Shaping Immigration News: a French-American Comparison Rodney Benson Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88767-0 - Shaping Immigration News: A French-American Comparison Rodney Benson Index More information

Index

ABC, 10, 69, 172 balanced news coverage, 16, 18, 26, 131, audience of, 11, 64 142–144, 147, 151, 157, 168, 202 immigration coverage, 178, 184, 191 economic motivations for, 29, 157 Abramson, Jill, 96 as an indicator of internal pluralism, 142 ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), Barnhurst, Kevin G., 16, 26, 48, 149, 78, 88, 241 205, 209 Adams, Paul, 202 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 30, 37, Adorno, Theodor W., 21 42, 174, 203, 205 advertising, 11, 15, 22, 28, 31, 37–38, 42, Beau, Nicolas, 104, 112, 113 43–44, 45, 47, 103, 132–133, 152, Benford, Robert D., 5 156–157, 162–163, 164, 171, 173, 174, Bennett, W. Lance, 36, 132, 155, 156 175, 192, 196, 204, 223–224 Benoît, Jean, 112 AFL-CIO, 71, 74, 75, 76, 94 Berezin, Mabel, 213 Albert Londres Prize, 29 Bernard, Philippe, 3, 58, 104, 107, 112, 171 Albert, Pierre, 15, 39, 43, 44, 45, 223, 224 Bernstein, Harry, 68, 76–77, 90 Alexander, Jeffrey C., 13, 15, 32, 149 Bernstein, Nina, 35, 76, 81–82, 89, 90, 91–92, Alexis de Tocqueville, 141 124, 127, 167, 213 Altheide, David L., 21, 26 Best, Joel, 233 American Immigration Lawyers Association, beur movement, 110, 112–113, 114 88, 241 Beuve-Méry, Hubert, 31, 47, 116 Amnesty International, 106, 241 Bleich, Erik, 110, 239 anecdotal lead, 50, 88, 89, 170, 178 Blumler, Jay G., 203, 204 Antenne 2. See France 2 Boczkowski, Pablo J., 14, 23, 198, 205 Arizona Republic, 12, 50, 82, 210 Bonnafous, Simone, 6, 111, 120, 229, 230 Arte, 11, 24, 42, 125, 172, 174, 175, 185, 188, Borjas, George, 238 192, 208, 224, 225 Bosk, Charles L., 87 audience of, 43, 64, 65, 173, 174, 198 Boudana, Sandrine, 51 funding of, 42, 43, 173 Bourdieu, Pierre, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 27, immigration coverage, 175, 176, 178, 32, 37, 48, 64, 102, 127, 152, 192, 200, 179, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 192, 234 193, 198 and ﬁeld theory, 12–14, 23, 127 Aufderheide, Patricia, 41, 193, 208 and scientiﬁc knowledge, 234 Aujourd’hui en France. See Le Parisien Bowen, John R., 114 Boxer, Barbara, 166 Bagdikian, Ben, 14, 16, 21, 46, 132, 157 Boyarsky, Bill, 98 Baker, C. Edwin, 18, 24, 37, 43, 44, 50, 131, Branton, Regina, 4, 5, 7 132, 157, 205 Bresson, Gilles, 51, 59, 117, 118 Baker, Dean, 186, 187 Brigouleix, Bernard, 116, 118

267

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88767-0 - Shaping Immigration News: A French-American Comparison Rodney Benson Index More information

268 Index

Broersma, Marcel J., 26 see also Marks, Alexandra Brooks, David, 176 see also Yemma, John Brossard, Dominique, 202 Cimade, 104, 241 Brusini, Hervé, 172, 191 civil society, 10, 13, 88, 107, 126, 128, 133, Bush, George W., 72, 235 134, 135, 153, 158, 197, 202, 208, 265 associations, 9, 13, 33, 36, 100, 103–104, cable television, 11, 66, 186 116, 131, 170, 179, 241 Calavita, Kitty, 4, 84 definition of, 9, 135 Calhoun, Craig, 18 journalism’s relation to, 19, 74, 108 Camarota, Steven, 82 marginal political parties as part of, 133 Canal-Plus, 31, 46 and media framing of activism as crime, 140 Carey, James, 18 news coverage of, 2, 57, 60, 88, 105, 107, Carnegie Corporation, 38 115, 122, 124, 125, 126, 133, 135, 138, Carré, Claude, 174 141, 150, 152, 153, 178–179, 180, 185, Carreño, José, 186 186, 193, 197, 201, 202, 208 Carvajal, Doreen, 82 Clark, Priscilla Parkhurst, 170 Castells, Manuel, 21 class, 17, 25, 26, 30, 39, 64, 65, 66, 75, 83, 91, Cato Institute, 186 92, 99, 119, 121, 149, 153, 194, 198, CBS, 10, 31, 69, 172 211, 212 audience of, 11, 64 and correlation with attitudes, discourses, and immigration coverage, 179, 184, 188, 190, 201 tastes, 14, 26, 83, 92 Center for Economic and Policy Research, 186 as omission in Anglo-American sociology of Center for Immigration Studies (CIS), 82–83 news, 26 Central American Resource Center, 78, 94 and structure of the journalistic field, 2, 67, CFDT (Confédération française démocratique 126, 152, 195 du travail), 110, 140 see also habitus CFJ-Paris (Center for Journalism Studies), 29, see also immigration journalists, class 61, 104 background of Chalaby, Jean K., 16, 22, 28, 31, 34, 57, 158, Clayman, Steven E., 51 171 Cleeland, Nancy, 95 Champagne, Patrick, 10, 46, 70, 126 Clinton, Bill, 167 Chandler, Otis, 76, 170 Club Diversité (Diversity Club), 115 Chapman, Herrick, 110 CNN, 11 Chapman, Leonard F., 73 Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights, 179, Charon, Jean-Marie, 29, 39, 156, 223 186 Chaussebourg, Anne, 44 Cohen, Akiba A., 7, 48 Chavez, Cesar, 71, 73, 74 Columbia School of Journalism, 22, 26, 29, 82 Chavez, Leo, 4, 5, 7 comparative media systems research, 16–17, 23, Chenu, Guilaine, 175 24, 27, 129, 207, 213, 226 Chirac, Jacques, 32, 105, 191, 235 immigration as a case study topic for, 2 Chombeau, Christiane, 118 Comparing Media Systems (Hallin and Chomsky, Aviva, 4 Mancini), 16 Chomsky, Noam, 22 “four dimensions” of media systems, 17 Christian Science Monitor, 11, 40–41, 45, 53, media system models, 17, 30, 199 132, 133, 151, 152, 157, 160, 169, 223, comparisons, U.S.-French. See journalistic field, 224 See immigration news coverage, See audience of, 152, 198 form(s) of news, See immigration funding of, 41, 170, 196, 223 conceptual frames, 97, 106 immigration coverage, 41, 142, 150, 151, lack of media attention to, 85, 99, 128, 196 152, 154, 163, 164, 168–169, 170, 198, in news vs. opinion genres, 97 227 Connor, Roger, 83 see also Ingwerson, Marshall content analysis, 5, 16, 69, 72, 79, 204

