonald’s Government, in particular, its actions True to her constituents, once Ida took her increasing the tariffs on imports. seat in parliament, she began working to Ida then talked specifically about the people improve the lot for her hometown and its and industry she represented: “I wish to speak pottery industry. Indeed, in Hansard, the entirely from the point of view of the pottery official record of debates in Parliament, Ida’s industry, which is one of the oldest in this first words on the 8th December 1931, took country. It employs some 70,000 people in the form of a question asking the President North Staffordshire. ‘It is not a large industry,’ of the Board of Trade to take into account the you will say, but it is one which has helped to volume of china imports into Britain from the make England great.” She then explained the Far East which she felt was having a negative fears her constituents felt about competition effect on the British industry.2* from overseas, and lastly she gave a plea to That theme, the protection of British those gathered: “In conclusion, I wish to say A congratulations card from Ida. c1931 Supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan) that anything that can be done to keep our constituents. She took part in debates with the people employed ought to be the first duty likes of Neville Chamberlain and dealt with of this National Government, and those for a broad range of issues including telephone whom I speak to-night believe that by means network prices, speed limits on public roads of higher tariffs the Government can make it and security in Europe.5* possible to provide that employment which is International affairs were also of interest. so urgently required.” Nancy Astor sought Ida’s support when She was thanked by Gabriel Price (1879- campaigning for women’s suffrage in India. 1934), the Labour MP for Hemsworth: “I Ida and four colleagues campaigned against wish, first of all, to offer my congratulations— plans by the British Government to lower the in which I am sure I shall be joined by the number of women who would be allowed to House generally—to the Hon. Member for vote in Indian elections.6* Stoke (Mrs. Copeland) on the splendid speech Ida also took part in a Parliamentary fact- which we have just heard from her.” finding visit to Warsaw in Poland in 1935. Price then spoke of Ida’s obvious knowledge Whilst there she met the Deputy Mayor of of the industry: “We are all agreed that Warsaw, Julian Kulski, who would later take she has shown knowledge of the industry part in the Warsaw Uprising and whose associated with the district which she son she would encounter soon after the war represents, and I hope that the House will ended. 7* have the benefit of contributions from her in Although Ida was a member of the many future debates.” Conservative Party, she was always The Bill to introduce the Import Duties Act independent of mind when it came 1932 passed the Commons by 454 votes in to campaigning or taking part in a favour and 78 against. 4* Parliamentary vote. According to Ida’s Throughout her time in Parliament, grandson, William Copeland, Ida got into Ida Copeland continued to speak up for trouble on several occasions for voting how the industry that provided work for her she felt she should vote, and not just voting Left: Fears about Karl Marx. The Scotsman 14 April 1833. Above: Unfortunately Women were not being take seriously. The Northern Daily Mail 1st November 1934. Right: 1935 Election Candidates. Staffordshire 2 November 1935 with her Conservative Party colleagues.8* of those who previously voted for Mosley In June 1935, Stanley Baldwin (1867-1947) supported to her other opponent from that became Prime Minister after already fulfilling earlier election, Labour’s Ellis Smith. 11* many of the duties of the former Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. Baldwin called a General Election for November that year. With the support of her party, Ida decided that she would run for Parliament again. Her popularity with many voters meant that she had a good chance of being re-elected.9* Her Election Address of 1935 stated that she had viewed serving the people of Stoke as a “privilege and honour”. It also outlined what she felt had been the successes of the National Government she supported, saying that there were “more new schools being built”, and that there were “over 1,000,000 more people in work”. The employment figure for the Stoke-on-Trent at the time supported her claims; since 1931 unemployment had decreased by more than 40 percent.10* Although there were no repeats of the dramas that came with fighting Oswald Ida Copeland’s 1935 Election Address. Supplied by the Mosley, Ida lost by 2,125 votes, when many Conservative Party Archive. The Churchill letters. Supplied by the Churchill Archive Centre The Churchill Letters Although Ida’s parliamentary supporting her in the matter. The career had come to an end she fourth is a telegram saying that remained interested in politics Churchill is delighted to meet Ida throughout her life. the following day. Shown here are letters from the There is also single message, Sir Winston Churchill Archive dated 1940 (left) from an Trust. Four (top), dated 1935, assistant to Churchill, stating that deal with arranging to meet Ida wished to speak with him. It with Churchill on a matter of also explains that Ida had been “political importance”, one of informed this was impossible at which suggests that others are the time.12* Pottery and Prisoners

In July 1934, whilst still MP for Prisoners Stoke, she wrote and presented Whilst the subject of pottery a paper to the Royal Society of might have been an expected Arts in London. interest for an MP representing During the presentation, a constituency heavily reliant on entitled ‘Pottery and What the that industry, much less expected Public Wants Today’, Ida explored was Ida’s support for Prisoner’s the history of pottery and the Aid. advances in its production from In 1933 Ida and Ronald used the times when humans first their home at High Chase, started making utensils through Colwich, as a venue for a to the tiles created by Persians for special garden party held for the famous Blue Mosque in Cairo. the Staffordshire Discharged The society was so pleased with Prisoner’s Aid Society. 14* the presentation they awarded Ida Ida Copeland’s published a silver medal and the paper was presentation to the Royal Society of Arts. 1934. published it in the Journal of the Royal Society of Arts.*13 Notices in the press: - Left: The Scotsman 4 Jan 1938. Right: Surrey Mirror and County Post 25 February 1938. Inheriting Trelissick The death of Leonard Daneham Cunliffe n the 14th August 1937, Ida’s In January 1938, a few months after Leonard stepfather, Leonard Daneham Daneham Cunliffe’s death, The Staffordshire Cunliffe, died aged 77. He’d been Advertiser ran a story entitled ‘Legacy for Opart of her life for forty years. She had Mrs Ronald Copeland’, which listed Leonard’s lived with him at his home in Mickleham, generosity to his stepdaughter. Surrey, following his marriage to her The story reported that Mrs Ida Copeland mother, Evelyne, in 1898. In 1915, Leonard, of High Chase, Colwich, was to benefit from upholding his step-fatherly duties, had given a large part of the £948,050 her stepfather left Ida away on her own wedding day to Ronald in his will. In addition, Mrs Copeland would Copeland. 1* also inherit the magnificent Trelissick Estate Leonard Daneham Cunliffe was also the in Cornwall. 3* proud owner of the Trelissick Estate in Cornwall. He had fallen for the estate from the moment he saw it in 1900, while out sailing on the River Fal. Leonard had firstly taken on the leasehold of the house in 1913 and then later purchased the entire property in 1927, only ten years before his death. Ida and Ronald had often visited Trelissick during Evelyne and Leonard’s time there. Evelyne had died whilst visiting her sister at Lotherton Hall in Leeds in 1928. 2* Leonard was known as a ‘generous subscriber to many local organisations’. In particular the Royal Cornwall Infirmary, to which he had generously given funds for Staffordshire Advertiser 8 January 1938. Derby Evening more than two decades. Telegraph 31 January 1938. An American Occupation WWII and Trelissick

