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Monitoring Endangered Species at Haleakala National Park Maui, Hawaii

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Monitoring Endangered Species at Haleakala National Park Maui, Hawaii vi>l -v1 \ ~,~V' cfV\ Honors Senior Thesis ********************************** PASS WITH DISTINCTION Monitoring Endangered Species At Haleakala National Park Maui, Hawaii Lasha-Lynn H. Salbosa Washington State University Honors Thesis Project Spring 2001 I. Site Description: Haleakala National Park 1 II. Map of Hawaiian Islands and Haleakala National Park 5 In. Endangered Species Management (ESM) Project Goals and Responsibilities 6 IV. Project of Focus: Locate Dark-rumped Petrel Burrows Using a Global Positioning System (GPS) and Production ofColony Field M~ 9 V. Final Map ofKilohana 'Ua'u Sub-colony 18 VI. "A Typical Day" - Selected Journal Entries 21 VII. Acknowledgements 27 .2 Located on the island ofMaui, Haleakala National Park covers 28, 655 acres of contrasting beauty. Haleakala began as part ofHawaii National Park on 1 August 1916. It was later renamed Haleakala National Park on 13 September 1960 and became a separate entity in 1961. The United Nations recognized Haleakala as an International Biosphere Reserve in 1980. Haleakala is now one oftwo national parks in the Hawaiian Islands. The park encompasses outstanding volcanic terrain and subtropical rainforests. The centerpiece ofthe national park is the volcanic mountain Haleakala. Its name meaning "house ofthe sun," rises to an altitude of 10,023 feet above sea level and some 30,000 feet from its base on the ocean floor. Haleakala is a shield volcano formed by successive eruptions oflava probably emerging from the sea about 1 million years ago. Although often referred to as a crater, it is actually a valley formed by thousands of years of erosion. Two gaps, or valleys on the side ofthe mountain created by erosive action, eventually connected forming a great crater. Renewed volcanic activity formed vents and partially filled the valley floor with cinder cones completing its crater appearance. It is estimated that the mountain last erupted in 1790 and has since been considered dormant. The crater is 7.5 miles long and 2.5 miles wide with a circumference ofabout 21 miles. There are 27 miles oftrails in the Haleakala wilderness affording prepared hikers a memorable experience. As with many mountains, Haleakala produces a rain shadow effect as the moisture-laden tradewinds blow in a westerly direction, the northeastern part ofthe crater receives about 150 inches ofrain per year while the opposite side may receive only 20. These stark weather patterns create a contrasting topography such that a day's trek will lead the avid hiker from arid cinder cones through shrub land and into a subtropical rainforest. The park also serves as a preserve for a variety of endangered plants and animals. Perhaps the most famous ofthe plants found at Haleakala National Park is the silversword, known to native Hawaiians as ahinahina. The silversword, a relative ofthe sunflower, is a large plant with a rosette measuring up to 2 feet across. It lives 15 to 50 years, blooms only once sending a stalk 5 to 6 feet high, and then dies. Found no where else in the world, the silversword was close to extinction during the early part ofthe century due to careless hikers and grazing from wild goats. Since then, conservation efforts have removed feral goats and education and awareness has increased the population to about 50,000 plants. Another noteworthy inhabitant ofthe park is the Nene, or Hawaiian Goose, recognized as the official state bird ofHawaii. Similar in appearance to the related Canada Goose, the Nene has evolved reduced webbing between the toes, enabling them to walk easily upon rugged lava rocks. Habitat modification, feral cats, rats, and particularly the predatory mongoose, have all contributed to the Nene's decline. In 1951 the population had dropped to an estimated 30 birds. A captive propagation and release program since then has helped to increase its numbers. However, the Nene remains endangered with an estimated wild population of 500 birds. Of particular interest is the endangered Hawaiian Dark-rumped petrel or 'Ua'u. About 85 percent ofthe Hawaiian petrel population nest in Haleakala National Park, with smaller numbers on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the island ofHawaii. Very little is known ofthis elusive seabird, especially their distribution at sea during the non-breeding .