Index 269

and sampling method, 6, 10–12, 134, 175, targets of, 158, 190 187, 229–232 truth criticisms, 158, 159, 160 and core media sample, 10–11 CSA (Conseil supérieur de l’audiovisuel), 35 and previous studies of civil society coverage, cultural imperialism, 127 201 culture, national, and previous studies of U.S. immigration as repertoires, 6, 33 reporting, 4, 83, 201 Curran, James, 24, 204 and previous U.S.-French comparisons, 202–203 d’Estaing, Giscard, 110 and speaker categories, 8–10 Daily News, 11, 77, 132, 147, 150, 223 contextual constructionism, 233 immigration coverage, 133, 142, 150, 151, Cook, Timothy, 24, 126 152, 164 core media sample. See content analysis Darras, Eric, 119, 202 Corpeno, Xiomara, 186 Dassault, Serge, 46 Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), 35, 41 Davidson, Roei, 202 Cortis, Luis, 186 de Gaulle, Charles, 31 Cottle, Simon, 26 de Girardin, Émile, 28 Cresson, Edith, 165 de Rochegonde, Amaury, 109 critical journalism, 16, 18, 35, 128, 156–157, de Rothschild, Edouard, 45 190–191, 197, 200, 202, 204, 205, 206, debate ensemble, 50, 56, 58, 105, 108, 153–154, 211 170, 197, 201, 209, 211 and advertising, 162, 163, 164 and analysis, 59, 170 and commercialism, 20, 156, 157, 193 and sensationalism, 58–59, 206 and critical density, 160, 190 and événement format, 51, 57, 58, 59, 100, forms of, 158, 170 106, 107, 108, 123, 153, 209 measurement of, 158 as dominant French form of news, 16, 26, 66 and publicly subsidized media, 196, 203 in U.S. news, 67, 176, 193, 197, 199 and relation to audience demographics, 198, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 28 207 Decujis, Jean-Michel, 109 signaling function of, 158 del Olmo, Frank, 73, 76–77 critical statements, 18, 157, 158–164, 170, 187, Delli Carpini, Michael X., 200 190, 232 Delorme, Christian, 113 about business, 157, 158, 164, 168, 169, 171 democratic models, 205, 206 about civil society organizations, 158, 169 deliberative, 205–206 about dominant left political parties, 158, elitist, 205, 206 161–162, 163, 167, 171 pluralist, 205, 206 about dominant right political parties, 158, Democratic Party, 10, 70, 74, 75, 84, 138, 158, 161, 162, 163, 166, 167, 171, 190 166 about foreign or international organizations, Deuze, Mark, 88 158, 190 Dewey, John, 209, 210 about government, 157, 158, 161–163, 166, DiMaggio, Paul J., 12, 144 167, 169, 190 Dimitrova, Daniela V., 203 about minor political parties, 158, 166, 190 Dobbs, Lou, 11 about the party in power, 161–163, 164, 166, Dowd, Timothy J., 144 167, 171 Downie, Leonard, Jr., 22, 47 administrative criticisms, 158, 159, 160, 165, Dunaway, Johanna, 4, 5, 7 167, 171, 190 Dupin, Eric, 111, 117, 118 character criticisms, 158, 159, 160, 167, 168 Duval, Julien, 27 and deﬁnitions of types and targets, 158–159 ideology criticisms, 158, 159, 160, 171, 190 Eddy, Mary Baker, 41 policy criticisms, 158, 159, 160, 166, 171 Egré, Pascale, 40 strategy criticisms, 158, 159, 166 Ekström, Mats, 203

