Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas ISSN: 0717-7917 [email protected] Universidad de Santiago de Chile Chile

Cardoso Palheta, Ivanete; Caldeira Tavares - Martins, Ana Cláudia; Araújo Lucas, Flávia Cristina; Gonçalves Jardim, Mário Augusto Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in urban home gardens in the city of Abaetetuba, Pará state, Brazil Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, vol. 16, núm. 3, mayo, 2017, pp. 206-262 Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile

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Artículo Original | Original Article

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in urban home gardens in the city of Abaetetuba, Pará state, Brazil

[Estudio etnobotánico de las plantas medicinales en los jardines de patios urbanos de Abaetetuba, Pará, Brasil]

Ivanete Cardoso Palheta1, Ana Cláudia Caldeira Tavares-Martins1, Flávia Cristina Araújo Lucas1 & Mário Augusto Gonçalves Jardim2

1Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marco, Belém, PA, Brasil 2Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brasil Contactos | Contacts: Ivanete Cardoso PALHETA - E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract: This was an ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants occurring in home gardens in the northern Brazilian Pará state. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the owners of 233 home gardens selected by probability sampling. We analyzed the data qualitatively, complemented by indices Total Species Diversity and Total Species Equitability (SDtot and SEtot, respectively); Use Value (UVs); Importance Value (IVs); and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). We identified 124 species within 107 genera and 55 families. Of the medicinal species identified, 17.6% were considered effective in the treatment of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. The home gardens evaluated harbored a great diversity of medicinal species (SDtot-47.43), although knowledge of the plants was not distributed evenly (SEtot- 0.383). Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. showed the highest UVs (0.462) and Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P.Wilson showed the highest IVs (0.104). The highest ICF value (0.94) was for the treatment of Behavioural Disorders.

Keywords: Amazon, folk medicine, urban flora, traditional knowledge.

Resumen: La investigación tuvo como objetivo hacer un estudio etnobotánico de las plantas medicinales en los jardines de patios urbanos de Abaetetuba, Pará, Brasil. Fueron realizadas entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicando 233 formularios a los propietarios de los jardines, seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico. Los datos fueron analizados en un enfoque cualitativo, complementado por los índices Diversidad Total (SDtot) y la Equidad Total de especies (SEtot), el Valor de Uso (UVS), Valor de Importancia (IVS) y el Factor de Consenso del Informante (ICF). Se identificaron 124 especies en 107 géneros y 55 familias. Las indicaciones más frecuentes fueron por enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias (17,6%). Los jardines de los patios son el hogar de una gran diversidad de especies medicinales (SDtot – 47,43), sin embargo, se observó que el conocimiento acerca de las plantas no se distribuye de manera uniforme (SEtot – 0,383). Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. mostró mayor UVS (0.462) y Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P.Wilson mayor IVS (0,104). El ICF mostró mayor acuerdo para el uso de las plantas en los trastornos de comportamiento (0,94).

Palabras clave: Amazonía, medicina popular, flora urbana, conocimientos tradicionales.

Recibido | Received: February 8, 2016 Aceptado | Accepted: August 6, 2016 Aceptado en versión corregida | Accepted in revised form: September 14, 2016 Publicado en línea | Published online: May 30, 2017. Declaración de intereses | Declaration of interests: This study received financial support from the Graduate Program in Environmental Science at Pará State University. Este artículo puede ser citado como / This article must be cited as: IC Palheta, ACC Tavares-Martins, FCA Lucas, MAG Jardim. 2017. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in urban home gardens in the city of Abaetetuba, Pará state, Brazil. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plant Med Aromat 16 (3): 206 – 262. 206

Palheta et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants occurring in urban home gardens

