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A Comparative Study of the Digital Transition of the Print Media in Nigeria and South Africa

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A Comparative Study of the Digital Transition of the Print Media in Nigeria and South Africa ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Digital Migration: A Comparative Study of the Digital Transition of the Print Media in Nigeria and South Africa Chido Onumah Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; [email protected] Digital Migration: A Comparative Study of the Digital Transition of the Print Media in Nigeria and South Africa by Chido Onumah Under the supervision of Prof. José Manuel Pérez Tornero 1 ABSTRACT The Internet is changing how people in Africa and around the world communicate. It has also greatly impacted the way the media operates. In many countries, people are depending less and less on the traditional media (newspapers, magazines, radio, television) for information and communication. Traditional newspaper organisations as well as journalists in Africa and around the world are learning to adapt and come to terms with the new technological reality. While the Internet revolution in Africa is still evolving, it has created opportunities and challenges that are redefining the way newspapers, journalists and the audience access and disseminate information. This research examines the impact of the digital transition on newspaper journalists in Africa using Nigeria and South Africa as case studies. It reviews the effect and growing importance of the Internet, online newspapers and social media, in shaping the future of print journalism, the newspaper business and audience interaction in both countries. The research argues that new media is redefining journalism in Nigeria and South Africa. It has not only created new kinds of journalists and audience who are no longer passive receptors of news, it has thrown up new business models for the news industry facing severe glut. The research concludes that this change has clear and far-reaching implications for journalists as well as newspapers and their audience; that if journalists in Nigeria and South Africa are aware of the importance and disruptions wrought by the new phase in the evolution of the media, there is still missing a coherent formula in dealing with the challenges and that there are a lot of factors—some beyond the purview of journalists—that are shaping their reaction. INDEX WORDS: Corporate media, Digital media, Digitalization, Internet, Journalists, Journalism, Print newspaper, New media, Nigeria, Online journalism, South Africa. 2 Digital Migration: A Comparative Study of the Digital Transition of the Print Media in Nigeria and South Africa by Chido Onumah A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Journalism and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Communication Sciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. 2018 3 Digital Migration: A Comparative Study of the Digital Transition of the Print Media in Nigeria and South Africa by Chido Onumah Committee Chair: Committee members: 4 DEDICATION Dedicated to Sola, Femi, Mobolaji, Dotun, and Moyosore, my wife and kids. I could not have done this without your love and support. Copyright by Chido Onumah 2018 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dapo Olorunyomi, publisher of the online investigative platform, Premium Times, deserves major credit for whatever success I have made of this project. He it was who never stopped urging me to undertake a doctoral research and when I finally summoned the courage to do it, he readily availed me of his time, books and materials. I am exceedingly grateful to Dapsy, as he is popularly known, who has played a central role, not just in my journalistic odyssey, but in every enterprise I have embarked upon in the last two and half decades both in Nigeria and outside the country. I am grateful to Prof. José Manuel Pérez Tornero, my supervisor, who convinced me five years ago to embark on this journey. Even when it appeared I would not survive it, he stood by me and urged me on. I thank Prof. Samy Taiye of Cairo University who willingly volunteered to co-supervise my work. I thank Prof Santiago Tejedor for making my stay, each time I come to Barcelona, a memorable one. I am grateful to my former boss and ex-chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), Mallam Nuhu Ribadu, for the opportunity to return to Nigeria in 2006 after a decade outside the country occasioned by the onslaught against journalists in Nigeria during the military dictatorships of General Ibrahim