Left: The 776th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion (Reid Family Collection). Right: Ernestina Fenzi in Derby Boy. Supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan).

t the start of the Second World visits to Falmouth and the Germans were War, Ida and her family were not no exception, the ship had also docked at yet living permanently at Trelissick Falmouth the previous year. 2* Abut they often stayed when the opportunity Despite the increasing tensions in Europe arose. They loved the gardens and the thanks to Hitler’s aggressive policies, the landscape surrounding the house and Ida German crew were welcomed by the local and Ronald often entertained friends, British Legion and the Bishop of Truro. The political guests and family members. In fact, Germans took part in a friendly football one of Ida’s nieces Ernestina Fenzi (1918 – game with members of the Duke of Cornwall 2007), who lived in California, came to stay Light Infantry, a match the Germans won 3-0. on several occasions during the war years. During the time they spent with their friendly Ida’s son, Spencer Copeland, recalled British hosts, the German sailors took plenty Ernestina visiting quite often. Spencer and his of photographs of Falmouth and its harbour. brother, Geoffrey, made a film which features 3* a segment showing Ernestina dancing around It was less than six months later that the in the solarium. 1* Prior to the start of the battleship, Schleswig-Holstein fired the first war, the family probably didn’t expect the shots of World War II when she shelled Polish house to be providing a home to guests of an positions on the Westerplatte peninsula on entirely different kind. 1st September 1939. Britain officially declared war on Germany two days later. 4* The Germans visit Falmouth On Friday the 24th February 1939, the The Bombing of Falmouth German battleship SMS Schleswig-Holstein, The war had started, but it was another ten under the command of Gustav Kieseritzky, months before the people of Falmouth would arrived at Falmouth docks. For decades learn why the German crew had been so European navy ships had made friendly enthusiastically taking photographs of the The 776th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion (above) and the Battalion patch (Reid Family Collection).

area during their friendly visits. powers and the following year the US poured On the 5th July 1940, the Luftwaffe bombed troops into Britain and Ireland. Falmouth Docks for the first time. The tanker The intention was for US military personnel ships Tascalusa and British Chancellor were hit to get ready for a possible invasion of France, and set alight and four men were killed. under the name Operation Bolero. But Two days later the town itself was bombed in realising that this was premature, many of the another air raid, resulting in damage to housing troops were sent elsewhere to fight the enemy. and several deaths. This was only the start of In 1943 the plans for an invasion were many air raids on the town, its harbour and the restarted and more US military personnel surrounding area suffered. The last attack came started to arrive on the British mainland. at the end of May 1944. 5* More than 1,600,000 American military It wasn’t just the town’s people affected by personnel crossed the Atlantic and among the raids. Ida and her family used to commute their number were the men of the 776th by train from Staffordshire to Truro. Quite Anti-Aircraft Artillery (Automatic Weapons) often the sleeper car would have to stop in Battalion. The 776th had left Boston aboard railway tunnels when the air raid alarm was the SS Borinquen, a former passenger liner sounded. 6* on the 28th February 1944 and sailed directly to Scotland, arriving on the 8th March. From The Americans at Trelissick there the unit headed south to Cornwall. 7* Thanks to the town’s strategic value to the The British Royal Artillery Regiment had British military, the German air attacks on already taken up residence at Trelissick Estate, Falmouth and its surroundings continued. and Ida and her family were now staying in Trelissick was also a strategically important the right wing of the house whenever they location, with its view overlooking the River came to stay. The 776th brought with them Fal and south across the Carrick Roads various anti-aircraft artillery weapons ready towards Falmouth only 3.5 nautical miles to defend Falmouth, which continued to away. suffer air attacks from the German Luftwaffe In December 1941 the US entered the war for several months. after the Japanese attacked the US naval The anti-aircraft weapons were positioned base at Pearl Harbour. The Americans were near the grounds and on either side of committed to helping Britain combat the Axis the River Fal and around Falmouth Bay. Images of the 776th Anti-Aircraft Artillery (Automatic Weapons) Battalion (Reid Family Collection).