INTRODUCTION from an ethnobotanical perspective, the medicinal Since time immemorial, humans have looked to plants occurring in urban home gardens in north nature for ways to improve their living conditions and Brazil. increase their chances of survival. One example is the way in which humans have interacted with plants, MATERIAL AND METHODS developing various uses for them (Giraldi & Study area Hanazaki, 2010). The close relationship between The study was conducted in the São Sebastião humans and plants has promoted the accumulation of neighborhood of the city of Abaetetuba botanical knowledge that is transmitted through the (01°44'03.4"S; 048°52'30.1"W), on the right (east) sharing of family narratives and community bank of the Tocantins river in Pará state, within the experiences, that has resulted in a valuable genetic Cametá microregion and the mesoregion of heritage, each society maintaining a knowledge base northeastern Pará (Figure 1). The city encompasses of edible and therapeutic plants (Siviero et al., 2012). an area of 1.610,408 km2 and has a population of Ethnobotany is the study of the relationships 141.100, the main sources of income being between human populations and plants, addressing commerce, agriculture, livestock production, and the the ideas conceptualized by a given society regarding extraction of plant life (IBGE, 2010). plant life. Ethnobotanists attempt to salvage and Abaetetuba has an equatorial climate, preserve traditional botanical knowledge related to categorized as super-humid, with a rainy season the various uses of local flora (Posey, 1985). (January-June) and a dry season (July-December). The use of medicinal plants as a way of The mean annual temperature is approximately 27° maintaining or recuperating a good health status is C, monthly mean temperatures ranging from 20° C to considered valuable by various communities in 35°C. The total annual rainfall in the region hovers Brazil, such as that comprising urban dwellers around 2000 mm, and the mean relative humidity is (Carniello et al., 2010). Such plants, which are 85% (SEPOF, 2011). The urban zone of Abaetetuba typically grown in home gardens, are viewed as the comprises 14 neighborhoods. The São Sebastião first-line treatment for most diseases, because they neighborhood is 35 years old and has a great number represent a low-cost alternative to pharmaceutical of home gardens. drugs (Almeida et al., 2012). Home gardens are defined as spaces, adjacent Sampling and selection of the home gardens to residences, within which humans engage in Fieldwork was carried out between June 2013 and cultivation practices that contribute to the selection of September 2014. The neighborhood to be studied was species considered useful to the community, as selected on the basis of the following: time since occurs in the communities of the Amazon region establishment (preference for longer); geographic (Martins et al., 2012). Such gardens create origin of the residents (preference for rural); and the environments for the cultivation, multiplication, and number of home gardens (preference for more). The preservation of the germplasm all of which are first phase of the study consisted in making informal fundamental to the conservation of genetic resources visits in order to establish rapport with the residents and of the associated knowledge (Eichemberg et al., prior to conducting interviews. Data obtained from 2009). community leaders in the neighborhood indicated that The continuity of practices related to the use there were 1.425 home gardens distributed among 34 of medicinal plants grown in home gardens is streets. threatened by the urbanization and destruction of We used a probabilistic sampling procedure, green spaces. In Brazil, the process of urban in which the minimum sample size was calculated on expansion has impeded the preservation of such the basis of the total number of home gardens, with a spaces (Trotta et al., 2012). In addition, that process 6% margin of error, using the following formulas: N0 2 can lead to a loss of biodiversity, threatening not only = 1/ E0 ; n = N. N0 / N + N0. Where N0 is the the conservation of the genetic heritage but also that provisory sample size, E0 is the margin of error, n is of the local knowledge base (Pereira & Diegues, the sample size, and N is the total population. We 2010). The objective of this study was to evaluate, thus calculated the minimum sample to be 233 home

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gardens. To select the residents to be visited and “evil eye” and other types of curses or spells. subsequently interviewed, we used simple random As can be seen in Table 1, we used a sampling (Barbetta, 2013). quantitative approach to evaluating the relevance of the medicinal plants in the home gardens visited. To Data collection determine the variety and distribution of uses, we Prior to initiating the fieldwork, we met with calculated Total Species Diversity (SDtot) and Total members of the community in order to present our Species Equitability (SEtot), as described by Byg & research project and to obtain written consent, in the Balslev (2001) and adapted by Silva et al. (2006). To form of a permit signed by local authorities, granting quantify the relative importance of a given species in permission for the study to be conducted. relation to its use, we also calculated Use Value Using questionnaires, we conducted semi- (UVs), as described by Phillips & Gentry (1993) and structured interviews (Albuquerque et al., 2010) with adapted by Rossato et al. (1999), and Importance the owners of the 233 home gardens selected, in order Value (IVs), as also described by Byg & Balslev to determine their level of knowledge about the (2001) and adapted by Silva et al. (2006). By medicinal plants growing therein. The questionnaires calculating the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), as included questions about the geographic origin of the described by Troter & Logan (1986), we attempted to owners, what steps they take when they become ill identify the subcategories of diseases that showed the and how often they seek medical treatment. greatest agreement among the interviewees in terms Questions designed to collect ethnobotanical data of the plant species indicated for their treatment. regarding the medicinal plants were related to the For the plants identified to the species level, conditions for which their use is indicated, the forms we searched the bibliographic databases Science in which they are prepared, and which parts of the Direct, PUBMED and LILACS to check whether plant are used. In addition to the questionnaires, we they had been targets of previous phytochemical and used field diaries (Bernard, 2006), in which each pharmacological studies. Pharmacological studies researcher could record perceptions related to the were used for comparison and possible confirmation theme of the investigation. of folk indications.