270 Index

Entman, Robert M., 4, 11, 36, 144 and autonomy vs. heteronomy, 24, 128, 200 Environmental Fund, 74 and heteronomous poles, 13, 24 Epstein, Edward Jay, 23 and position-logic-structure model, 13–14, ESJ-Lille (Graduate School of Journalism), 61 17, 19, 25, 129–130, 133, 151, 195 Espenshade, Thomas J., 80, 238 and three-dimensional fi eld relations, 25, 37 Esperanza USA, 186 Finnemann, N.O., 205 Esser, Frank, 23, 202, 203 First Amendment, U.S., 13, 16, 28, 34, 132 Ettema, James S., 89, 158 Fishman, Mark, 23 European Union, 42, 106, 113, 190, 238 Fix, Michael, 237 événement. See debate ensemble Fligstein, Neil, 12 Eveno, Patrick, 22, 40, 46, 47, 156 Ford Foundation, 38, 74 Ewing, Walter, 235 form(s) of news, 197, 206 definition of, 48 FAIR (Federation for American Immigration episodic vs. thematic, 59, 89, 108 Reform), 72, 74, 79, 82–83, 84, 168, and explanatory journalism, 28, 168, 170, 193 179, 186, 241 as field logics, 15, 20, 26, 48, 196 Faire face pour l’Occident (Stand Up for the and information-centered journalism, 28, 32, West), 106 211 Fairness Doctrine, 41 previous studies of, 26 FASTI (Federation of Associations in Solidarity and relation to types of democracy, 48, 200 with Immigrant Workers), 110, 140 and sensationalism, 58, 188, 206 Favell, Adrian, 114 on television, 174–176, 189 Favereau, Éric, 104 U.S.-French comparisons of, 16, 19–20, 29, FCC (Federal Communications Commission), 48, 56–58, 178, 189, 197 32, 35, 41 Foucault, Michel, 109 Feldblum, Miriam, 104 Four Theories of the Press, 22 Feldman, Paul, 70 Fowler, Mark, 41 Fenton, Natalie, 14 Fox Cable News, 46 Ferenczi, Thomas, 28, 30 audience of, 11 Fernández de Castro, Rafael, 186 frames Ferree, Myra Marx, 5, 18, 131, 135, and audiences, 5, 7, 131 141, 205 and civic empowerment, 5 Ferriss, Susan, 94 cultural availability of, 6, 125 Fetzer, Joel S., 6, 80, 119, 234, 239 definition of, 4–5 field of power, 13, 14, 25, 36, 46, 49, 171, 208 historical contingency of, 125 and civic pole, 13, 14, 24, 25, 49, 170, 173, manifest vs. latent, 5 195 measuring generalizable properties of, 204 and market pole, 13, 14, 24, 25, 31, 169, 173, and methodology. See content analysis 195 patterns in, 4, 195 structural variation within, 142 see also immigration frames field(s) France 2 [television], 10, 100, 121, 172, 174, autonomy of, 13, 24 175, 190, 192, 202, 208, 224, 225 continuity vs. change within, 129 audience of, 43, 64, 65, 173, 174, 192, 198 of cultural production, 13, 23, 200, 203 funding of, 42, 43, 173, 192 definition of, 12, 14 immigration coverage, 119, 122, 175, 176, logic of, 10, 13, 24, 25, 27, 129, 142, 196 179, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191, 193, nonmarket/civic, 25, 37 198 position of, 12–13, 25, 36, 127, 128, 129 and press reviews [revues de presse] on news and rules of the game, 12, 25, 27, 48, 213 programs, 39 structure of, 13, 25, 129 France Terre d’Asile (France Land of Asylum), see also journalistic field 241 field theory, 199, 204–205 Frank, Thomas, 16

Index 271

Frappat, Bruno, 40 Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 31 Free Press, 208 Gitlin, Todd, 5, 85, 195 Freedman, Des, 24 Glasser, Theodore L., 22, 76, 89, 132, 158, Freedom of Information Act (U.S.), 34, 35 205, 208 Freeman, Gary P., 120 Golding, Peter, 24 Freiberg, J.W., 40, 58, 64 Gonzalez, Dan, 50, 210–211 French Green Party. See Verts, Les Gonzalez, Juan, 77, 93 French journalistic field, 14, 66, 103, 113, 119, Graber, Doris, 10 122, 126, 192, 203, 208 Graham, Katherine, 45 and advertising, 42, 43–44, 157, 174 Graves, Lucas, 38 and audience demographics, 15, 61–62, 64–65 Greenhouse, Steven, 77 autonomy of, 28, 128, 171, 192 Greenwald, Marilyn, 35 and commercialism, 1, 15, 22, 24, 30, 31, 32, Griswold, Daniel, 186 36, 103, 119–120, 126, 129, 152, 196, Grueskin, Bill, 38, 47 199, 208 Guiraudon, Virginie, 114 geographical centralization of, 65 and habitus of journalists, 61, 104, 114, 118, Habermas, Jürgen, 18, 21, 131, 133 122 and the public sphere, 18, 142, 205 and journalism schools, 29, 61, 104 and rational-critical debate, 158 logic of, 15, 32, 33, 36, 37, 42, 58, 66, 103, habitus, 25 197 affinities as structural relations, 127 and media ownership, 45–46 definition of, 27 and newspaper kiosk distribution network, fit between journalists and immigration rights 39, 66 advocates, 88, 104, 198 politicization of, 30, 31, 39, 42 gap between journalists and restrictionists, position of, 27, 36, 197 70, 81–83, 91, 118–119, 122, 126, 198 and prestige of noncommercial press, 31, 128 and relation between journalists and and public service requirements for immigrants, 92 broadcasters, 32, 35, 42, 173 and relation to journalistic coverage, 25, 27, realignment of, 148 126–127, 211–212 and right of reply, 35 see also French journalistic field, and habitus state involvement in, 15, 24, 30, 31–32, of journalists 34–35, 46, 127, 173 see also U.S. journalistic field, and habitus of and subsidies for newspapers, 15, 38–39, 43 journalists and television, 31–32, 39, 42 Halimi, Serge, 156 upper-middle class domination of, 119 Hall, Stuart, 15, 35 Friedberg, Rachel M., 238 Hallin, Daniel C., 5, 16, 17, 26, 30, 32, 33, 36, Front national. See National Front 47, 49, 58, 59, 60, 62, 80, 85, 111, 132, 174, 193, 197, 199, 200, 202 Gamson, William A., 5, 10, 22, 128, 132, 205, Hamilton, James T., 194 233 Hanitzsch, Thomas, 34, 36, 131 Gannett, 45, 46, 50 Hanson, Gordon, 238 Gans, Herbert J., 3, 7, 22, 23, 61, 128, 131, 170, Hargreaves, Alec G., 103, 110, 114, 120, 235, 207 236, 237, 239, 240 Garnham, Nicholas, 13 Harris, Benjamin, 27 Gastaut, Yvan, 6, 120, 229, 240 Harvey, David, 70, 241 Gatien, Emannuelle, 29 Heider, Don, 26 Gazette, 27 Herbst, Susan, 126 Genet, Jean, 109 Herman, Edward S., 22 Gerstlé, Jacques, 202 Hersant, Robert, 120 Giesbert, Franz-Olivier, 116 Hesmondhalgh, David, 22, 199 Gilchrist, Jim, 84 heteronomy, 128, 200