Trelissick’s courtyard was used as the supply back step got to keep the coins”. 8* base for the gun locations. The British When the British and their allies invaded and their American colleagues spent time Normandy on the 6th June 1944, many of the preparing for what was planned. Turnaware Americans disappeared from Falmouth and Point, a part of the Trelissick estate on the its surrounds. The 776th was still stationed at eastern bank of the River Fal, was developed Trelissick in order to defend Falmouth from as one of the location points for the D-Day any further German attacks, but it didn’t stay embarkation. The work at Turnaware long. Ten days later, the remainder of the unit included building an access road and the headed towards mainland Europe but didn’t construction of military buildings. land in France until the 23rd July that year. 9* But it wasn’t all work and no play for those Following the end of the war in May 1945, based at Trelissick. In the book ‘Operation the military returned Trelissick to Ida and her Cornwall, 1940-44: Fal, the Helford and family. The troops removed their weapons D-Day’ by Viv Acton and Derek Carter, and left only a few traces of having ever been Lieutenant Bob Durbin, a member of the there. Today you can still see remnants of the 776th, tells of his time at Trelissick: “There we operation around the site. sang and played darts. I learned to like cider”. He’s also quoted telling of how to relax with his colleagues after a meal they would play toss the coin on the front steps of Trelissick House “The person who landed closest to the It’s not over yet - Julian Kulski

Left and middle: Julian Kulski (junior) in 1940 and 1945 and his father also called Julian. Copied with permission of Julian Kulski (2017) he Second World War ended in after his former boss Stefan Starzyński was Europe on the 8th May 1945, five arrested. It was discovered long after the years and eight months after it had war that Starzynski had been shot by the Tstarted with the invasion of Poland by the Gestapo.1* Soviets and the Nazis. Although Trelissick Unknown to the Nazis, Kulski senior had been returned to Ida and Ronald’s care accepted the position with the blessing of the by the US and British military personnel Polish Government in Exile and the resistance who’d occupied it, life didn’t completely movement. In August 1944 the Red Army was return to normal for a few months after the on the outskirts of Warsaw and the resistance war’s end. launched what is now known as the Warsaw It was thanks to Ida’s earlier visit to Warsaw Uprising. Kulski’s son, also called Julian, took in Poland back in 1935, that a young Polish part in the operation until his unit’s surrender man, a veteran of the Warsaw Uprising at the at the end of September. 2* age of 16, would come to temporarily reside at The young Julian was taken prisoner and Trelissick House. sent to Stalag 11A, a prison camp located between Magdeburg and Berlin in the heart The Tale of Julian Kulski of what was to become East Germany. He Julian Kulski senior (1892-1976), met Ida was held there for seven months, until Copeland in 1935 when she was on a fact- shortly before the end of the war. By this finding mission to Warsaw, Poland. At the time, not only had Poland lost millions of time Julian senior was Deputy Mayor of its citizens but the British and the American Warsaw, but later he helped lead a defense Governments were busy agreeing to hand of the city against the advancing German Poland and the eastern part of Germany over military. to the Soviets once hostilities had ended. 3* Once the Germans occupied the city, Kulski Julian and his fellow Polish prisoners were senior was appointed Mayor by the Germans fearful of being liberated by the Red Army because at the start of the war the Red Army had invaded Poland from the east, splitting the country with the Nazis who had invaded from the west. It wasn’t until June 1941, when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, that the Soviets joined the Allies’ fight against the Nazis.4* Shortly before the Red Army arrived at Stalag 11A an American Red Cross convoy arrived and was given permission by the soon to be surrendering Germans to enter the camp and remove US, British, Dutch and Belgian POWs. The rest of the POWs were told to remain at the camp until the Soviets arrived. Julian knew this was his chance to escape the Germans and the advancing Soviets. He was smuggled aboard one of the trucks and once he was safe he was handed to the British Army. He was only 16 years old at the time Germany surrendered to the Allies a few days later.5* On arrival in Britain, Julian was taken by Julian Kukski today. Copied with permission of Julian Kulski. ambulance then train to the Polish Army When I got off the train at Truro I was met HQ in Scotland. He then went to stay in by a chauffeur driving a Rolls Royce. Mrs London with his Uncle Wladyslaw Kulski Copeland met me at the house. I thanked her (1903-1989), who was part of the Polish and kissed her on the hand, it was probably a Government in Exile. bit formal, but that was how I was brought up. Like many former POWs Julian was ill, She didn’t seem to mind.” in addition to malnourishment, his mental “She could see I was not very well. I had health had suffered dreadfully. Reversing the what people now call post-traumatic stress malnutrition was straight forward, it was his syndrome. I arrived in my army clothes and mental health that would take time to heal.6* probably looked awful. She told one of the staff to run me a bath, get me changed and Trelissick and Ida then to bring me down for tea. When I went This is where Ida Copeland comes into up to the room they’d prepared for me I found the story. On hearing that the son of the new clothes including some dinner clothes, Deputy Mayor of Warsaw, was ill and in black tie clothes, and some regular clothes need of recuperation Ida immediately sent including shoes. I could have cried with joy.” him an invitation to spend the summer at “The doctors had suggested that my Trelissick.7* condition might be helped if I wrote Speaking in a recent interview Julian Kulski everything down. So each morning I would junior spoke of his response to the invitation: do that. The writing seemed to help so much. “I was overwhelmed. I didn’t get on with I started to recall details I thought gone my uncle and to get an invite like this was forever, some buried to protect myself. I joyful. Especially after what I’d been through. found I could deal with them again thanks Julian Kulski’s books. Which mention his time at Trelissick in 1945. Reproduced with permission of the author. to my relaxed surroundings. I’d then spend in the USA. He saw his parents for the first the afternoons with Mrs Copeland and go for time since the war in 1951. He went on rides with her in the Rolls Royce.” 8* to become a world-class architect and a In July 1945, Winston Churchill lost the Professor of Urban and Regional Planning. General Election and Julian recalled Ida’s He lives in Washington DC.10* response: “I remember accompanying Mrs Copeland in the Rolls Royce, which had a radio, and on the radio came the report that Winston Churchill had lost the election. Mrs Copeland burst into tears. She was very upset as she loved Churchill. Although I was very young I took her in my arms and tried to cheer her up. It was the only time I ever did that, but I hoped it helped.” In his memoirs, Julian recalls how he missed Trelissick and Ida after he left: “It was hard to return to foggy, cold London streets after the happy summer days on the sunny coast of Cornwall...I loved it all. In London I saw her occasionally, generally being invited by her to lunch at the elegant dining room at Claridges.” 9* Thanks to Ida Copeland, Julian Kulski, ended up going to a school in Northern Ireland, before studying architecture at Oxford University and later at Yale University Life after the Second World War