Identification of species RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The plants cited in the interviews were identified in Lifestyles in the community the Herbarium of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Of the 233 home garden owners interviewed, 170 We collected and preserved botanical specimens, as (73%) were native to Abaetetuba - 123 and 47 having described by Fidalgo & Bononi (1984). The grown up in the rural and urban zones, respectively - specimens were incorporated into the collection of 58 (25%) had been born in other municipalities the Prof. Dra. Marlene Freitas da Silva Herbarium of within the state of Pará, and the remaining 5 (2%) Pará State University, in the city of Belém. The had been born in another state. It is noteworthy that scientific names of species were checked against the more than half of the interviewees were from rural List of Species in the Plant of List (The Plant List, areas of the region under study, where they had 2013) and against the database of the Missouri worked in agriculture, and had continued to grow Botanical Garden (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2014). plants in their home gardens after migrating to the urban zone. According to Amaral & Guarim Neto Data analysis (2008), individuals who acquire the habit of planting Using a qualitative approach (Amorozo & Viertler, and developing dependent relationships with plant 2010), we analyzed the relationship that the residents resources rarely cease to engage in such activity, had with the medicinal plants occurring in their home even after migrating to urban areas. gardens. The diseases cited were grouped in When they fall ill, 56% of the interviewees accordance with the International Classification of use medicinal plants from their home gardens as the Diseases, 10th revision (World Health Organization, first-line treatment, whereas the remaining 44% first 2008). In addition to health problems recognized by seek medical treatment at a health care facility, modern medicine, we considered so-called “Cultural although those in the latter group reported using ills” (Amorozo, 2002), including the effects of the plant-based home remedies as a complement to the

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medications prescribed. The combined use of such in Brazil, as has been reported by other authors (Silva home remedies and pharmaceutical drugs is common et al., 2008; Oliveira et al., 2014a).

Table 1 Indices employed in the analysis of ethnobotanical data related to the uses of medicinal plant species grown in home gardens in the São Sebastião neighborhood of the city of Abaetetuba, in the state of Pará, Brazil. Source: Silva et al. (2006). SDtot – Total Species Diversity; SEtot – Total Species Equitability; IVs – Importance Value; UVs – Use Value; ICF – Informant Consensus Factor.

Index Description (in this context) Formula Range

SDtot = 1 / ∑Ps2

Measures how multiple species where P is the total contribution of a SDtot are used and how they given species (s) to the total use of all of 0-n contribute to the total use the species included (number of times that species s is cited, divided by the total number of uses of all of the species included)

Measures how various species SEtot = SDtot / n SEtot contribute to the total use, 0-1 independent of the total where n is the number of species used number of species used

IVs = nis / n IVs Measures the proportion of 0-1 informants who cite a given where nis is the number of informants species as important who consider a species most important, and n is the total number of informants

Indicates the value of the use of UVs = (∑U) / n UVs one species by one informant in 0-1 relation to the total number of where U is the number of uses cited by informants an informant, and n is the total number of informants Indicates which body systems (disease categories) have the ICF = (nur − nt) / (nur − 1) greatest relative importance, as ICF evidenced by the level of where nur is the number of use 0-1 informant agreement regarding citations in each category, and nt is the the therapeutic uses of the number of species used in that category species under study

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In the São Sebastião neighborhood, there is a found that women are the primary caretakers of home family health care clinic, where 55% of the gardens in the Amazon region, reporting that the interviewees reported receiving treatment on a gardens are strategically located in order to facilitate regular basis, although 45% reported seeking and promote their tending. treatment only after becoming ill. There are also 12 Among the São Sebastião residents community health agents (affiliated with the national interviewed, 74% stated that they exchanged Family Health Program) working in the medicinal plants with relatives and neighbors. That neighborhood, The community health agents conduct was previously reported by Pilla et al. (2006) for a regular home visits in order to monitor residents who town in southeastern Brazil, where the authors found are currently under medical treatment. Despite having that the majority of such plants were grown in home access to modern health care services, members of gardens and exchanged among family members. This the community still cultivate and use plants as a habit constitutes an important practice for imparting therapeutic resource. According to Silva (2008), that knowledge through interaction, thus favoring the can be explained by the fact that there is a cultural cultivation of medicinal plant species (Winklerprins component to the use of medicinal plants in the & Oliveira, 2010). treatment of diseases. The practices adopted in the home gardens Within our sample, we identified six evaluated include pruning (the cutting of selected traditional healers - individuals sought out by the limbs and branches), weeding (the removal of local population because they cultivate and have creeping plants with a hoe or machete), fertilization extensive knowledge of medicinal plants, as well as (with black soil and açaí seed or dry brush), and offering prayers in order to cure various ills. Santos et thinning (numerical reduction of species that pose al. (2005) described the curative rituals performed by risks to the garden as a whole). All of these cultural “prayer-reciters”, “blessing-givers”, and healers in practices are aimed at the ideal development of the the Rio Negro Valley region of the Brazilian state of species. According to Silva et al. (2014c), the Amazonas, emphasizing the important role that these agricultural practices traditionally employed by social actors play in the use of local plants as humans contribute to reducing the use of chemical phytotherapy. fertilizers, thus improving the quality of the soil.

