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Fungal Community Structural and Functional Responses to Disturbances in a North Temperate Forest

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Fungal Community Structural and Functional Responses to Disturbances in a North Temperate Forest Fungal Community Structural and Functional Responses to Disturbances in a North Temperate Forest By Buck Tanner Castillo A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology) in The University of Michigan 2020 Doctoral Committee: Professor Timothy Y. James, Co-Chair Professor Knute J. Nadelhoffer, Co-Chair Associate Professor Vincent Denef Professor Donald R. Zak Buck T. Castillo [email protected] ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5426-3821 ©Buck T. Castillo 2020 Dedication To my mother: Melinda Kathryn Fry For always instilling in me a sense of wonder and curiosity. For all the adventures down dirt roads and imaginations of centuries past. For all your love, Thank you. ii Acknowledgements Many people have guided, encouraged and inspired me throughout this process. I am eternally grateful for this network of support. First, I must thank my advisors, Knute and Tim for all of the excellent advice, unfaltering confidence, and high expectations they continually provided and set for me. My committee members, Don Zak and Vincent Denef, have been fantastic sources of insight, inspiration, and encouragement. Thank you all so much for your time, knowledge, and most of all for always making me believe in myself. A special thanks to two incredible researchers that were always great mentors who became even better friends: Luke Nave and Jim Le Moine. Jim Le Moine has taught me so much about being a critical thinker and was always more than generous with his time, insight, and advice. Thank you, Jim, for midnight walks through bugcamp and full bowls of delicious popping corn. Luke Nave is one of the most brilliant ecologists I know and guided me through my maturation as a scientist since I was an undergraduate. I want to acknowledge and thank Kevin Amses for being the best friend a guy could ask for during the doctoral journey. He undoubtedly put up with me at the most stressful of times and was always there to listen to me vent. I will always be indebted for the countless hours of support spent helping me with programing and my endless questions about syntax. Every graduate student deserves to have as good a friend, lab mate, and collaborator as Kevin has been to me over the past 5 years. I’m extremely grateful for the hard work and long hours of work from a number of amazing field and lab technicians. A special thanks to Shane Gallagher who worked an entire fall field season with no pay, never once complained, and always kept a sense of humor. Shane Gallagher and Jacob Grochowski spent long days and countless hours in the field and lab harvesting soils, picking roots, extracting enzymes, and pulverizing soils. John Den Uyl for all the help extracting iii DNA/RNA, taking photographs in the field, and transporting of materials from Ann Arbor to the Biostation. I’d like to thank both the James and Nadelhoffer labs for all the lab feedback, constructive comments, forays, lab retreats and general companionship. Specifically, I’d like to thank Kevin Amses, Thomas Jenkinson, Jacqueline Popma, Rob Powers, Jillian Myers, Susan Cheng, Jasmine Crumsey, Rabern Simmons, Alisha Quandt, Lucas Michelotti, and William Davis. The UMBS community, my northern family, has given me unwavering support, love, and blissful memories. Thank you for all the floatillas, square dances, grapevine walks, whitefish Wednesdays, shabbats with warm challah, and northern light nights. A special thanks to the UMBS administration and staff for facilitating my research and always finding me a cabin. Thank you Karie Slavik, Tim Viverica, Jason Tallant, Sherry Webster, Adam Shubel, Tony Sutterly, Richard Spray, Chis Vogel, Lisa Readmond, and Bob Vande Kopple. I’d also like to thank Steve Bertman for your friendship and guidance. The great members of the EEB staff who helped facilitate my graduate studies. An extra thanks to Cindy Carl for always making me feel as if the department was invested in me. Jane Sullian, Carol Solomon, Gail Kuhnlein, Jackie Glebe and Michael Ehnis for your help in more ways than I can mention. I am thankful for the comradery and support of the 2014 cohort and my other friends in the department that I shared my graduate journey with. Special thanks to Thomas Jenkinson, Christian Cely Ortiz, Joe Walker, Jacqueline Popma, Leslie Decker, Raleigh Ricart, Dave Edwards, Alex Fotis, Alex Taylor, and Drew Monks. I have to again thank Luke Nave and Shane Gallagher, as well as my sister, Marriah Castillo, and Ben Connor Barrie for keeping me sane with hours spent in the woods being the best hunting and fishing partners anyone could ask for. For the turkey hunts on the homestead, evenings bow hunting, early mornings on Burt Lake and trips to North Dakota I’ll always be grateful. iv Finally, I am thankful to all of my funding sources that have allowed me to pursue my interests. The University of Michigan Rackham Graduate School, The Rackham Merit Fellow Program, Weymeyer Endowment in Fungal Taxonomy, and The University of Michigan Biological Station Gates Graduate Student Fund. v Table of Contents Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... ix List Appendices .......................................................................................................................... xiii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1 : Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Ecological Implications of Forest Disturbances in a Changing Global Environment ........................ 1 1.2 Effects of Clear-cutting and Burning Disturbances on Biotics and Abiotic Factors of Soil ............... 2 1.3 Successional Trends Post Disturbance ................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Summary of Dissertation Chapters...................................................................................................... 5 1.5 References ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2 : Short-term Effects of Clear-Cutting and Burning on Fungal Community Composition and Function in Mineral Soils ............................................................................. 17 2.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................................... 21 2.4 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 27 2.5 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 32 2.6 References ......................................................................................................................................... 44 2.7 Tables & Figures ............................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 3 : Decadal Trends of Fungal Succession in Mineral Soils Following Clear-Cutting and Burning of a Mixed Hardwood Forest............................................................................... 61 3.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 61 3.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 61 3.3 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................................... 65 3.4 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 70 3.5 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 74 3.6 References ......................................................................................................................................... 80 3.7 Tables & Figures ............................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 4 : Fungal Succession of Populus grandidentata (Bigtooth Aspen) During Wood Decomposition ............................................................................................................................
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