272 Index

heteronomy (cont.) definition of, 6–7 multiple forms of, 200 dominant French, 19, 100, 103, 124, 125, Hilgartner, Stephen, 87 182, 196 Hindman, Matthew, 144, 205 dominant U.S., 19, 87, 88, 124, 125, 182, 196 Hirota, Janice M., 89 economic frames, 98, 108, 124 Hirschman, Charles, 235 fiscal frame, 7, 19, 68, 84, 85, 99, 124, 128, Hoffman, L.H., 205 129, 148, 234 Hollifield, James F., 110, 238 frame diversity across media outlets, Homeland Security, Department of. See INS 144–147, 152, 153 homology, 104, 196, 200 frame diversity within news packages, Hoover, Herbert, 30 142–147, 149, 152, 153 Horkheimer, Max, 21 global economy frame, 6, 7, 18, 68, 70, Horowitz, Donald, 109, 120, 237 85, 93–96, 97–98, 99, 100, 106, Hoynes, William, 32, 42, 193 107, 108, 109, 122, 124, 128, 150, Hubé, Nicolas, 10, 39, 51, 57, 107 206, 234 Huffington, Michael, 167 and emergence in France, 105 Human Rights League (LDH), 139, as important French frame, 19, 103, 122 140, 241 and lesser prominence in U.S. immigration coverage, 19, 93, 95, 198 illegal immigration. See immigration, good worker frame, 6, 7, 19, 71, 99, 111, undocumented 124, 125, 127, 128, 144, 150, 192, immigration, 96–97, 212, 233–241 196, 234 causes of, 70–71, 94, 97, 168 hero frames, 6, 78, 79, 87, 115, and cultural diversity, 4, 5, 110–111, 235 124, 127, 142, 144, 149, 151, and cultural integration, 237 196, 201 economic costs and benefits of, 3, 72, 77, 93, humanitarian frame, 6, 7, 68, 70, 85, 86, 116, 186, 191, 206, 237–239 87–92, 102, 104, 105, 124, 125, 126, and generational dynamics, 236 127, 129, 147, 150, 184, 185, 192, 199, and government policy, 210 201, 206, 234 and histories of immigrant rights activism, as a dominant French frame, 19, 100, 103, 104 125, 182 and human rights violations, 89, 103, 239, as a dominant U.S. frame, 19, 87, 88, 125, 240 182, 196 levels of, 3, 70, 102, 234–235 immigration advocacy groups as and national cohesion, 116, 120–122 proponents of, 87–88 and neo-liberal reforms, 93, 240–241 and prominence on French television, 101, and partisan struggles for power, 3 182 and racism against immigrants, 5, 12, integration frame, 6, 100, 101, 102, 121, 122, 109–110, 114, 122, 138, 167, 207, 124, 127, 128, 144, 234 239–240 jobs frame, 6, 7, 19, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, undocumented, 7, 70, 71, 73–74, 75, 85, 98, 99, 124, 128, 234, 237 76, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86–87, marginalization of, 72, 198 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 138, 140, 151, 165, national cohesion frame, 7, 19, 84, 85, 99, 166, 167, 169, 171, 178, 179, 182, 100, 101, 102, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 186, 191, 210, 230, 234, 235, 128, 129, 148, 196, 234 238, 239 French political parties as proponents of, U.S.-French comparisons of, 2–3, 234–235 120, 121, 122 and welfare abuse, 4, 5, 128 lack of U.S. media attention to, 84 immigration frames, 5, 6, 18, 232 positive vs. negative, 7, 79, 115, 121 cultural diversity frame, 6, 100, 102, public order frame, 6, 7, 68, 85, 87, 99, 102, 111, 113, 114, 127, 144, 148, 103, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 234, 235 129, 184, 199, 201, 206, 234

Index 273

and commercialization, 119 multiperspectival news, 145, 153–155, as a dominant French frame, 19, 100, 125, 184–185, 197 182, 196 news frames, 124, 125, 127–128, 145, as a dominant U.S. frame, 19, 125, 182, 182–184 196 news sources, 133–135, 145, and drama inherent in, 85–86 150, 176 law enforcement as proponents of, 184 pluralism, 142, 147–148, 152, 197 racism/xenophobia frame, 6, 68, 70, 71, 77, populist news coverage, 126, 133, 78, 85, 99, 100, 109, 113, 114, 124, 148, 178, 197 150, 234 portrayals of restrictionists, 117, 124 threat frames, 6–7, 68, 70, 78, 79, 84, 85, 87, quote length, 134, 185–186 99, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 124, 126, television images, 187–188, 193 127, 128, 142, 144, 147, 149, 150, 151, use of narrative, 105, 175 184, 192 immigration politics victim frames, 6, 7, 78, 79, 87, 115, 116, 127, class distinctions within, 83 142, 149, 151 nativism in, 4, 7, 83 immigration journalists and partisan struggles for power, 125 class background of, 3, 75 pro-, 1, 3, 7, 70, 72, 87–88, 103–104, educational background of, 82, 104, 118 138–141, 151, 168, 178, 198, 208, 211, ethnicity of, 3, 77, 114 212, 241 gender of, 3 reconfiguration of left and right in, 74, international experience of, 96, 97 103, 128 and speaking on camera, 175, 188 restrictionist, 3, 7, 70, 72, 73–74, 79–82, specialization of, 3 82–84, 85, 87, 102, 111, 114, 117, 118, immigration news coverage, 71 121, 124, 129, 134, 149, 151, 166, 167, of business, 71, 150, 157, 164, 170, 171, 201, 168, 169, 178, 187, 198, 201, 208, 211, 203 212, 239, 241 civil rights mindset of, 4, 75–77, 78 “strange bedfellows” character of, 7, criticisms of, 4, 95 71, 168 and criticism of government, 19, 156, 157, ImmigrationWorks, 88 161–164, 166, 171 indexing, political (of news coverage), 35, 70, diversity orientation of, 70, 75, 76, 109 84–85, 102, 103, 132, 173 effects of commercialism on, 20, Ingwerson, Marshall, 41 194, 200 INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service), and event-driven news, 56, 178, 73, 76, 165, 167 189, 209 Institut d’Etudes Politiques (Paris Institute for and generation by field, 10, 84, 85, Political Studies), 61, 104, 118 87, 88, 100, 115, 116, 153, 178, 184, interview (news genre), 57, 150, 168, 186–187, 204 188, 192, 193, 211 in regional newspapers and magazines, 11–12 investigative journalism, 13, 16, 19, 20, 32, 35, U.S.-French comparisons of, 50, 121, 157, 159, 164–170, 190–191, balance, 142–144, 147, 151 196, 206 change in immigration coverage over time, and commercialism, 169, 193 129 IRCA (Immigration Reform and Control critical explanatory journalism, 168 Act), 71 criticisms of government, 157, 159–164, Iyengar, Shanto, 5, 59, 204 193 investigative journalism, 164, 165, 166, Jackall, Robert, 89 169, 170–171, 191, 193, 196 Jacobs, Ronald, 16, 186, 236 lack of convergence, 129 Jarvis, Jeff, 22 media reliance on official sources, 122, 133, Jaurès, Jean, 39 150, 176, 196 Joffrin, Laurent, 100, 104, 114, 118

