Annotated Checklist of Birds of Haleakala National Park, Maui

WESTERN BIRDS

Volume 15, Number 3, 1984

ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF BIRDS OF HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK, MAUl, HAWAII

SHEILA CONANT, Department of General Science, University of Hawaii, 2450 Campus Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 MAILE STEMMERMANN KJARGAARD, P.O. Box 476, Volcano, Hawaii 96785

HaleakalaNational Park (Figure1), especiallyits Crater District(Figure 2), is one of the naturalareas in Hawaii mostfrequently visited by backpackers, day hikersand motorists.The KipahuluDistrict (Figure 3) of the park, a for- mally designatedWilderness Area, is not open to publicaccess because it containssensitive ecosystems with rare plantsand animals.The park is Maui's largestnature reserve, and one of the largestsuch areas in the state.It con- tainsmany examplesof endangeredor rare plants,animals and ecosystems. The avifauna of the entire park, which consistsof these two districts,is the subjectof this paper. No recentstudies have focusedintensively on the distributionand abundance of birds in Haleakala National Park. Dunmire (1961) listed and describedthe bird speciespresent in Haleakalaand Hawaii Volcanoesnation- al parks, but gave little detailedinformation on distributionand abundance. The unpublishedreport (Warner1967) of an expeditionto KipahuluValley (now partly includedin the Kipahulu Districtof HaleakalaNational Park) describedthe rediscoveryof two endemicspecies of Hawaiian forestbirds, but no other avifaunalsurveys of Kipahulu took place until we began the work describedhere. Since our work was completed, the U.S. Fish and WildlifeService has also completed its surveys of forestbirds on the islandof Maul (Scottet al. ms.), but theircoverage of the park wasless comprehensive than ours, and they were unable to surveyareas repeatedly or at different seasonsof the year. In 1975 the Cooperative National Parks Resources StudiesUnit (CPSU) funded researchersat the Universityof Hawaii to con- duct inventoriesof the biotain Hawaii'stwo nationalparks. The resultsof the avifaunalsurveys of the Crater and Kipahuludistricts of HaleakalaNational Parkprovided the basisfor this checklist. WesternBirds 15: 97-110, 1984 97 BIRDS OF HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK

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HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

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IGO ø W 159 ø 158 ø 157 o 156 o 155 ø I

MAUl

Figure 1. Locationof the main HawaiianIslands, the islandof Maui, and Haleakala National Park.

98 BIRDS OF HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK

99 BIRDS OF HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK

METHODS The checklistis basedprimarily on field work conductedin HaleakalaNa- tional Park (Figure 1) from 1976 to 1980. During that period of time we spent184 daysin the field: 79 daysin the Crater Districtand 105 daysin the KipahuluDistrict. We have includedthe time spentby severalbiologists who assistedus in our surveys(see Acknowledgments). We also includedinfor- mationfrom the publishedliterature, as cited in the text. Nomenclaturefollows the AOU Checklist(AOU 1983), exceptas noted. Some Hawaiian namesfor speciesfollow Pyle (1983). The biogeographic status(i.e., endemic, indigenous,exotic) is given for each species,and was determined from the literature. In this paper an endemic species or subspeciesis one whose natural (i.e., deliberateor accidentalhuman influ- ence not involved)distribution is limitedto the HawaiianArchipelago or to a singleisland or group of islandsin the archipelago.An indigenousspecies is

/',,.,.HALEAKALA •, '""•TIONALPARK

Kaumakani

Figure 3. Kipahulu Districtof HaleakalaNational Park, with elevationcontours (in feet) and place names.

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one whose natural distribution includes Hawaii and elsewhere in the world. An exoticspecies is one that hasbeen deliberatelyor accidentallyintroduced to the HawaiianArchipelago by humanactions. Figures 2 and 3 showdetails of the two districts,including the place namesused throughout the text. We identifiedfive habitattypes in the Crater Districtby usingWhiteaker's (1983) vegetationmap for the area. Whiteakeridentified 53 plant commu- nitytypes, but we combinedthese into five habitattypes that wereadequate for describingbird distributions.Figure 4 showsthe distributionof the five vegetationtypes we will be usingin this paper. Becauseno similarmap of vegetationtypes for the KipahuluDistrict has been produced, our discussion of bird distributionin that districtis more general. For detailed discussionsof arian distributionand abundance,the reader is referredto two additionalreports. The firstof thesecontains detailed distribution and abundancemaps for the bird speciesfound in the Crater District (Conantand Stemmermann1979). The secondis a briefreport on the birds of the Kipahulu District, with maps of endangeredspecies' distributions (Conantand Stemmermann1980). Thesereports may be obtainedfrom the authors.