Sister of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem ribbon (left). Ida and the Allotment Federation - Evening Sentinel 13.2.1939 and Staffordshire Advertiser 7.6.1932

n 1943 Ida and Ronald became resolution thanking her for her service, but grandparents for the first time. Spencer stating they would need to consider someone who’d married Sonia Mary Chambers new. 2* Ishortly after the start of the war, had a Ida had been working with the Staffordshire son they named David Richard Michael Federation of Allotment Holders since the Copeland. It was another three years before early1930s, eventually becoming president. their second grandchild was born. She continued in the role for many years Their younger son, Geoffrey had married after her role to Cornwall. 3* Ida remained Jean Marthe Hill in 1945 and the couple’s first enthusiastic about its work and would travel son Richard William Douglas Copeland was from Cornwall or even further afield to attend born a year later. The following year Peter meetings. One newspaper report from 1954 Thomas Galton Copeland entered the world states that she was late for the Federation’s and in 1948 the two young brothers were annual meeting because she had “flown from joined by the youngest member of the family, Jamaica specially to be with them.”4* Michael Geoffrey Copeland. 1* In 1948, ten years after inheriting, Ida and Sister of the Most Venerable Order of the Ronald decided to move permanently to Hospital of St John of Jerusalem Trelissick. They both maintained links with On Tuesday 4 January 1949, Ida was made Staffordshire, but Ronald was now retired a Sister of the Most Venerable Order of the from the business, preferring to spend his Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. The London time looking after the grounds and gardens of Gazette states: “The King has been graciously Trelissick. pleased to sanction the following Promotions Although Ida was still politically engaged, in, and Appointments to, the Venerable Order she was no longer the preferred candidate of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem.” The for the Conservatives. A few years earlier paper then lists Ida Copeland among the the Stoke Conservative Party had passed a recipients. The Venerable Order is a royal order first recognised in 1888 by Queen Victoria. 5* Even after making Trelissick her permanent home Ida kept up with the politics of the day. The Truro Women’s Conservative Association minutes from the early 1950s show that one of their regular guest speakers was Mrs Ronald Copeland. One carefully handwritten record from 6th September 1950 records Ida giving a “most interesting talk on our country and its historic event and statesmen from the early ages up to the present day. In fact it was British history in a nutshell.” It went on, “The great applause Mrs Copeland received showed only too well how much her talk was Ida Copeland recorded in the minute of Truro Women’s enjoyed.” 6* Conservative Association 1950. Cornwall Records Office (ref X551/28)

The death of Geoffrey Copeland 1952 da’s son Geoffrey was killed in 1952 boys to their father. Michael continues the and the family were devastated by the story: “It had gone really well. A little later, loss on the family. His son Michael shortly before Christmas, we found out that ICopeland tells the story: “My father was my father was due another week’s leave, we an army officer, he was adjutant to the were going to join him in Cyprus again. But commanding officer of the Royal Hussars. it didn’t happen as my father was killed in a “At that time an arrangement was made car crash whilst on active duty.” so the we could come and live at Trelissik, It was not long after Geoffrey’s tragic while my father was at staff college. We death, that his widow, Jean, decided to leave lived in the east end of the house.My father Trelissick. Ida had provided a home for the could only visit when he had leave. Back boys and their mother whilst Geoffrey was then you couldn’t just come down for a alive, but now he was gone Jean decided to quick visit, the roads were not up to it.” take the three young boys to Somerset. “Then there was the Suez crisis and a state “I still saw quite a lot of my grandmother. of emergency was declared in Suez [Egypt]. We were going to boarding school, but When my father finished his course in during the holidays we would come and 1952, he went out to Suez and my mother stay at Trelissick,” explained Michael. 7* was waiting here at Trelissick for married Perhaps the loss of her son prompted quarters to become available. They did Ida to take a course of action that would have families out there [in Egypt] but was change the family’s relationship with the deemed too dangerous because the fedayeen estate forever. In 1955 Ida decided, with the were making life difficult.” family’s approval, to give 376 acres of land Although British soldiers were entitled to and garden to the National Trust. take time off during the crisis, they could The following year, 1956, Ida and Ronald’s only get a week’s leave so the soldiers would son Spencer and his second wife Jean Smith, fly to Cyprus to meet their relatives. In had a child called Elizabeth Anne. 8* mid-1952 Michael’s mother flew with the The Death of Ronald Copeland

Ida and Ronald at Trelissick. Date unknown. Supplied by Lotherton Hall (Copeland Loan) n 1958, Ida’s husband, Richard Ronald Ronald had been a Committee Member of John Copeland, died. Born in 1884, the Royal Society of Arts, a member of the Ronald had achieved a great deal during Council of Art and Industry, and High Sheriff Ihis lifetime, from managing the family firm of Staffordshire. In 1948 he was honoured of WT Copeland and Sons to supporting his with a CBE (Commander of the Order of the ambitious and inspirational wife Ida. British Empire) in King George VI’s birthday The couple had shared the same values and honours. 9* supported many of the same organisations, Ronald, like his wife, had loved Staffordshire from the Scouts and Guides to the Biddulph but he’d fallen for Cornwall and Trelissick in Grange Orthopaedic Hospital. particular, spending summer days tending to They’d both volunteered during the First the gardens. World War. Ronald with his car-to-ambulance Ronald Copeland was laid to rest in the conversion, heading to France, and Ida Copeland family plot at the St John the volunteering with the Red Cross. Evangelist Church in Oulton, Staffordshire. International Ida hroughout her adult life Ida was In 1944 Ida helped found the Staffordshire interested in global affairs and Anglo-Polish Society. She later became although her time as an MP was chairman of the Society and welcomed Count Tmainly focused on working for her Edward Raczynski, the Polish Ambassador to constituents, she also engaged in matters Great Britain, when he visited Staffordshire in affecting other parts of the world, especially December 1944. Eastern Europe. The Anglo-Polish Society was founded She was a skilled multi-linguist who, in in order to support relations between addition to speaking the Italian she’d learned the immigrant Polish and native English as a child in Florence, could speak French, communities. German and Polish. The latter probably stood The work was considered vital because of the her in good stead when she visited Poland on huge number of Polish refugees that came to a fact finding mission in 1935. 1* England because of the war. 2*