Babangida and Sani Abacha. I am equally grateful to Mallam Idi Othman, the CEO of System Property Development Consortium (SPDC), Simon Kolawole, CEO of The Cable newspaper, and Asishana Okauru, Director General, Nigeria Governors' Forum, for their support. My colleagues at the African Centre for Media & Information Literacy (AFRICMIL)—Lewis Asubiojo, Godwin Onyeacholem, Taiwo Adebowale, Abdulaziz Abdulaziz, Nonso Alozie—deserve immense praise for their support. I thank my friends Dr. Geoffrey Njoku, Dr. Ike Okonta, Tayo Odunlami, Chiedu Ezeanah, Dr. Chijioke Uwasomba, Dr. Chidi Odinkalu, Jacqueline Farris, 6 Director General of the Shehu Musa Yar’Adua Foundation, Innocent Chukwuma, Denja Yaqub, Naseer Kura, Yomi Gidado, Rotimi Opeyeoluwa, and Kenneth Ozegbe for their encouragement. I am grateful to Godspower Onumaegbu, Joseph Chidebere, Runcie C. W. Chidebe, and Chika Onuegbu for helping with transcription of interviews. I am indebted to Dr. Suraj Olunifesi, Peter Anyasi, Joshua Olufemi, Mboho Effiong-Eno, Fred Adetiba, Ajayi-Smith Olukayode, and Peter Nkanga for their contribution. I am grateful to Ford Foundation for the travel grant that enabled me to conduct this research. I owe a debt of gratitude to Odia Ofeimun, Taiwo Obe, Azubuike Ishiekwene, Dayo Aiyetan, Danlami Nmodu, Richard Mammah, Jenkins Alumona, Lekan Otufodurin, Kunle Ajibade, Gbile Oshadipe, Prof Lai Oso, Tolu Ogunlesi, Mahmud Jega, Max Amuchie, and Ikechukwu Amaechi for granting me interviews. I am immensely grateful to journalists and friends in South Africa who made my visits pleasant and productive: Dr. Glenda Daniels, Paddi Clay of Times Media Group, Fafore Olumide, Abiye Opuamah, Festus Ogbeide of blessed memory, Sue Valentine, Natasha Joseph, news editor of City Press, Styli Charalambous, publisher and CEO of Daily Maverick, Chris Roper of The Mail & Guardian Online, Marianne Thamm of Daily Maverick, Gayle Edmunds, Managing Editor at City Press, Firdoze Bulbulia, Director, Moments Entertainment, and Comrades Felicia Jones and Grischelda Hartman of DITSELA. I thank my dad, Elder E. E. Onumaegbu and my late mum, Comfort Adaku Onumaegbu for everything they did for me growing up; Dr. Lambert Onumaegbu, Chief Ibem Onumaegbulam and Chief Sunny Onumaegbu for their constant support. I thank Dr. Ezinne Nwadinobi and Comrade Edwin Madunagu who were there for me every step of the way. Of course, as always, my greatest gratitude goes to Sola, my spouse, and my children, Femi, Mobolaji, Dotun and Moyo. I am forever indebted to them for their love, support and understanding. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………………………………6 1. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….10 1.2 Significance of the study………………………………………………………………….13 1.2 Research questions………………………………………………………………………...15 1.3 Methodology………………………………………………………………………………….15 1.4 Design of study………………………………………………………………………………19 1.5 Outline of chapters………………………………………………………………………….22 2. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 What is digital journalism?.............................................................................26 2.2 Theoretical framework………………………………………………………………………31 2.3 The global perspective………………………………………………………………………35 2.4 Digitalization and the business of journalism…………………………………………37 2.5 Digitalization and participatory democracy…………………………………………….39 2.6 Newspapers and digitalization in Nigeria……………………………………………….42 2.7 Newspapers and digitalization in South Africa………………………………………..44 2.8 The future of newspapers and journalism in the digital age……………………….46 8 3. CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW OF NEWSPAPERS IN NIGERIA AND SOUTH AFRICA AND THEIR DIGITALIZATION PROCESS 3.1 Examining the Nigerian print media landscape………………………………………52 3.2 Examining the South African print media landscape……………………………….58 3.3 Exploring the digital migration of newspapers in Nigeria…………………………..62 3.4 Exploring the digital migration of newspapers in South Africa……………………71 4. CHAPTER FOUR: DIGITALIZATION AND AUDIENCE RESPONSE 4.1 Survey of newspaper readers in Nigeria on the impact of digitalization…………80 4.2 Survey of newspaper readers in South Africa on the impact of digitalization…111 5. CHAPTER FIVE: EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF DIGITALIZATION ON JOURNALISTS IN NIGERIA AND SOUTH AFRICA 5.1 Survey of journalists in Nigeria on the impact of digitalization…………………..143 5.2 Survey of journalists in South Africa on the impact of digitalization……………177 6. CHAPTER SIX: INTERPRETATION OF DATA 6.1 Comparative analysis of digitalization and
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