ANNOTATED CHECKLIST

FamilyProcellariidae -- Shearwatersand Petrels DARK-RUMPED PETREL Pterodromaphaeopy•?ia (Hawaiian Petrel, Uau) Endangeredspecies; Hawaiian subspecies,P. p. sandwichensis,endemic. Recent studiesby Simons(1983) indicatethat nestingburrows within the park are found on the westrim from Red Hill to above Holua Cabin, on the easternpart of the southrim, and near the summitof Hanakauhi. AlthoughSimons also found nestingcolonies out- sidethe park itself, most of the breedingpopulation of this endangeredbird is within the Crater District. Our observationsinclude sightingson the south rim above KapalaoaCabin, althougha one-nightsearch during the breedingseason revealed no burrows. We heard this bird at Puu Mamane about one hour after sunset in June 1976 and June 1977. G. Teves (pets. comm.) heard this speciesat Paliku2-3 hoursafter sunsetin June, July and August1977. Simonsestimated the total breedingpopulation of this specieson East Maui to be 575 pairs. FamilyPhaethontidae -- Tropicbirds WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD, Phaethonlepturus (Koa e kea) Indigenous. Breeds on Maui (Berger 1982:50), but no nests reported from Haleakala National Park. One to four birds observedfrequently in Kaupo Gap, especiallywest wall, duringthis study. Birds landed on cliffface of westKaupo'Gap on two different occasions(June 1976, January 1977). In July 1977 three birdswere observedat Palikuand one near Namana o ke Akua. Infrequentlyobserved near waterfallsin Kipahulu Valley (T. Lind pets. comm.). Family Fregatidae -- Frigatebirds GREAT FRIGATEBIRD, Fre•?ataminor (lwa) Indigenous.Individuals observed flying over lower partsof KipahuluValley or just offshoreof the mouth of the valley. 101 BIRDS OF HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK

/ I

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Family Anatidae -- Ducks and Geese HAWAIIAN GOOSE, Nesochen sandvicensis (Nene) Endemic;endangered. May be seenflying throughout the areasof open vegetation in the park (i.e., all but closedforest). Particularly common in easternhalf of Crater, especiallythe Paliku area. Frequentlyobserved in alpine grasslandson Kalapawili Ridgeand Kuiki. Total populationestimated at 80-100 birdsin the Crater District.

FamilyPhasianidae -- Quails, Pheasantsand Francolins GRAY FRANCOLIN, Francolinuspondicerianus Exotic.Rare in Crater Districtalthough probably expanding its range into the xeric shrublandsfrom the KaupoGap area. Observedin westKaupo Gap twiceduring this study:once at about 1520 m elevation(C.W. Smith pets. comm.), and later at 1770 m (J.I. Kjargaardpets. comm.). Frequentlyobserved on Kaupo Ranch (ranchhand pers. comm.). CHUKAR, Alectoris chukar Exotic.Frequently observed and widely distributedthroughout closed native shrub habitats,grasslands and savannah.Particularly abundant in the closednative shrub on the northwestborder of the Crater District(Kalapawili Ridge). RING-NECKED PHEASANT, Phasianus colchicus Exotic. Widely dispersedin all open vegetatedareas in the Park and at edgesof forestedregions.

Family Charadriidae-- Plovers LESSER GOLDEN-PLOVER, Pluvialisfulva. (Kolea) Regular migrant. Nomenclaturefollows Connors (1983). Widely distributedin shrublandsand grasslandsof the Park, includingalpine grasslandsand boggyareas. PresentAugust through April; some birdsmay oversummer.

Family Scolopacidae-- Sandpipers WANDERING TATTLER, Heteroscelusincanus (Ulili) Regularmigrant. Observedin streamsin KipahuluValley, usuallynear stream mouth, but once as high as 800 m.