274 Index

John, Richard R., 37 Kaciaf, Nicolas, 57, 107 Jones, Clay, 151 Kammer, Jerry, 82, 83 journalism Kaplan, Richard L., 28 German, 26, 202 Katz, Elihu, 60 Italian, 26 Kaye, Jeffrey, 172, 187 Latin American, 17 Keller, Bill, 51, 199 normative democratic dimensions of, 2, 4, 12, Keogan, Kevin, 148 18–19, 20, 24, 130, 135, 141, 195, 199, Kim, Sei-hill, 4 200, 201, 203–204, 205–207, 209, 211, Kirtley, Jane E., 34 213, 226 Kitsuse, John I., 233 Norwegian, 203 Klinenberg, Eric, 23, 44, 75, 88 Swedish, 203 Knight Foundation, 38, 42 journalistic excellence, 1, 13, 28, 29, 33, 131, Krause, Monika, 29 158, 175, 196, 199, 200, 209, 211 Krauss, Ellis S., 187 deliberative journalism, 13, 205–206, 207 Krikorian, Mark, 82 differing U.S.-French conceptions of, 103, 106 Krugman, Paul, 72, 98 investigative journalism, 13, 32, 33, 37, 50, Kuhn, Raymond, 30, 31, 35, 42, 158, 159, 206 43, 235 market evaluations of, 46 Kurtz, Howard, 47 mobilizing journalism, 13, 139–140, Kwong, Peter, 93 206, 208 and models of democracy, 205–206 L’Humanité, 11, 31, 39, 40, 57, 107, 132, 152, and relation to funding models, 200–201, 157, 160, 162 203–204, 207–208 and advertising, 44, 224 journalistic field, 1–2, 17, 18, 20, 25–27, 47, 70, founding of, 39 74, 88, 149, 153, 178, 195, 198, 200, and government subsidies, 39, 152, 156 204, 225, 265 immigration coverage, 147, 150, 152, 154, autonomy of, 12, 13, 23, 132, 171, 195, 157, 163, 164, 170 197, 200 ownership of, 45 competition within, 14, 27, 125, 198 La Croix, 11, 39, 40, 49, 57, 107, 132, 152, double dependency of, 126 157, 162 formation of, 27, 29, 192 and advertising, 44, 224 logics of, 17, 25–26, 33–34, 36, 37, 39, 48, and government subsidies, 39, 152, 156 152, 153, 195, 196, 199, 201 immigration coverage, 150, 152, 163 neo-liberal reconfiguration of, 73 ownership of, 45 position of, 13, 25, 37, 47, 127, La Dépêche du Midi, 57, 171 195, 196 La Raza, National Council of, 72, 74, 83, and position-logic-structure model. See field 88, 241 theory labor reporting, 70, 75–76, 99, 198 and refraction of external forces, 23, 89, 99, labor unions, 7, 9, 40, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 103, 196, 208 95, 125, 135, 138, 139, 140, 170, and relation to field of power, 13, 14, 25, 191, 212 36, 171 Laborers International Union of North America, and relation to heteronomous fields, 186 14, 24 Lamm, Richard, 74 and relation to state, 34, 153, 196, 198, Lamont, Michèle, 6, 33 203–204 Latino threat narrative, 4, 5 space of autonomy inside, 13 Latour, Bruno, 226 structure of, 26–27, 152, 195, 198 Lawrence, Regina, 36, 59 Juhem, Philippe, 45, 58, 103, 108, 110, 111, LCR (Communist Revolutionary League), 103, 113, 117, 171 139, 140 July, Serge, 100, 154 Le Bohec, Jacques, 118, 119