The Polish Gold Cross of Merit In 1952 Ida Copeland was awarded the Polish Gold Cross of Merit. It was something Ida treasured for the rest of her life. A formal letter*3, found at the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, supporting the awarding of the cross states: “She was in Poland before the war; she founded the Staffordshire Anglo-Polish Society and has been its president ever since”. Another hand-written note says that Ida had “put as much effort as possible into Certificate given to Ida Copeland when awarded the helping Polish people and their relatives Polish Gold Cross of Merit in the Staffordshire county to settle down and supporting letters. Supplied by Peter Copeland and make a living. Her works consist in and The Polish Institue and providing constant aid to various Polish Sikorski Museum. neighbourhoods and associations of Poles based in the said county. “The aid takes the form of subsidies, gifts and charity events organized by her for both children and adults. She annually organizes in various settlements, Christmas Eve celebrations with presents; meetings; concerts; she assists in searching for work, acquiring social security, finding spiritual and medical care.”4* The award was personally presented by President Zaleski in the presence of the Prime Minister.5* The Hungarian Letter: An Invite to Budapest

n 1933 Ida received a letter from Otto Legrady, the Editor-in-Chief of the Pesti Hirlap, one of Hungary’s most popular newspapers.*6I In the letter, Otto thanked Ida for attempting to get the British Parliament to “redressing the wrongs to Hungary which have resulted from the Treaty of Trianon. The Hungarian nation is deeply grateful to you and has enshrined you in its heart.” The Treaty of Trianon was one of the many treaties signed at the end of the First World War. It was said by its detractors to have caused considerable hardship to the people of Hungary. 7* Otto’s letter continues: “As you have now expressed your opinion by your action, I may assume that you would like to become acquainted with the country to which you sense of justice has prompted you to render Letter from Otto Legrady, the Editor-in-Chief of the Pesti such immeasurable service.” Which is Hirlap newspaper. National Trust Trelissick House followed by an invite by the Editor-in-Chief you visit us, you will be convinced that every to take part in a tour of Hungary including Hungarian will consider your presence a great three days’ shooting. honour”. 8* Unfortunately, it is not known if In the last paragraph Otto states: “Should Ida Copeland ever took up Otto’s invitation. The Polish Pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski When Julian Kulski, the Polish refugee, had stayed at Trelissick Ida told him about a visit from the world famous Polish pianist and composer Ignacy Jan Paderewski: “When one of my sons was a small boy, he once had the temerity to ask the Maestro if he would play for him. I was terribly shocked and embarrassed. Such a gaff. Yet he obliged him and played. I loved Ignacy Paderewski. He was a great man.” 9* Ida’s Legacy: Family, Philanthropy and Trelissick n a series of interviews with three of in a position to help organisations and Ida’s grandsons, conducted as part of the individuals of all kinds. In addition to giving research for this document, her kindness Kibblestone estate to the Scouts and Guides, Iand actions came in for praise: “She was the pair also invested in the Twyford Scout very kind, generous and warm. A wonderful and Guide Hall at Hanley, Stoke on Trent, and grannie,” said Peter Copeland. “It was in her were attended the official opening ceremony nature.” 1* in 1954. 4* Peter’s brother Michael agreed: “Our Ida also supported the establishment of grandmother was marvelous. She was like the Biddulph Grange Orthopaedic Hospital, a goddess of plenty. She was always giving in Staffordshire. The hospital building and money to local causes.” 2* gardens were originally created by James William Copeland, who was born after his Bateman in the mid 19th century. The family grandmother died, recalled his father Spencer who’d bought the house from Bateman Copeland saying the relationship between Ida decided to sell it in 1922 and the North and her children was quite traditional, even Staffordshire Cripples Aid Society, and later Edwardian at times: “I remember my father Lancashire County Council turned it into a telling me that he and his brother would be hospital. 5* The location is now a National taken into the drawing room every Sunday Trust property. www.nationaltrust.org.uk/ evening to talk to his parents.” 3* biddulph-grange-garden Ida’s generosity, William explained, also It isn’t just Trelissick and Staffordshire extended to others outside the family: “One that has benefitted from Ida and Ronald’s story my father told me, was how he felt bitter generosity. The Copelands purchased when Ida gave away his train set to a local Epiphany House in Truro, which was used by boy, one of his most treasured possessions, Bishop Edmund Morgan. The Bishop decided while he was away at boarding school. the house was too big, so Ida and Ronald gave Grannie just felt that ‘If he’s not here, he it to Truro Cathedral School in memory of doesn’t need it.” their son Geoffrey, a former pupil. The house Ida and Ronald’s wealth meant they were was renamed Copeland Court. 6* Ida Copeland On the 29th June 1964, Ida Copeland helped create at their former property at died. For the last year or two of her life, Kibblestone, and 14 miles away from the she had lived at a nursing home called The home they had shared in Colwich before the Highlands in Ticehurst, Sussex. Following move to Trelissick in Cornwall. The positive her funeral Ida was buried next to her impact that Ida and Ronald had on the local husband Ronald, in the Copeland family community and beyond is remembered plot at the St John the Evangelist Church in fondly by Simon Hodgkinson, the Church Oulton, Staffordshire. 7* Warden of St John the Evangelist Church, as The plot is within a mile of the “generous people who would always go out International Scout Camp the couple had of their way to help others”. 8* Sources for Introducing Ida

Early Days – The Fenzi Family and Italy.