Family Columbidae-- Doves and Pigeons ROCK DOVE, Columba livia (Pigeon) Exotic.Five birdsobserved roosting in a lava tube near Holua Cabin (F.G. Howarth pers. comm.). SPOTTED DOVE, Streptopeliachinensis (Chinese Dove, Lace-neckedDove) Exotic.Observed in lowlandsof KipahuluValley, especiallywet exoticforest. ZEBRA DOVE, Geopelia striata (Barred Dove) Exotic. Like the Spotted Dove, observedin lowlands of Kipahulu Valley. This speciesis more often observedin open fieldsand along roadsidesthan in the wet exotic forests.

Family Tytonidae -- Barn-Owls COMMON BARN-OWL, Tyto alba Exotic. Uncommonin shrublandsand grasslands(including alpine grasslandson KalapawiliRidge and Kuiki). Most frequentlyobserved near southeastend of Crater District and near Hosmer Grove.

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Family Strigidae-- Typical Owls SHORT-EARED OWL, Asio fiammeus (Pueo, Hawaiian Owl) Hawaiiansubspecies, A.f. sandwichensis,endemic. Uncommon in shrublandsand grasslands,at forestedges and in forests,especially in the easternpart of the Crater District,along Halemauu Trail and HosmerGrove. Also observedin alpinegrassland on KalapawiliRidge and Kuiki duringthis study.

Family Alaudidae -- Larks EURASIAN SKYLARK, Alauda arvensis Exotic. Found throughout grasslandsand open shrublands,including alpine regions,in the park. Lesscommon within Crater itselfthan on the northwestslope (KalapawiliRidge).

Family Muscicapidae-- Thrushes,Babblers, etc. MELODIOUS LAUGHING-THRUSH, Garrulax canorus (Hwa-mei, Chinese Thrush) Exotic. Uncommon;several birds observed on Kaupo Trail at about 1200 m during this study; reportedfrom Halemauu Trail head by Smith (1975). Common below 1000 m in KipahuluValley, rare in the upper portions. RED-BILLED LEIOTHRIX, Leiothrixlutea (Leiothrix,Pekin Hill Robin, Japanese Hill Robin) Exotic. Seasonallyabundant (i.e., presentin June 1.976and March 1977, absent January1977) in Palikuarea. Also observed in and adjacentto HosmerGrove in this study.Reported from HalemauuTrail head, HosmerGrove and eastof Puu Nianiau by Smith(1975). Probablypresent though not commonin mostwet forests. Relatively common throughoutKipahulu Valley.

Family Mimidae -- Mockingbirds NORTHERN MOCKINGBIRD, Mimus polyglottos Exotic. Occurs in dry forest, grasslandsand shrublands,including cliff faces, throughoutCrater District. Reported from HalemauuTrail head, HosmerGrove, Puu Nianiau by Smith (1975).

FamilySturnidae -- Mynasand Starlings COMMON MYNA, Acridotherestristis Exotic.A few birdspresent at occupiedbuildings in the Parkoutside the Crateritself (e.g., ParkHeadquarters), Hosmer Grove and HalemauuTrail head. Relatively common in cattlepastures and campgroundsof lowerKipahulu District.

Family Zosteropidae-- White-eyes JAPANESE WHITE-EYE, Zosteropsjaponicus (Mejiro) Exotic. Common (in sparselyvegetated areas) to abundant (in forestedareas) throughoutmost of the Park, absentfrom grasslandsand aeolianhabitats (e.g., cinder and rock at Puu o Pele). Probablythe mostabundant bird in the Park.

Family Emberizidae-- Cardinals,Blackbirds, etc. NORTHERN CARDINAL, Cardinalis cardinalis Exotic.Uncommon; observed in Kaupo Gap duringJuly 1977. Alsoreported from Hosmer Grove and Puu Nianiauby Smith (1975). Somewhatmore commonbelow about 1000 m in KipahuluDistrict.

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FamilyFringillidae -- Finches,Hawaiian Honeycreepers

SubfamilyFringillinae -- FringillineFinches HOUSE FINCH, Carpodacusrnexicanus (Linnet, Papayabird) Exotic.Common to abundantthroughout the Crater Districtexcept in wet forests. By far the mostabundant bird in shrublands,grasslands and dry forestsin the Crater. Occasionallyobserved in very largeflocks (500 or more birds).Uncommon in lower Kipahulu Valley.