Index 275

le droit à la différence (right to be different), 111, 112, 114, 117, 118, 132, 134, 147, 100, 110 149, 154, 163, 164, 171, 198, 199, 225 Le Figaro, 3, 10, 51, 57, 100, 109, 114, 116, and advertising, 43, 44, 224 117, 118, 129, 132, 134, 157, 162, 163, audience of, 62 164, 199, 202 and événement format, 50, 100, 107 and advertising, 43, 44, 133, 162, 224 founding of, 40 immigration coverage, 111, 119, 121–122, and government subsidies, 39 139, 140, 141, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, immigration coverage, 105, 108, 111, 112–113, 152, 163, 164, 165, 166, 170 114, 119, 121, 122, 139, 142, 145, 148, ownership of, 46, 120 150, 152, 153, 163, 164, 166, 198 Le Figaro Magazine, 129 inﬂuence on television news, 174 Le Journal des débats politiques et littéraìres ownership of, 45 (Newspaper of Political and Literary and position on immigration, 100, 117, 229 Debates), 28 see also Bresson, Gilles Le Monde, 3, 10, 16, 23, 31, 34, 35, 40, 45, 47, see also Joffrin, Laurent 48, 49, 51, 57, 58, 59, 100, 102, 104, see also July, Serge 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 116, see also Simonnot, Dominique 117, 118, 124, 132, 134, 149, 163, 164, LICRA (International League against Racism 171, 199, 200, 202, 225 and anti-Semitism), 140 and advertising, 43, 44, 224 Lippmann, Walter, 205, 209 audience of, 64 Lochard, Guy, 175 immigration coverage, 111, 112–113, 114, Los Angeles Times, 3, 10, 57, 66, 69, 70, 73, 76, 116, 119, 121, 122, 139, 140–141, 145, 77, 78, 81, 82, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 147, 148, 150, 132, 134, 149, 164, 199, 211, 225 163, 166 audience of, 64, 152, 198 ownership of, 45, 47, 228, 229 critiques of immigration coverage of, 4, 95 see also Bernard, Philippe editorial staff of, 44 see also Vincent, Elise immigration coverage, 71, 80, 81, 86, 90, Le Monde Diplomatique, 49 139, 140, 145, 147, 148, 152, 163, Le Parisien, 40, 57, 132, 197, 224 166–167, 170 and advertising, 44, 224 labor reporting, 76–77 immigration coverage, 133, 142, 144, 150, ownership of, 4, 170, 227 152, 154 see also Cleeland, Nancy ownership of, 45 see also del Olmo, Frank Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 102, 105, 113, 114, 116, see also McDonnell, Patrick 117, 118–119, 166 Lovato, Roberto, 68, 78, 94 Le Pen, Marine, 116, 119 Lunby, Knut, 21 League of United Latin-American Citizens Lund, Anker Brink, 204 (LULAC), 74 Lutte Ouvrière (Workers’ Struggle), 103 Lemert, James, 139 Lemieux, Cyril, 34, 56, 57, 131, 152, M’Sili, Marine, 59 184, 198 M6, 42, 46, 65 Leonard, Thomas C., 28 MALDEF (Mexican American Legal Defense Les Echos, 11, 57, 132, 157, 163 and Educational Fund), 72, 74, 139 and advertising, 44, 162, 223 Mancini, Paolo, 16, 17, 26, 30, 33, 49, 60, 62, immigration coverage, 142, 144, 150, 163 132, 174, 193, 197, 199, 200 ownership of, 46 Mano, Jean-Luc, 192 Levy, David, 35, 47 Marchetti, Dominique, 34, 46, 61, 70, 118, 158, liberal press theory, 20, 22, 34, 133, 152, 198 156–157, 161, 162, 169, 173, 199 Marks, Alexandra, 40, 41 Libération, 3, 10, 11, 31, 45, 51, 57, 59, 100, Martin, John Levi, 12 102, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, Martin, Philip, 238

276 Index

Massey, Douglas S., 93 narrative, 19, 20, 37, 48, 49, 50, 78, 92, 96, 122, Mauroy, Pierre, 120 160, 168, 170, 178, 191, 197, 209, 210, May, Dick, 29 211 Mazzolini, Gianpietro, 21 definition of, 16, 49 McCarthy, Eugene, 74 as dominant U.S. form of news, 16, 26, 33, McChesney, Robert W., 24, 30, 43 49–50, 66, 174, 197, 209 McCombs, Maxwell, 5 in French immigration coverage, 67, 105, McDonnell, Patrick, 68, 81, 82, 92, 95, 96 175, 191, 197 McGowan, William, 4 and marginalization of conceptual frames, 85, media frames. See immigration frames, See 99, 106 frames and multiperspectival news, 154, 193, 197 media ownership. See ownership of media and relation to commercialization, 49, 169, medium 197, 199 no inherent logic of, 21, 174, 194 and relation to news frames, 70, 88–92, 99, significance for news coverage, 194 105 and television’sinfluence on newspapers, 200 and relation to structural analysis in news, 49, medium theory, 174, 194 59, 89, 90–92, 95–96, 209 Megret, Bruno, 117 National Coordinating Committee for Citizen Mehlman, Ira, 186 and Civic Participation, 139 Merino, Yanira, 186 National Front, 39, 59, 100, 102, 106, 110, 111, Miami Herald, 12, 34 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 133, Miami Herald v. Tornillo, 34 138, 152, 184, 213, 241 Minuteman Project, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84 media portrayals of, 116–119, 166, 190 Mitchelstein, Eugenia, 205 and supporter demographics, 119 Mitterrand, François, 31, 109, 110, 111, 113, and threat frames, 39, 116 117, 120, 138 see also Le Pen, Jean-Marie Molotch, Harvey, 60 see also Le Pen, Marine MRAP (Movement Against Racism and for see also Présent Friendship Between Peoples), 104, 110, National Journal, 49 140 Nazario, Sonia, 82, 90 MSNBC, 11 NBC, 10, 31, 69, 172 Muhlmann, Géraldine, 29 audience of, 11, 64 multiperspectival news, 16, 18, 19, 22, 39, immigration coverage, 86, 179, 184, 188, 190 48, 131, 133, 145, 151–155, 173, 184, Nelson, Gaylord, 74 185, 193, 197, 200, 208, 210, 211 Nerone, John, 16, 26, 48, 149 and field structure, 132–133 Neveu, Erik, 15 and habitus of journalists, 212 New York Immigration Coalition, 88 measurement of, 131–132, 142 New York Post, 11, 46, 58, 132, 147, 159, 165 and multigenre news, 26, 50, 153, 154, 187, immigration coverage, 150, 151, 152, 163, 197, 210 164, 167 and relation to audience demographics, 198, ownership of, 45 207 New York Times, 3, 10, 16, 32, 34, 35, 48, 50, and the société (social problems) desk, 107 51, 66, 69, 72, 76, 77, 82, 85, 88, 89, 96, Murdoch, Rupert, 45, 46 97, 98, 124, 127, 132, 134, 149, 164, Murdock, Graham, 24 176, 199, 200, 202, 209, 211, 225 Murschetz, Paul, 156 audience of, 62, 64, 152 Myers, Daniel J., 22 editorial staff of, 44 funding of, 196 NAACP-LDF (National Association for the immigration coverage, 80, 90–92, 97, 139, Advancement of Colored People Legal 141, 142, 145, 147, 148, 152, 163, 164, Defense and Educational Fund), 74 165, 167, 168, 170, 201 Napoleon Bonaparte, 28 labor reporting, 75