­ 4 season. Current conservation efforts are closely monitoring petrel populations on Haleakala. (See subsequent sections for further detail) The southeastern section of the park encloses Kipahulu Valley, one of the most intact rain forest ecosystems in Hawaii. Noted for its unique birdlife, Kipahulu is home to an endangered array oftropical birds. The I'iwi is perhaps the most beautiful with a bright scarlet body, black wings and tail, and inch-long curved bill. The bright green and yellow'Amakihi is known for the speed at which it flies through the canopy searching for nectar and insects. The isolation of these islands has allowed plants and animals to evolve into complex ecosystems found nowhere else in the world. Unfortunately, these ecosystems are highly susceptible to foreign influences particularly the invasion of nonindigenous species. Wildlife biologists and conservationists are working closely to preserve and protect the treasures of Haleakala National park. References Information regarding Haleakala National park has been drawn from personal experience, park officials, brochures, and a number ofother sources, including: Hawaii National Parks. Santa Barbara, CA: Albion Publishing Group, 1993. Ramsay, Cynthia R. and Johns, Chris. Hawaii's Hidden Treasures. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1993. MAUl Hawaiian Islands and Haleakala National Park "i ~.~ I HAW,.."" IS\.ANOS i-4---+­ • '~"~~' U ....lhti 1 .--:~ ;. I \.~'. ..... 1'1'·,"""" t_..... {'_·.11...,.." ~~\ :;~~· .. ;.ff~ I".WmtriDrl 8 I!!~".- II,. IJ"..- ·\'\tt-r"l' • __ ... __ -l ~."O!' &..."" ••••••• lD &-h.·'", C.bon •••••••• c c."""",..., ....•... f:! """"" ...... ······.. a ., CO,ow1 •••••••• H~j!"IQ frll ttlfKt(t~ A-tUJ••••••• L1 O;~-~ 7 The Resource Management (RM) division within Haleakala National Park is responsible for identifying threats and implementing procedures to preserve the parks' natural and cultural resources. There are five projects under RM directed to the preservation of specific resources. These projects are namely Vegetation, Maintenance, Feral Animal Control, Research, and Endangered Species Management (ESM). The ESM project began in 1988 and is currently led by Wildlife biologist Cathleen Hodges. There are six project statements formulated as long-term goals for 1 ESM : • Endangered 'Ua'u biology and population monitoring • Endangered Nene biology and population monitoring • Control predators to protect Nene and 'Ua'u • Study and monitor forest bird populations • Control predators to protect native forest birds • Control alien pests to protect ecosystem/people The responsibilities of an ESM staff member include monitoring five predator control traplines encompassing the front-country ofthe park and four traplines within the crater on a weekly basis. Observations ofNene and 'Ua'u populations are also recorded. All data is then verified and entered into an existing database regularly. Dozens of new species are introduced each year to the Hawaiian Islands, posing a great long-term threat to Park resources. Species targeted for predator control programs are feral cats (Felis catus), black rats (Rattus rattus), Norway rats (Rattus norwegicus), and the common mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus). Although eradication ofthese species would be beneficial, it is not practical. Reducing the densities ofan exotic pest 8 over a large area can decrease long-term costs ofcontro1. 2 It is for this reason that area- wide suppression ofnon-native predatory species is one ofthe priorities for ESM. However, similar to many national parks, Haleakala is susceptible to a lack of funds, personnel, and skills within the park, and difficulty in enforcing legislation and regulations, which can impede the overall effectiveness ofpark management.3 Increased education and cooperation with local communities is an effective strategy for all national parks. References I Hodges, Cathleen. Personal interview. 15 June 2000. 2 Myers, J. H., Simberloff, D., Kuris, A. M., and Carey, 1. R. Eradication revisited: dealing with exotic species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15(8) :316-321. 2000 3 Schonewald-Cox, c., Buechner, M., Sauvajot, R., and Wilcox, B. A. Environmental Auditing- Cross-Boundary Management Between National Parks and Surrounding Lands: A Review and Discussion. Environmental Management 16(2) :273-282. 1992. 10 INTRODUCTION Dark-romped petrels (Pterdroma phaeopygia) consist of two distinct populations generally regarded as separate subspecies, sandwichensis of the Hawaiian Islands and nominate phaeopygia of the Galapagos Islands (Simon and Hodges 5). Although the two forms are not readily distinguished, there exist slight differences in plumage and morphology between subspecies. The Hawaiian form tends to have a forehead entirely white, whereas the Galapagos form usually has a dark freckling in forehead. The Hawaiian form is heavier with shorter wings and tarsi, and shorter but wider bill. The Galapagos form is lighter with longer wings and tarsi, and longer but narrower bill (Simon and Hodges 5). These morphological differences may result from differences in flight and foraging behavior between subspecies. Dark-romped petrels belong to the order ofseabirds, the Procellariifonnes and are members of the family Procellariidae.
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