SubfamilyDrepanidinae -- Hawaiian Honeycreepers MAUl PARROTBILL, Pseudonestorxanthophrys Endemic. Observedat Lake Waianapanapa,in KipahuluValley at about 1700 m, and on Kuiki at about 2040 m. Other recent sightingshave been made in the Koolau ForestReserve just outsidepark boundaries(Conant 1981, Carotherset al. 1983, Scott et al. ms.). COMMON AMAKIHI, Hernignathusvirens Endemic species;H.v. u•ilsoni(Maui Amakihi) endemic to Maui, Molokai and Lanai. Uncommon in shrublandson northwestslope (i.e., from Park Headquartersto Puu Nianiau, including Hosmer Grove). NUKUPUU, Hernignathuslucidus Endemic;H.I. a•lnis (Maul Nukupuu) endemicto Maul. Two sightingsin Kipahulu Valley: one (by Conant) at 1460 m in Augustof 1978, one (by M.S. Kjargaard)at 1470 m in March 1979. These and other sightingsreported by Conant (1981). AKEPA, Loxops coccineus Endemic; L.c. ochraceus(Maui Akepa) endemic to Maui. Recent sightingsoutside of HaleakalaNational Park were reportedby Scottand Sincock(1977). We saw one bird at about 1900 m in Kipahulu Valley in August 1979. MAUl CREEPER, Paroreornyzamontana (Alauwahio) Endemicto Maui Island. Uncommon but widespreadin wet forestsof the Park, in- cludingPaliku regionand Hosmer Grove. Somewhat more common above 1000 m to tree line in Kipahulu District. CRESTED HONEYCREEPER, Palrneria dolei (Akohekohe) Endemic to Maul and Molokai. Molokai population extirpated since late 1800s. Found in Kipahulu Districtand the Kuiki region of the Crater Districtfrom tree line to as low as 1100 m in KipahuluValley, but usuallyabove 1680 m in the winter months. APAPANE, Hirnatione sanguinea Endemic;H.s. sanguineaendemic to main HawaiianIslands. Present in shrublands and dry forests;abundant in wet forest.Probably the mostabundant native bird in the park. IlWl, Vestiaria coccinea Endemic. Uncommon in wet forests. Observed at Hosmer Grove, Paliku, Kuiki, Kaluanuiand KalapawiliRidge in the Crater District,and throughoutthe upper portions (above 1000 m) of Kipahulu Valley.

Family Estrildidae-- Waxbillsand Mannikins NUTMEG MANNIKIN, Lonchura punctulata(Spotted Munia, Ricebird) Exotic. Uncommon; observedin July 1977 at Paliku and in Kaupo Gap. Also reportedfrom Hosmer Grove and Puu Nianiau (Smith 1975). Common but not abundant in cattle pasturesin lower (below 500 m) part of Kipahulu Valley.

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WARBLING SILVERBILL, Lonchura malabarica Exotic. Observedin lower KipahuluValley in 1978 (Conant 1983). No observations made during this study.

STRUCTURE AND ECOLOGY OF THE AVIFAUNA

Native Birds During our surveys we found 11 (34%) endemic (includingendemic subspecies),4 (13%) indigenous,and 17 (53%) exotic birds in Haleakala NationalPark. In the Crater Districtthere were 7 endemic,2 indigenousand 13 exotic species, whereas the Kipahulu District had 9 endemic, 4 indigenousand 13 exoticspecies. Table 1 liststhe speciesand theirpresence or absencein the two districts.Kipahulu District, with its extensive,nearly un- disturbedrain forests,is clearly a more important area for the endangered and rare forest birds, whereas the Crater District is an important area for Dark-rumpedPetrel and Nene. Since the arrival of Europeans,three endemic Hawaiian birdsformerly found on Maul have apparentlybeen extirpated(Hawaii Audubon Society 1981). The Ou (Psittirostrapsittacea) is likely to have been found in HaleakalaNational Park. Dramaticchanges in vegetationwithin the Crater Districtcaused by feral pigs ($us scrofa)and especiallyferal goats(Capra hir- cus) have probably been responsiblefor eliminatingsuitable habitat for severalforest birdsfrom the Crater District(e.g., Akepa, Nukupuu, Maul Parrotbill and Crested Honeycreeper). Although these birds may still be