Index 277

ownership of, 10, 45, 227, 228 immigration coverage, 175, 176, 178, see also Bernstein, Nina 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 193 see also Ojito, Mirta NewsHour, 41, 172, 174, 185, see also Preston, Julia 186, 187 New York Times v. Sullivan, 34 PCF (French Communist Party), 39, 40, 103, News Corporation, 45, 163 121, 139, 140, 150 news sources. See speakers Pedelty, Mark, 30, 36, 49 NewsHour. See PBS (Public Broadcasting Pentagon Papers, 32, 34 Service) Peterson, Richard, 152 Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis, 15, 39, 47 Pew Charitable Trusts, 38 Noah, Timothy, 93 Picard, Robert G., 156 Noiriel, Gérard, 237 Pickard, Victor, 24, 204 Nouvelles messageries de la presse Pioneer Fund, 168 parisienne, 39 Plenel, Edwy, 109 NPR (National Public Radio), 41, 42 pluralism, 152, 200, 201, 207 Numbers USA, 79, 241 and class homogenization of leading newspapers, 153 O’Shea, James, 47 external, 18, 132, 147–151, 152, 197, Ojito, Mirta, 89 204, 206 Oliver, Pamela E., 22 ideological, 14, 20, 142, 144, 149, 150, omnibus media, 28, 56, 64, 173, 188, 192, 197, 201 199 institutional, 142, 144 online news, 49, 211 internal, 132, 142–147, 152, 197, 202, and continuity from older media, 205 204, 206 and ﬁeld theory, 204–205 political economy perspective, 20, 23, 25, op-ed pages, 57, 77, 88, 134, 135 27, 132–133, 157, 164, 173, 199, 206 Open Society Institute, 42 political indexing. See indexing, political Opportunity Agenda, 72, 83 political parties. See entries for speciﬁc political Ordre Nouveau (New Order), 116 parties Ossman, Susan, 236 Pompidou, Georges, 31 Ouellette, Laurie, 193 Portes, Alejandro, 70 Ouest-France, 12 Porto, Mauro, 5, 131 Ourdan, Rémy, 51 Postman, Neil, 174 ownership of media, 11, 31, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, Poulet, Bernard, 57, 58 44–47, 48, 120, 157, 163, 169–170, Powell, Walter W., 12, 27 171, 211 power autonomous, 13 Paddock, William C., 74 cultural, 12–13, 33 Padioleau, Jean G., 16, 23, 44, 48, 51, 57 economic, 12–13, 49 Page, Benjamin, 132, 206 heteronomous, 12, 13 Palmer, Michael, 28 political, 13, 15, 36, 99, 120, 127 Palmeri, Hélène C., 173 Powers, Matthew, 204 Parrott, James, 169 Présent, 39, 118 Passel, Jeffrey, 234, 237 press subsidies, 15, 18, 22, 33, 36, 37, PBS (Public Broadcasting Service), 11, 32, 41, 38–39, 40, 42–43, 47, 132, 152, 156, 42, 49, 53, 64, 67, 125, 172, 174, 175, 157, 162, 193, 196, 203–204, 207 176, 179, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 194, Preston, Julia, 66, 82, 85, 90, 91, 96–97 196, 197, 198, 208, 225, 260 Prior, Markus, 198 and advertising, 175 Proposition 63: 74, 83 audience of, 43, 64, 174, 198 Proposition 187: 78, 80, 81, 82, 94, 138, 139, and debate ensemble format, 176, 193 140, 141, 149, 167, 242 funding of, 42, 43, 173, 208 Proposition 200: 80

278 Index

protests San Diego Union-Tribune, 3 news coverage of, 112–113, 138–141, 168, Sans Frontière, 111 169, 179, 187, 189, 208 Santa Ana, Otto, 4, 12 Public Broadcasting Act (U.S.), 41 Santhanam, Laura Houston, 43, 47, 205 public journalism, 208 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 35, 44, 106, 257 public opinion, 9 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 31, 109 journalist attempts to shape, 100 Sassen, Saskia, 6, 93, 241 polls, 9, 10, 68, 102, 126, 150, 176, 202 Saxbe, William, 73, 94 regarding immigration, 80, 83, 109, 210 Sayad, Abdelmalek, 239 public sphere, 17, 18, 90, 141, 193 Schain, Martin A., 103, 121, 234, 237, 239, 240 center/periphery model of, 142, 205 Scheer, Robert, 97 commercial colonization of, 42 Scheufele, Dietram A., 131 diversity of voices within, 10, 196, Schiller, Dan, 28 206, 211 Schneider, Mark A., 129 and rational-critical debate, 21, 158, 206 Schuck, Peter H., 92, 238 and relation to ﬁelds, 60 Schudson, Michael, 16, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and 32, 47, 49, 57, 128, 158, 205 Domestick, 28 Sciences Po. See Institut d’Etudes Politiques Pulitzer Prize, 26, 29, 46, 50, 78, 82, 90, 168, Seave, Ava, 38 170, 178 Sedel, Julie, 51, 119 sensationalism, 14, 21, 28, 58–59, 173, 188, Quandt, Thorsten, 205 199, 206, 209 Quatremer, Jean, 104 Serrin, William, 75 Sewell, William H., Jr., 233 Rainbow Warrior affair, 34 Shields, Mark, 176 Ramonet, Ignacio, 46 Shoemaker, Pamela J., 7, 23, 48 Ray, David, 179 Siebert, Fred S., 22 Reagan, Ronald, 46 Silverman, Maxim, 6, 120 Reese, Stephen D., 5, 23, 131, 198 Simon, David, 168 Renaudot, Theophraste, 27 Simonnot, Dominique, 104, 171 Republican Party, 10, 70, 73, 83, 84, 85, 92, Siracusa, Jacques, 102, 175, 176 158, 166, 167, 190 Skerry, Peter, 4, 78 Rieffel, Rémy, 61 Skogerbø, Eli, 204 Rimbert, Pierre, 45 Snow, David A., 5, 131, 236 Roberts, Gene, 75 Sobieraj, Sarah, 135, 201 Rohlinger, Deana A., 132 social location. See class, See habitus Rollat, Alain, 116, 118 Socialist Party (France), 31, 40, 45, 104, 110, Rosenstiel, Tom, 43, 47, 201, 205 112, 113, 120, 122, 125, 138, 141, 148, Rosenthal, Abe, 16 158, 165 Rouche, Jean-Jacques, 51, 57, 171 société (social problems) desk, 48, 59, 107, 108, Ruellan, Denis, 36, 61 113, 118, 123 Rufﬁn, François, 29 sociology of news, 21–23 Rumbaut, Ruben, 235 and commercial media logics, 21–22 Runciman, W.R., 13 limitations in the literature of, 21 Russell, Adrienne, 204, 236 and newsroom studies, 22–23, 76 Ryan, Charlotte, 22 structural approaches to, 21 Solé, Robert, 104, 113, 124 Saguy, Abigail C., 203, 237 Sontag, Deborah, 82 Saïtta, Eugénie, 51, 57, 58, 107 SOS-Racisme, 100, 104, 108, 110, 113, Salas, Angelica, 179 114, 140 Salazar, Ruben, 76 Sotomayor, Frank, 78, 82 Salovaara-Moring, Inka, 204 Soulages, Jean-Claude, 175