Cultivation of medicinal plants Ethnobotanical aspects of home gardens When asked about how and where they cultivate We identified 124 species of medicinal plants (Table medicinal plants, 77% of the interviewees reported 02), distributed among 107 genera and 55 families, that they always plant them directly in the soil, 5% the most well-represented families being Lamiaceae reported that they always grow them on raised, (accounting for 8.9% of the species); Asteraceae slatted wooden platforms (in pots, pans, buckets, or (5.6%); and Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, and woven baskets), and 18% reported that they use a Malvaceae (4.0% each). Lamiaceae and Asteraceae combination of those two approaches. Martins et al. have also been cited as being the most species-rich (2012) stated that such platforms are used in the families in other studies of medicinal plants in home cultivation of plant species that require more care in gardens within the Amazon region (Martins et al., terms of light intensity, protection from animal 2012; Siviero et al., 2012), as well as within the attacks, intensity of rainfall, and soil composition, Atlantic Forest Biome (Eichemberg et al., 2009; whereas those that are more resistant to rain, pests Oliveira et al., 2010; Althaus-Ottmann et al., 2011) and light are grown in the soil. and Cerrado Biome (Liporacci & Simão, 2013). Medicinal plants are typically procured to Those two families include various species that meet the therapeutic needs of the family, and 82.5% contain bioactive compounds (Lorenzi & Souza, of the interviewees reported that the labor involved in 2008), which could explain the high rates of the use caring for those plants is supplied by the female of folk medicine. members of the family. Siviero et al. (2012) also

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Table 2 Species of medicinal plants occurring in home gardens in the São Sebastião neighborhood of the city of Abaetetuba, in the state of Pará, Brazil. UVs – Use Value; IVs – Importance Value.

FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies Acanthaceae Purple anthocyanin (Skaar et al., 2014), phenol, carbohydrates, Hemorrhoids, steroids, saponins, coumarins, Hemigraphis Trevo-roxo infections of the Tea (decoction), tannins, proteins, carboxylic colorata (Blume) (purple waffle Leaves 0.042 0.005 navel in children, extract acid, flavonoids, xanthoproteins, Hallier f. plant) and ear infections alkaloids (Anitha et al., 2012), antibacterial effect (Anitha et al., 2012) Abre Estrogenic and progestagenic Uterine infection, caminho, effects (Locklear et al., 2010) headache, Decoction in a trevo cumaru, Justicia pectoralis aborrecimento de bath, maceration trevo, Leaves 0.033 NCI Jacq. criança, quebranto, in a bath, tea trevinho heart problems, (decoction) (water- nervousness willow) Correntinha, Polyphenol (Koffi et al., 2013), vissangue, secundarellone A, B, and C foissangue, Gastritis, anemia, (Theiler et al., 2014) luftal, arnica low resistance to Justicia secunda em planta, infection, falls, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.085 0.014 Vahl esparmo menstrual cramps, luftal, sulfato diarrhea ferroso (St. John bush) Atroveran, No data found Ruellia geminiflora buscopan Menstrual cramps Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.009 0.005 Kunth ([unknown]) Adoxaceae Anthocyanins (Cooney et al., 2015), fatty acids (Salvador et al., 2015), total phenolic (Fazio et al., 2013), sugars, organic acids, polyphenols (Veberic et Sabugueiro Flu, measles, Tea (decoction), al., 2009), triterpenoids ([European] Sambucus nigra L. chicken pox, decoction in a Leaves 0.094 0.005 (Salvador et al., 2015), [black] wounds, cough bath antioxidant property (Mikulic- elder[berry]) Petkovsek et al., 2016), against oxidative stress in human colon cells (Olejnik et al., 2016), anti- inflammatory effects (Olejnik et al., 2015) Amaranthaceae Alternanthera No data found Papagainho bettzichiana Hemorrhage, (red calico Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.024 NCI (Regel) G. anemia plant) Nicholson Urinary tract Sitosterol-3-O-β-D- Alternanthera Terramicina infection, menstrual Tea (infusion), glucopyranoside, flavones, brasiliana (L.) (Brazilian joy cramps, uterine tea (decoction), Leaves 0.052 0.009 crysoeriol (5,7,4’-trihydroxy-3’- Kuntze weed) infection, intestinal extract methoxyflavone), tricin (5,7,4’- infection, wounds, trihydroxy-3’,5’- Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/211