1* Pottle, Mark, ‘Copeland, Ida (1875/6–1964)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004 2* England Marriages, 1538 – 1973, www.findmypast.co.uk, retrieved 28.06.17 3* Translated from: Andrea Giuntini, ‘Soltanto per denaro, La vita gli affari la ricchezza di Emanuele Fenzi negoziante banchiere fiorentino nel Granducato di Toscana (1784-1875)’, Published by Polistampa, 2002 pg 204. 4* Kalla Bishop, ‘Italian Railways’, David & Charles, 1971, p22 5* http://www.villacora.it/en/dimore-storiche-italia.php accessed 30.4.17 And notes from a conversation with William Copeland. Supplied by Jenny Clarke and Zoe More, National Trust volunteer researchers. Supplied April 2017. 6* Kenneth Bolton, ‘The Lion and the Lily – A guide to Kenya’, Bles, 1962, and Morris Kiruga ‘Socialite Settlers’ The Daily Nation 6 June 2013 7* ‘Letters of Harriet, the Duchess of Sermoneta to Miss Denison, 1862 to 1905’, John Murry, 1912

The Galton Family

1*Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Galton, Sir Douglas Strutt (1822-1899), Engineer. R.H.Vetch. Accessed 12 May 2017. 2*Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon: Feminist, Artist and Rebel by Pam Hirsch. Pub: 3*Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Galton, Sir Douglas Strutt (1822-1899), Engineer. R.H.Vetch. Accessed 12 May 2017. 4*Ibid

On Century’s Eve – A new father for Ida – Leonard Daneham Cunliffe

1*William Copeland – Interview with Jenny Clarke, NT Researcher (date unknown) and William Copeland – Interviewed by author (Mark Pugh), 26 April 2017 2*Kathleen Burk, ‘Cunliffe, Walter, first Baron Cunliffe (1855–1920)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37332, accessed 20 March 2017] 3*Capitalism, Culture and Decline in Britain: 1750 -1990 By W D Rubinstein Pub by Routledge 2002 p132 4*Kathleen Burk, ‘Cunliffe, Walter, first Baron Cunliffe (1855–1920)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37332, accessed 20 March 2017] and Bank of England Archives [http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/archive/Documents/archivedocs/directorsannuallists/ dal18981950.pdf] 5*Morning Post, Friday 28 January 1898 6*http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/surrey/vol3/pp301-310 7*William Copeland – Interviewed by author (Mark Pugh), 26 April 2017 8*Hudson’s Bay Company – Our History: People, Governors www.hbcheritage.ca and Donna McDonald ‘Lord Strathcona: A Biography of Donald Alexander Smith published by Dundurn Group Ltd, Ontario 1996 p 469 and Peter C. Newman ‘Merchant Princes – Company of Adventurers Vol III’, Published by Viking (1985). page 158 9*Statesman’s Yearbook 1913

The Copeland Family

1*Several sources including: http://search.findmypast.co.uk retrieved 15 April 2017, and The Staffordshire Advertiser, Saturday 31 July 1915. 2*Spode Museum Trust www.spodemuseumtrust.org - accessed 12 May 2017 3*Ibid. 4*Editors D.Rollason and M. Perstwich, ‘The Battle of Neville’s Cross, 1346’. Pub: Shaun Tyas 1998 pages 36, 37 and 47 5*Richard Wharton, Robert White, ‘Cheviot: A Poetical Fragment’. 1817 Pub: S. Hodgson 1817 p21 6*http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/copeland-william-1797-1868 7*Staffordshire Record Office – Justices’ oaths of allegiance and judicial oaths – 26 June 1876 8*The London Gazette, 7 March 1902 p1625 9* Oxford National Biography - Ida Copeland – Accessed 13 May 2017 10* William Copeland, interview by Mark Pugh, 26th April 2017 and Parish of Craignish, Gazetteer for Scotland. 2002–2008

Ronald Copeland and Ida Fenzi

1* Pauline Robinson, The Barwicker No 103 September 2011, The Copeland China Collection, Wilkinson V 1989 p39 and Ida Copeland, National Trust, supplied by Jenny Clarke 2017 2* Michael Copeland, interview with Mark Pugh, 16th May 2017 3* Vega Wilkinson, ‘The Copelands of Kibblestone’, Pub: R. Spencer C. Copeland

Ida and the Guides

1* Vega Wilkinson ‘The Copelands of Kibblestone’, pub by R.Spencer C.Copeland 2* Agnes Baden-Powell, ‘How Girls Can Help Their Country’, Guides, 1916 3* Michael Copeland interview by Mark Pugh 16 May 2017 4* John Barnes, ‘Ida Copeland’. www.barneshistorian.com/wm-copeland And Vega Wilkinson ‘The Copelands of Kibblestone’, pub by R.Spencer C.Copeland 5* Ibid 6* Ibid 7* The Evening Sentinel, 29 May 1939 8* The Staffordshire Advertiser, 9 July 1927 9* The Evening Sentinel, 15 May 1939 10* Oxford National Biography – Ida Copeland. www.oxforddnb.com/index/101070440/Copeland/ Accessed 12.5.17 11* The Evening Sentinel, 19 December 1939 12* Michael Copeland interview by Mark Pugh, 16 May 2017 13* Kibblestone International Scout Camp www.kibblestone.org Accessed 24 June 2017

The Politics of Ida Copeland

Women, Parliament and the Vote

1* Vyara Apostolova, Richard Cracknell ‘Women in Parliament and Government’, Briefing Paper, House of Commons Library 27 February 2017 No:SN01250 2* Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 (3rd ed.). 3* Wollstonecraft, Mary ‘A Vindication of the Rights of Woman’ 1792 Printed by J. Johnson. Digital copy: digital.library.lse. ac.uk/objects/lse:dur688faq 4* Rights of Women, Hansard, 3 August 1832 - Hansard 1803-2005, http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/ evolutionofparliament/houseofcommons/reformacts/overview/reformact1832 And www.historyofwomen.org/suffragecuttings 5* ‘Women in Parliament: A guide to the history of women’s participation in Parliament and their representation in historical collection’. Published by Houses of Parliament.