Table 1. Birds found in Haleakala National Park, Crater and Kipahulu districts, 1976-1980 (' = endangered, C = Crater District,K = Kipahulu District). EXOTIC (17; 53%) ENDEMIC' (11; 34%) INDIGENOUS (4; 13%) Chukar C, K * Dark-rumped Petrel C White-tailed Gray FrancolinC 'Nene C, K TropicbirdC, K Common Barn-Owl C, K Short-eared Owl C, K Great FrigatebirdK Rock Dove C ' Maui Parrotbill K Lesser Golden-Plover C, K Spotted Dove K Common Amakihi C, K Wandering Tattler K Barred Dove K ' Nukupuu K EurasianSkylark C, K 'Akepa K Melodious Laughing- Maui Creeper C, K thrush C, K ' CrestedHoneycreeper C,K Red-billed Leiothrix C, K Apapane C, K Northern MockingbirdC Iiwi, C, K JapaneseWhite-eye C, K Common Myna C, K House Finch C, K Northern Cardinal C, K Nutmeg Mannikin C, K WarblingSilverbill K TOTALS: 17 families,32 species,15 nativespecies •Includesendemic subspecies

106 BIRDS OF HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK found withinthe KipahuluDistrict, they cannotbe seenin the areaswhere in- terestedhikers are usuallypermitted to go. Nativepasserines in the Kipahulu Districtoccur from tree line (usuallyabout 2000 m) to as low as 500 m in KipahuluValley. The low elevationlimit is considerablybelow the 850 m lower limit notedby the KipahuluValley Expedition(Warner 1967). It may be that thisapparent range increase represents a seasonaldifference which was not apparent in 1967. Of the four common native passerinesin the Kipahulu District,two, the Apapaneand the Amakihi,are foundin virtuallyall forestedareas above ap- proximately500 m. The Iiwi and the HawaiianCreeper were not found below about 1000 m. The Crested Honeycreeper was somewhat more limited in its distribution (see discussionbelow), and the remaining native passerineswere very rare. Detaileddescriptions including maps of other sightingsof the rare specieswere reportedby Conant (1981). The CraterDistrict provides relatively little suitable habitat for nativeforest passerines.Wet forestnear HosmerGrove and the PalikuCabin area have the heaviestconcentrations of thesebirds. However, habitatfor nonpasserine nativespecies, especially the endangeredDark-rumped Petrel and Nene, is considerable in extent.

Seasonal Variation Seasonalvariation was observedin some species.Two speciesare absent duringtheir non-breedingmonths, the Dark-rumpedPetrel from November to February, and the LesserGolden-Plover from late April to early August, althoughsome first-yearplovers may oversummer.Chukar chicksare common during late spring and summer, whereasthe more secretiveRing- neckedPheasant and its offspringare lessobvious during breeding months, Januarythrough July. Only two introducedpasserines show much seasonal variation. House Finchesare more obvious in spring and summer because they travelin largeflocks (500 birds)during this time. Perhapsthis behavior is relatedto the fruitingtimes of grasses,important food sourcesfor thisspecies. The secondsuch species,Red-billed Leiothrix, is much more abundant in the Paliku area in late springand early summer, undoubtedlyin responseto fruiting of Akala (Rubus macraei) shrubs and exotic plum trees (Prunus cerasifera). Amongthe endemicforest birds, the CrestedHoneycreeper showed an in- terestingseasonal variation in its distributionpattern. The upper elevation limits of this bird occur at the upper tree line, about 2070 m. In spring months,Crested Honeycreepers are found down to about 1680 m. In the summer,however, they may be found at lowerelevations: sightings which occurredin Augustincluded several at 1430 m and one as low as 1100 m in KipahuluValley. At all timesof the year, thisspecies is decidedlymore common above 1680 m, and at timesseems to be particularlycommon in a band from the tree line to about 150 m lower elevation. While nearly half the speciesin the KipahuluDistrict are exotic, only two (the Japanese White-eye and the Red-billed Leiothrix) are common throughoutthe region.The remainingexotics are mostabundant either in the alpine grasslandsor below about 1000 m in KipahuluValley, especiallyin cattlepastures at the bottom of the valley. 107 BIRDS OF HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK

