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Newburn Manor: an Analysis of a Changing Medieval, Post-Medieval and Early Modern Landscape in Newcastle Upon Tyne

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Durham E-Theses Newburn Manor: an analysis of a changing medieval, post-medieval and early modern landscape in Newcastle Upon Tyne Morrison, Jennifer How to cite: Morrison, Jennifer (2007) Newburn Manor: an analysis of a changing medieval, post-medieval and early modern landscape in Newcastle Upon Tyne, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2924/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Newburn Manor - An Analysis Of A Changing Medieval, Post-Medieval And Early Modern Landscape In Newcastle Upon Tyne Volume One (of Two) Newburn Haugh on the River Tyne (copyright Newcastle City Council, City Repro. 1983) Jennifer Morrison Thesis submitted for degree of Master of Arts University of Durham Department of Archaeology 2007 1 8 APR 2008 Contents Contents Volume one Abstract 1 Declaration 2 Acknowledgements 3 Abbreviations 4 Chapter One Introduction 5 1.1 Justification of area 7 1.2 Newburn - historical and administrative 11 background 1.3 Geology 14 1.4 Methodology 15 1.4.1 Sources of evidence 17 1.5 Key themes 20 Chapter Two Township by Township 22 2.1 Butterlaw 22 2.2 Dewley 30 2.3 Newburn 36 2.4 Newburn Hall including Lemington 45 2.5 Throckley 54 2.6 Walbottle 64 2.7 Whorlton 75 2.8 Conclusion 84 Chapter Three Agricultural Change 88 3.1 Agriculture 88 3.1.1 Arable 88 3.1.2 The open fields 88 3.1.3 Crops 97 3.1.4 Agricultural Revolution 99 3.1.5 High Farming 101 3.2 Meadow 102 3.3 Pasture 104 3.4 Discussion 107 3.5 Enclosure 108 3.6 Parliamentary Enclosure 109 3.7 Discussion 113 3.8 Field boundaries 117 3.9 Parish and township boundaries 121 3.10 Woodland 124 3.11 Commons and Waste 133 Chapter Four Extractive Industries 136 4.1 Coal Mining 136 4.1.1 Early coal pits 136 4.1.2 Post medieval mining 138 4.1.3 Nineteenth century mining 149 4.2 Quarrying 161 4.3 Brick Works 168 Contents Chapter Five Manufacturing and production 171 5.1 Milling and mills 172 5.2 Fisheries 178 5.3 Waterworks 182 5.4 Glass making 186 5.5 Lead 189 5.6 Iron Works 190 5.7 Steelworks 193 Chapter Six Transportation by river and road 200 6.1 River transport and Improvements 200 6.2 Roads 207 6.2.1 Medieval roads 207 6.2.2 Turnpikes and toll roads 211 6.2.3 Enclosure period roads 215 6.2.4 Modern roads 219 Chapter Seven Waggonways and Railways 220 7.1 Waggonways 220 7.2 Railways 233 Chapter Eight Settlement and Buildings 238 8.1 Medieval settlement and buildings 238 8.2 Farms 250 8.3 Post Medieval buildings 264 8.4 Transformation from agricultural 268 settlement to colliery village 8.4.1 Patronage 269 8.4.1.1 John Spencer 269 8.4.1.2 The Stephensons and Throckley Coal Company 273 8.4.1.3 Walbottle and Walbottle Colliery 277 8.4.2 Purpose-built industrial settlements 282 8.4.2.1 Lemington 282 8.4.2.2 Blucher 284 8.4.2.3 North Walbottle 285 8.5 Country houses 287 Chapter Nine Conclusions 295 9.1 Impact of enclosure 296 9.2 Impact of industry 300 9.3 Archaeological survival 303 9.4 Landowners and agencies of landscape change 304 9.5 Key themes 312 9.6 Limitations of this work 313 9.7 Summary 316 Bibliography 319 Contents List of tables Table 1 Timeline 85 Table 2 Nineteenth century crop yields 98 Table 3 Division of land between arable and pasture 105 Table 4 Medieval mining 137 Table 5 Sixteenth to eighteenth century mining 139 Table 6 Eighteenth century mining, Newburn & Newburn Hall 143 Table 7 Eighteenth century mining, Throckley 144 Table 8 Eighteenth century mining, Walbottle 146 Table 9 Pits owned by Walbottle Colliery 150 Table 10 Pits owned by Throckley Colliery 153 Table 11 Quarrying 163 Table 12 Brickmaking 170 Table 13 Mills 173 Table 14 Fisheries 179 Table 15 Waggonways 222 Table 16 Chapel House Farm 252 Table 17 Farms 253 Table 18 Spencer family building projects 270 Table 19 Buildings erected by the Stephensons or Throckley 275 Coal Company Table 20 Historic buildings in Walbottle 279 Table 21 Country houses 289 Contents List of illustrations Figure 1 Location map of Tyne and Wear and Newcastle 8 Figure 2 Location plan of study area 8 Figure 3 Photograph of gravestone of Robert Hawthorn 10 Figure 4 Photograph of monument to Newburn Battlefield 11 Figure 5 Photograph of NUDC Offices 13 Figure 6 Photographs of New Burn and Reigh Burn 15 Figure 7 Section of Speed's map of 1611 18 Figure 8 Section of Jansson's map of 1646 19 Figure 9 Photograph of Butterlaw Farm 23 Figure 10 