A Cousin Petitions

6* Hirsch, Pam, ‘Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon: Feminist, Artist and Rebel’. Pub: Pimlico 1999 7* The Women’s Library, LSE, http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2016/06/07/the-1866-womens-suffrage-petition/ 8* ‘Women in Parliament: A guide to the history of women’s participation in Parliament and their representation in historical collection’. Published by Houses of Parliament. 9*Ibid.

Ida Copeland, the Woman’s Unionist Association and the Conservative Party.

1* Breitenbach, Esther. ‘Votes For Women: The Longer Term Perspective’. Pub: Edinburgh University 2014 2* “Women’s National Anti-Suffrage League Manifesto” in Phelps, Edith M. (2013), Selected Articles on Woman Suffrage, London: Forgotten Books, pp. 257–259, And Women’s National Anti-Suffrage League; 1908-1918 notes at The Women’s Library at The London School of Economics https://twl-calm.library.lse.ac.uk accessed 21.4.17 3* Conservative Suffragists-The Women’s Vote and the Tory Party, by Mitzi Auchterlonie. Pub: Taurus Academic Studies 2007 4* Dictionary of British Women’s Organisations, 1825-1960. edited by David Doughan, Professor Peter Gordon. Routledge 2001 5* Ibid

1931 – Beating Mosley

1* Yorkshire Post Saturday 6 September 1930 p9 2* The Staffordshire Advertiser Saturday September 13, 1930 p4 3* Copeland, Ida, ‘Election Address 1931’, Conservative Party Archives, Weston Library, Bodleian Libraries 4* Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. ‘British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949 (3rd ed.)’, Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. 5* Papers of Cynthia Mosley, held by the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham 6* Powell, D, ‘Mosley and British Politics 1918-1932: Oswald’s Odessey ‘ pub: Palgrave-Macmillian 2014 7* Michael Copeland Interview by author (Mark Pugh) 16 May 2017. 8* Election Statistics: 1918-2012 Research Paper 12/43, Pub House of Commons Library 7 August 2012 9* Powell, D, ‘Mosley and British Politics 1918-1932: Oswald’s Odessey ‘ pub: Palgrave-Macmillian 2014 10* Leeds Mercury, Friday 7 June 1929. 11* Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volume 9 edited by Joyce M. Bellamy, David E. Martin, John Saville p 266 12* Gloucester Citizen, Friday 9 October 1931. 13* Ibid 14* Aberdeen Press and Journal, Saturday 10 January 1931 15* Powell. D, ‘Mosley and British Politics 1918-1932: Oswald’s Odessey ‘ pub: Palgrave-Macmillian 2014 16* The Times, 23 Oct 1931. 17* Thorpe, Andrew, ‘Arthur Henderson and the British political crisis of 1931.’ Historical Journal 1988 18*Ida Copeland ‘Election Address 193’, Conservative Party Archives, Weston Library, Bodleian Libraries 19* Interview with Michael Copeland (Ida Copeland’s grandson) conducted 16th May 2017. 20* Election Statistics: 1918-2012 Research Paper 12/43, Pub House of Commons Library 7 August 2012 21* The Staffordshire Advertiser, Saturday 17 October 1931

After the Election Victory

1* Women MPs on the House of Commons Terrace 4 November 1931. Photographer Unknown. Parliamentary Archives ref: HL/PO/RO/1/188 And “Parliament to have Feminine Influence” Movietone 5.11.1931 ref:1488 2* Hansard 08 December 1931 vol 260 cc 1671 3* Hansard 04 May 1932 vol 265 cc1204-1207 4* Hansard 05 May 1932 vol 265 cc1299-1433 5* Hansard 04 May 1932 vol 265 cc1204-1207 6* Barnes, John, ‘Ida Copeland’, and Mukherjee, Sumita, ‘Votes for Women in India: the early female MPs and their lobbying for India suffrage’ published by ukvote100.org Accessed 13 June 2017 7* Julian Kulski (junior) interview with author (Mark Pugh) 25 May 2017 8* William Copeland interview with Jenny Clarke (2016) 9* www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/stanley-baldwin and, Keith Middlemas and A.J.L. Barnes, Baldwin: a biography (1969). 10* Copeland, Ida, ‘Election Address 1935’, Conservative Party Archives, Weston Library, Bodleian Libraries 11* Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. 12* Churchill Letters information, supplied by the Churchill Archive, Bloomsbury Publishing 2017 13* Pottery and What the Public Wants Today by Mrs Ronald Copeland, the Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. www.jstor. org/stable/41360168 Accessed 17 May 2017 14* The Staffordshire Advertiser, Saturday 8 July 1933 p7 15* Women in Parliament: A guide to the history of women’s participation in Parliament and their representation in historical collections. Published by Houses of Parliament 2015 Inheriting Trelissick

1* The West Briton (Monday Evening Edition), 16 August 1937 2* Robinson, Pauline, ‘The Galton Sisters’, The Barwicker No.101, March 2011 3* The Staffordshire Advertiser, Saturday 8 January 1938 p3

An American Occupation

1* William Copeland interview with Mark Pugh 26 April 2017 2* The Scotsman, Saturday 25 February 1939 3* The Falmouth Packet ‘German warship’s visit remembered’, 1 June 2012 And http://bills-bunker.de/66490 4* Peszke, Michael Alfred (February 1999). Poland’s Navy, 1918–1945. Hippocrene Books. 5* Knight, Martine, CSV Storygather, ‘Air Raids and Other Bombing’, BBC People’s War site: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ ww2peopleswar/stories/76/a4321676.shtml 6* RSC and Copeland J, ‘History of Telissick’, 2000 7* “The USAT Borinquen and its Voyages (Transport Commander’s list of voyages)”. World War II U.S. Navy Armed Guard and World War II U.S. Merchant Marine. 8* Acton, Viv, and Carter, Derek, ‘Operation Cornwall, 1940-44: Fal, the Helford and D-Day’, Landfall Publications 1994 9*Ibid Images from Robert Reid, 776th Anti-Aircraft Automatic Weapons Battalion personal collection. (With thanks to Emily Reid).