Impacts of Exotic Birds Long-establishedintroduced species form the the largestcontingent of the Crater Districtavifauna, in terms of both speciescomposition and abundance.Changes in the structureand plant species composition of the various communitiesin the CraterDistrict have undoubtedly facilitated the successful establishmentof many of the exotic birds. Granivorousbirds (Eurasian Skylark, Nutmeg Mannikin, Northern Cardinal, House Finch) and frugivorousor browsingbirds (Red-billedLeiothrix, Chukar, Ring-necked Pheasant) are successfulin dry forest or savannah communities.Some speciesappear to be usingresources not usedby nativeforms on Maui (e.g., seeds),whereas others may competewith nativespecies. A few of the exotic speciesare rare (e.g., Gray Francolin, Melodious Laughing-thrush,Common Barn-Owl) and, at present, may have minimal impact on nativeforms, unlessthey are importantas reservoirsof disease. However, severalspecies (e.g., Chukar, Ring-neckedPheasant, Common Barn-Owl, MelodiousLaughing-thrush, Northern Cardinal, Nutmeg Man- nikin) may continueto expand their ranges,changing the situation. Very little is known of the impact of the exotic bird specieson native ecosystems,particularly the avifauna. The possibilityof competitionexists amongat leastthree groupsof native and exoticbirds. Ground-nesting herb- ivores,the Chukar and the Ring-neckedPheasant, may exploitsome of the same resources as the Nene. The Common Barn-Owl and the Short-eared Owl undoubtedlyprey on some of the same mammal and bird speciesand may competefor food. Two commonpasserines, the JapaneseWhite-eye and the Red-billedLeiothrix, and possiblythe MelodiousLaughing-thrush, may impact native forest bird populationsvia competitionfor food or as disease reservoirs. Given continued impact of exotic biota, avifaunal structureand in- terspeciesrelationships will remain in a stateof flux. Reductionof exotic speciesis desirablefor the welfareof nativebirds, but impracticalfor many species.Native avifauna stands the bestchance of survivalif pristine,relatively intactnative ecological communities are restored.

ENDANGERED SPECIES MANAGEMENT Simons (1983) has provided an excellentdiscussion of the variousfactors that mustbe consideredin managingthe habitatof the Dark-rumpedPetrel. Major problems include predation and alteration of habitat by exotic organismssuch as feral goats and variousgame birds. Predators--both natural(e.g., Short-earedOwl) andexotic (e.g., cats,mongoose) -- appear to be an importantproblem for the species.However, it is not clearhow these problemscan bestbe solved.Certainly if resourcesare availablean active predatorcontrol program within the important nesting areas should be a high priority. The Nene, which apparentlydisappeared from Maui in the early 1900s (Berger1982), is beingreintroduced to Haleakalavia the releaseof captive- raisedbirds. However, our censusdata do not indicatethat these birdshave establishedsuccessfully self-maintaining populations. This conclusionis basedon the factthat over 460 captive-raisedbirds have beenreleased since

108 BIRDS OF HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK

1962, and our estimatesindicate that the presentpopulation is lessthan 100 birds total. Similarly, recent research(Banko and Manuwal 1982) on the status,distribution and life historyof thisspecies indicates that the specieswill be able to establishself-maintaining populations only if appropriatemanage- ment programsare implemented.Their resultsindicate that the primaryaim of managementshould be to reducepredation by the introducedsmall Indian Mongoose (Herpesresauropunctatus). Reduction of populationsof exotic game birdswhich may competewith the Nene for food and reductionof negativeimpact to ecosystemsby feral ungulatesare two other priorities discussedby Banko and Manuwal (1982). Careful and continuousmonitor- ing of Nene populationswill be essentialto allow managersto keep abreastof the statusof thisbird. Clearly thisis a specieswhich has not been savedfrom extinctionyet, and one for whichintensive management will be requiredfor some time, perhapson a permanentbasis. While direct management(e.g., predator and feral mammal control) for endangeredspecies should have a high priority,management of ecosystems to enhance habitatquality for native birds in general is also of great impor- tance. We suggestthat managementefforts be concentratedon the elimina- tion of feral ungulatesand exotic plants. Another important priority for Na- tionalPark Servicemanagement programs is theircontinued support and en- couragementof basicresearch on the biologyof native bird species,par- ticularlyendangered species, with emphasison habitatrequirements and fac- torsaffecting breeding success. Since we beganthis research there have been two excellentintensive studies of endangeredspecies that have begun to meet managementplanners' needs, Simons (1983) on the Dark-rumped Petrel and Banko and Manuwal (1982) on the Nene. Research is also need- ed on the more successfulexotic species, with the objectivesof determining their effectson other ecosystemcomponents. For example, Jacobi (1980) suggestedthat exotic game birds may have negativeimpacts on vegetation.