Photograph of earthworks at Butterlaw 24 Figure 11 Aerial photograph of Butterlaw Crofts 1974 25 Figure 12 Aerial photograph of Butterlaw 1974 26 Figure 13 Photograph of cottages at Callerton 28 Figure 14 Photograph of Poacher's Cottage public house 28 Figure 15 Photograph of Dewley Hill 30 Figure 16 Aerial photograph of Dewley 1974 33 Figure 17 Photograph of spoil mound at Dewley 34 Figure 18 Aerial photograph of Dewley 1991 35 Figure 19 Plan of Newburn village 1849 38 Figure 20 Photograph of Newburn High Street 39 Figure 21 Photograph of Newburn High Street 40 Figure 22 T.M. Richardson's painting of Newburn 1800 41 Figure 23 Plan of Newburn village 1858 41 Figure 24 Plan of Newburn village 1898 42 Figure 25 Photograph of Newburn riverside 1899 42 Figure 26 Postcard of Newburn High Street 1900 43 Figure 27 Postcard of Newburn High Street 1912 43 Figure 28 Photograph of Newburn High Street 1913 44 Figure 29 Section of plan of Lemington 1620 47 Figure 30 Aerial Photograph of Lemington Gut 49 Figure 31 Aerial photograph of Newburn Haugh 50 Figure 32 Plan of Lemington 1897 51 Figure 33 Photograph of Lemington Cemetery 52 Figure 34 Photograph of Lemington power station 53 Figure 35 Photograph of housing estate, Throckley 54 Figure 36 Plan of Throckley village 1736 57 Figure 37 Plan of Throckley village 1781 58 Figure 38 Plan of Throckley village 1805 59 Figure 39 Plan of Throckley village 1847 60 Figure 40 Plan of Throckley village 1858 61 Figure 41 Photograph of old walls, Hill House Road 62 Figure 42 Photograph of Throckley Quarry 63 Figure 43 Photograph of Walbottle green 191 0 66 Figure 44 Photographs of Walbottle institute and green 66 Figure 45 Plan of Walbottle village 1808 67 Figure 46 Plan of Walbottle village 1848 69 Figure 47 Photograph of Old Row, Walbottle 1900 69 Figure 48 Plan of Walbottle village 1858 71 Figure 49 Photograph of Dene Terrace, Walbottle 72 Figure 50 Photograph of High Square, Walbottle 1900 73 Figure 51 Photograph of 1960s housing, Walbottle 73 Figure 52 Photograph of Jingling Gate public house 77 Figure 53 Photograph of Jingling Gate public house 78 Figure 54 Photographs of Whorlton Hall gate lodge 79 Figure 55 Photograph of Church of St. John, Whorlton 79 Contents Figure 56 Photograph of Whorlton School 80 Figure 57 Photograph of Whorlton vicarage and graveyard 81 Figure 58 Photographs of buildings on site of Red Cow Farm 81 Figure 59 Photographs of institute, Hillhead Road 82 Figure 60 Photograph of Westerhope Golf Course 82 Figure 61 Aerial photograph of Whorlton Hall 1991 83 Figure 62 Photograph of gates to Whorlton Hall 84 Figure 63 Location plan of extant ridge and furrow 92 Figure 64 Aerial photograph of ridge and furrow, golf course 93 Figure 65 Aerial photograph of ridge and furrow, golf course 94 Figure 66 Photographs of ridge and furrow, Whorlton 95 Figure 67 Photograph of ridge and furrow, Newburn 96 Figure 68 Photograph of ridge and furrow, Lemington cemetery 96 Figure 69 Photograph of Whorlton Grange 101 Figure 70 Photograph of field boundaries, Throckley Fell 114 Figure 71 Plan showing the enclosure of Throckley Fell 116 Figure 72 Photograph of enclosure period boundary, Walbottle 119 Figure 73 Photograph of township boundary, Throckley 123 Figure 74 Section of Horsley's map of 1753 126 Figure 75 Photograph of woodland, Westerhope golf course 127 Figure 76 Section of Armstrong's map of 1789 128 Figure 77 Aerial photograph of Walbottle Dene 128 Figure 78 Aerial photograph of Throckley Dene, 1991 129 Figure 79 Photographs of Throckley Dene 130 Figure 80 Photograph of sandstone quarry, Walbottle village 131 Figure 81 Photograph of Foxcover Plantation 132 Figure 82 Tracings of maps of Lemington's coal pits 148 Figure 83 Section of John and William Bell's plan 1847 149 Figure 84 Photograph of Blucher Pit 151 Figure 85 Photographs of colliery buildings, Blucher Pit 151 Figure 86 Aerial photograph of Percy Pit, 1981 152 Figure 87 Photograph of reclaimed Percy Pit 152 Figure 88 Plans of Throckley pits 154 Figure 89 Aerial photograph of Maria Pit 155 Figure 90 Photograph of Isabella Colliery 155 Figure 91 Photograph of Isabella coke ovens 156 Figure 92 Photograph of North Walbottle Colliery 157 Figure 93 Aerial photograph of North Walbottle Colliery 157 Figure 94 Photograph of earthworks at Duke Pit 158 Figure 95 Aerial photograph of Isabella Colliery, 1960 159 Figure 96 Aerial photograph of reclaimed Isabella Colliery, 1991 159 Figure 97 Location plan of coal workings and waggonways 160 Figure 98 Aerial
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