After the World War II and Julian Kulski

1* Halik Kochanski ‘The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War’. Penguin Books 2013 And, Charles River, ‘The Warsaw Uprising of 1944: The History of the Polish Resistance’s Failed Attempt to Liberate Poland’s Capital from Nazi Germany’ 2016 2* Ibid 3* Interview with Julian Kulski, United State Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/ irn86142 section 2:40:38 accessed 20th May 2017 4* Read, Anthony and Fisher, David, ‘The Deadly Embrace: Hitler and the Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939-1941 pub: W. W. Norton & Company 5* Kulski, Julian Eugeniusz, ‘Dying, We Live’, pub: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston 1979 6* Kulski, Julian E, ‘Legacy of the White Eagle’, (draft supplied by author). Pub: HMP – p109-116 7* Ibid 8* Interview with Julian Kulski conducted by Mark Pugh 25th May 2017 9*Kulski, Julian E, ‘Legacy of the White Eagle’, (draft supplied by author). Pub: HMP – p109-116 10*Interview with Julian Kulski conducted by Mark Pugh 25th May 2017

Life after the Second World War

1* The Copeland Family Tree of Kibblestone AND The Copeland Family supplied by the National Trust 2* The Staffordshire Advertiser, Saturday 17 March 1945 p8 3* The Evening Sentinel, Monday 13 February 1939 4* The Staffordshire Advertiser, 12 March 1954 p2 5* The London Gazette, 4 January 1949 Issue 38503 p82 6* The Truro Women’s Conservative Association minutes. Cornwall Records Office Ref: X551/29 accessed 11.7.17 7* Michael Copeland interviewed by Mark Pugh 16th May 2017 8* The Copeland Family Tree of Kibblestone and The Copeland Family supplied by the National Trust 9* The London Gazette. 10 June 1948. Issue 38311 p. 3374.

International Ida

1* Peter Copeland, interview with Mark Pugh 16 May 2017 2* The Staffordshire Advertiser, Saturday 2 December 1944 3* Peter Copeland, interview with Mark Pugh 16 May 2017 4* Letters supporting the Award of The Polish Gold Cross of Merit 1952. Supplied by The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum,.Translation by Łukasz Nieroda, The Anglo-Polish Society 2017 5* Dr Andrzej Suchcitz, Keeper of the Archives, The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London.

The Hungarian Letter

6* The Habsburg Empire By Pieter M. Judson, Pub: Harvard University Press 2016 7* Hungary and her Successors: The Treaty of Trianon and its Consequences 1919-1937 by C A Macartney. Pub: Oxford University Press 1965 8* Letter to Ida Copeland from Dr Otto Legrady, 23rd September 1933 9*Julian Kulski (junior) interview with Mark Pugh 25 May 2017

Ida’s Legacy: Family, Philanthropy and Trelissick

1* Peter Copeland interviewed by Mark Pugh 16 May 2017 2* Michael Copeland interviewed by Mark Pugh 16 May 2017 3* William Copeland interviewed by Mark Pugh 26 April 2017 4* Robinson, Pauline, ‘Gallant Ronald Copeland’. The Barwicker No.103, September 2011, AND Michael Copeland interviewed by Mark Pugh 16 May 2017, 5* Robinson, Pauline, ‘Gallant Ronald Copeland’. The Barwicker No.103, September 2011, AND Ida Copeland, National Trust document, supplied by Jenny Clarke 2017, AND www.nationaltrust.org.uk/biddulph-grange-garden 6* Interviews with Michael and Peter Copeland 16 May 2017, and William Copeland 26 April 2017 and www.epithanyhouse.co.uk/history.html

Ida Copeland

7*Michael Copeland interview with Mark Pugh 16 May 2017 8*Telephone conversation with Simon Hodgkinson, Church Warden for the St John the Evangelist Church, Oulton, Staffordshire. 26th June 2017. Acknowledgments: Michael Copeland Peter and Jinty Copeland William Copeland Julian Kulski Stephanie Davies, Lotherton Hall, Leeds The Conservative Party Archive, Bodleian Library, Oxford Julia Schmidt, Churchill Archives Centre Chris Ottewell and the Anglo Polish Society Łukasz Nieroda - Polish Translation Dr Andrzej Suchcitz, Keeper of the Archives, The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London. Movietone c/o Obi Adumekwe, Associated Press Chris Latimer, City Archivist, Stoke-on-Trent James Gilmore Archives Specialist, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Catherine Nichols, Staffordshire Record Office Tadeusz K. Stenzel, Federation of Poles in GB The Women’s Library, LSE The British Newspaper Library Emily Reid for use of the images of the 776th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion Kim Cooper and the staff at the Cornish Studies Library, Alma Place, Redruth TR15 2AT The staff at Cornwall Record Office, Old County Hall, Truro TR31 3AY Staffordshire Record Office Simon Hodgkingson, Church Warden for the St John the Evangelist Church, Oulton, Staffordshire. The Bank of England Archive, The Archivist, The Bank of England Archive, Threadneedle St, London, EC2R 8AH Rachel Diston - Senior House Steward, National Trust Trelissick House John Cummins - Visitor Services Manager, National Trust Trelissick House Jane Pugh – Creative Programme Manager, National Trust Trelissick House Gareth Lay – General Manager, Heart of Cornwall, National Trust Trelissick House Sarah Talbot - Visitor Experience Manager, National Trust Dr Jo Esra – Researcher Jenny Clarke – Volunteer Researcher Zoe More – Volunteer Researcher Kirsten Hartman – Author of ‘Trelissick: re-fashioned many times to suit the wealth of changing occu- piers, The Biography of a Neo-Classical Country House’, A dissertation submitted as part of the require- ment for MSc Building Conservation validated by the University of York SEPTEMBER 2016 The following documents supplied by the National Trust were used as guidance and source materials: Trelissick Conservation Management Plan Draft V1 September 2016 – Cookson & Tickner Trelissick – Historical Overview – Dr Jo Esra