SUMMARY

Duringfield surveysof HaleakalaNational Park, we recorded32 speciesin 17 families.Eleven speciesare endemic, and containsubspecies endemic to Maui Nui (i.e., Maui, Molokai and Lanai). Of four indigenousspecies present, two containsubspecies endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago.Among the 11 endemicspecies and subspecies,6 (Nene, Dark-RumpedPetrel, Maui Parrotbill,Nukupuu, Akepa and CrestedHoneycreeper) are on the Federal list of endangeredspecies. Seventeen introduced species were observedin the park. Two of these,the JapaneseWhite-eye and the HouseFinch, were widespreadand abundant, but their impact on native bird populationsis unknown. Ecologicalrelationships of the avifaunaand managementpro- gramsfor the endangeredspecies are discussed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thankBarbara Hoshida for typingthe manuscript,Clifford Smith for assistancewith planning and logisticsof field work, and Patrick Conant, Terry Parmanand Dana Petersonfor assistancewith field surveys.The staff of HaleakalaNational Park hasbeen mosthelpful in providinglogistic sup-

109 BIRDS OF HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK port throughoutthe project.The projectwas fundedby the NationalPark Servicethrough the Hawaii CooperativeNational Park ResourcesStudies Unit (CPSU contract number CX 8000 6 0031).

LITERATURE CITED

American Ornithologists'Union. 1983. Check-list of North American birds. 6th ed. Am. Ornithol. Union, Lawrence, KS. Banko, P.C. & D. Manuwal. 1982. Life history,ecology and managementof Nene (Branta sandvicensis) in Hawaii Volcanoes and Haleakala National Parks. WildlifeSci. Group, Coil. of For. Resour., Univ. Washington,Seattle. Berger, A.J. 1981. Hawaiian birdlife.2nd ed. Univ. PressHawaii, Honolulu. Carothers, J.H., S.R. Sabo & R.B. Hansen. 1983. Ecologicalobservations on an endangeredspecies: the Maui Parrotbill,Pseudonestor xanthophrys. Am. Birds 37:820-821. Conant, S. & M. Stemmermann. 1979. Haleakala National Park Crater District ResourcesBasic Inventory: birds. CPSU/UH Tech. Rep. 26. CPSU/UH, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu. Conant, S. & M. Stemmermann. 1980. Birds in the Kipahulu Districtof Haleakala National Park. Pp. 67-76 in C.W. Smith, ed. Proc. 3rd Conf. in Nat. Sci., Hawaii Volcanoes Natl. Park, 4-6 June 1980. CPSU/UH, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu. Conant, S. 1981. Recentobservations of endangeredbirds in Hawaii'snational parks. Elepaio 41:55-61. Connors, P.G. 1983. Taxonomy, distributionand evolution of the golden plovers Pluvialisdominica and Pluvialisfulva. Auk 100:607-620. Dunmire, W.W. 1961. Birds of the national parks in Hawaii. Hawaii Nat. Hist. Assoc., Hawaii Volcanoes Natl. Park. Hawaii Audubon Society. 1981. Hawaii's birds. 3rd ed. Hawaii Audubon Soc., Honolulu. Jacobi,J.D. 1980. Problemswith the long-termmaintenance of Mamane ($ophora chrysophylla)in the centralcrater area on HaleakalaNational Park. Pp. 167-172 in C.W. Smith, ed. Proc. 3rd Conf. in Nat. Sci., Hawaii VolcanoesNatl. Park, 4-6 June 1980. CPSU/UH, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu. Pyle, R.L. 1983. Checklistof the birdsof Hawaii. Elepaio 44:47-58. Scott, J.M. & J.L. Sincock. 1977. Recent observations on the birds of the Koolau Forest Reserve, Maui. West. Birds 8:113-116. Smith, H.E.. 1975. Summaryof bird speciesand statusof birdsduring Haleakala ResourcesBasic Inventory. Pp. 132-141 in C.W. Smith, ed. HaleakalaNational Park ResourcesBasic Inventory 1975 NarrativeRep. CPSU/UH Tech. Rep. 9, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu. Warner, R.E., ed. 1967. Scientificreport of the KipahuluValley Expedition.Unpubl. rep. The Nature Conservancy,Honolulu. Whiteaker, L.D. 1983. The vegetationand environmentof the Crater Districtof Haleakala. Pac. Sci. 37:1-24.

Accepted 1 May 1984

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