Index 279

sources. See speakers Times-Mirror Co, 45 Southern Christian Leadership Townsley, Eleanor, 186 Conference, 139 Tribune Company, 45, 95 Southern Poverty Law Center, 83, 240 Trumbull, Mark, 169 speakers, 8–10, 116, 117, 124, 125, 133–135, Tuchman, Gaye, 7, 23, 176, 187 150, 158, 171, 176, 178–179, Tunstall, Jeremy, 71, 203 184–185, 186, 188, 190, 198, 199, Turow, Joseph, 75 205, 232 dominant in immigration news, 68, 125, 196 U.S. English, 241 immigrants as, 176, 179 U.S. journalistic field, 14, 19, 89, 126, unaffiliated individuals as, 9, 68, 203, 208 101–101, 124, 126, 133, 135, 150, 176, and advertising, 38, 42, 43, 44, 132, 179, 185, 188, 193, 197, 198, 157, 174 201, 206 and audience demographics, 15, 61–62, Spector, Malcolm, 233 64–65, 198 Squires, James D., 46, 75 autonomy of, 32, 171 Stanger, Ted, 16 and commercialism, 1, 15, 28, 30–31, Starr, Paul, 149 32, 33, 36, 46, 49, 69, 75, 78, 99, 126, Stewart, Jill, 81 127, 129, 152, 192, 196, 199, 204, Stiglitz, Joseph E., 241 208, 211 Streeter, Thomas, 36 and habitus of journalists, 61, 70, 75, 78, Strömbäck, Jesper, 203 81–82, 83, 88, 91, 92 Suarez, Ray, 186 and journalism schools, 29 subsidies. See press subsidies logic of, 15, 33, 36, 37, 66, 77, 170, Suro, Roberto, 82, 201 199 Swain, Carol M., 238 and media ownership, 44–45, 47 symbolic capital, 11, 37, 49, 200 and news budget cuts, 37–38 newspaper sales, 62, 66 Taguieff, Pierre-André, 113 and non-profit foundations, 38 Tanton, John, 74 and press partisanship, 28, 29 Tasini, Jonathan, 75 and public service requirements for Taylor, Charles, 135 broadcasters, 31, 32, 35, 41 Teitelbaum, Michael S., 97, 168 state involvement in, 15, 24, 32, 34, 37, 42, Ternisien, Xavier, 104 43, 127 Terral, Julien, 175, 192, 235 UMP, 158 TF1, 10, 32, 40, 100, 121, 172, 173, Underwood, Doug, 46 174, 175, 190, 192, 200, 202, United Farm Workers (UFW), 71, 73 224 UNITY Journalists of Color, Inc., and advertising, 42, 174 76, 114 audience of, 64, 65, 173, 192 USA Today, 11, 132, 224 funding of, 173, 192 immigration coverage, 139, 140, 151 immigration coverage, 119, 122, 176, 178, ownership of, 45 179–182, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, Usher, Nikki, 40, 47 191, 193 Utard, Jean-Michel, 174, 175 ownership of, 46, 192 public origins of, 192 Verts, Les (Green Party), 103, 139, 140 Thévenot, Laurent, 6, 33, 56, 128, 171 Vincent, Elise, 35, 57, 59, 104, 114 Thibau, Jacques, 31 Voice of America, 41 Thogmartin, Clyde, 30, 35, 40, 44, 61 Voice of Citizens Together, 82, 84 Thomas, Elaine R., 114 Thomasen, B.H., 205 Wacquant, Loïc, 27, 234, 236 Tilly, Charles, 105 Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin, 50, 92, 178

280 Index

Waisbord, Silvio R., 17, 23, 158 Wessler, Hartmut, 154, 158 Waldman, Steven, 38, 42, 88 Western Growers Association, 71 Walker, David, 71 White, Hayden, 16 Wall Street Journal, 11, 77, 132 Wihtol de Wenden, Catherine, 104, immigration coverage, 144, 150 110, 120 ownership of, 45 Williams, Brian, 86 Washington Post, 3, 10, 23, 45, 48, 49, 66, 69, Williams, Bruce A., 200 76, 77, 82, 97, 132, 134, 149, 164, 199, Williams, Raymond, 174, 189 200, 205 Wolff, Michael, 46 audience of, 62, 64 Wolinsky, Leo, 66 editorial staff of, 44 Woodward, Bob, 22 immigration coverage, 90, 94, 144, 147, 148, 163, 167, 170 Yemma, John, 41 ownership of, 45 Washington Times, 40 Zemmour, Eric, 118 Weaver, David H., 29, 61 Zero Population Growth, 74 Weil, Patrick, 110, 112, 235, 240 Zolberg, Aristide, 7, 128 Weldon, Michele, 10, 44, 49, 201, 209 Zuckerman, Mortimer, 45