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FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies poor circulation dimethoxyflavone), 7- O-β-D- glucopyranoside-5,4’- dihydroxy-3’ methoxyflavone (Facundo et al., 2012), antioxidant activity (Enechi et al., 2013) Terpenoids (Paré et al., 1993), carvacrol, caryophyllene oxide, ascaridole (Monzote et al., 2009), antifungal activity (Kumar et al., 2007), Mastruz, Lung problems, leishmanicidal activity Dysphania metruz cough, asthma, (Monzote et al., 2014), ambrosioides (L.) (Epazote, urinary tract Juice Leaves 0.075 0.005 antiaflatoxigenic activity Mosyakin & wormseed, infection, uterine (Kumar et al., 2007), anti- Clemants Jesuit's tea, infection, intestinal inflammatory and anti- Mexican tea) worms nociceptive effects (Grassi et al., 2013), antioxidant activity, anti-tumor activity (Barros et al., 2013), acaricidal effect (Kouam et al., 2015) Ecdysterone (Zimmer et al., 2006), gastroprotective effect Corrente Tea (decoction), (Freitas et al., 2004), analgesic Pfaffia glomerata Gastritis, diarrhea, (Brazilian decoction in a Leaves 0.019 NCI and anti-inflammatory activities (Spreng.) Pedersen constipation ginseng) bath (Neto et al., 2005), trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activities (Neto et al., 2004) Amaryllidaceae Cebolinha, Alkaloids (Cabezas et al., 2003) Eucharis cebola brava amazonica Linden Asthma Juice Roots 0.019 NCI (Amazon lily, ex Planch. Eucharist lily) Anacardiaceae Anacardium Depressive activity (Castro et Caju do mato giganteum Hancock Gastritis Tea (decoction) Skin/bark 0.005 NCI al., 2005) (wild cashew) ex Engl. Anacardic acids, cardol, cardanol (Yuliana et al., 2014), total phenolic (Encarnação et al., 2016), monomeric phenols (Michodjehoun-Mestres et al., 2009), carotenoids, carotenoid esters, anthocyanins (Schweiggert et al., 2016), Uterine infection, Decoction in a gastroprotective effect (Morais vaginal Anacardium Cajueiro bath, tea Skin/bark et al., 2010), antidiarroheal inflammation, 0.193 0.024 occidentale L. (cashew tree) (decoction), and fruit activity (Araújo et al., 2015), diarrhea, wounds, juice anti-ulcerogenic effect (Konan gastritis & Bacchi, 2007), anti- inflammatory property (Olajide et al., 2013), antioxidant activity (Encarnação et al., 2016), hypoglycemic effect (Dionísio et al., 2015), antimicrobial activity (Ajileye et al., 2015), antibacterial activity (Tan & Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/212

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FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies Chan, 2014) Gallotannins (Luo et al., 2014), 1,2,3,4,6 Penta-O-galloyl-β-D- glucose (Mohan et al., 2013), alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids (Prado et al., 2013), phenolic compounds (Fernández-Ponce et al., 2015), triterpenoids (Anjaneyulu et al., 1999), Mangifera indica Mangueira antihepatotoxic activity (Fahmy Diarrhea Tea (decoction) Skin/bark 0.005 NCI L. (mango tree) et al., 2016), anti-tumor effects (García-Rivera et al., 2011), antioxidant property (Fernández-Ponce et al., 2015), antidiarrhoeal activity (Yakubu & Salimon, 2015), antimicrobial activity (Singh et al., 2015), anti-inflammatory activity (Mohan et al., 2013) Flavonoids (Bernardes et al., 2014), spirocyclopropane (Richter et al., 2010), triterpene acids (Vieira et al., 2015), α- pinene, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, β-pinene (Cavalcanti et al., 2015), Aroeira antimetastatic protection Schinus (Brazilian Uterine infection, (Matsuo et al., 2011), terebinthifolia pepper, rose intestinal infection, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.019 0.005 antioxidant and Raddi pepper, gastritis, stomach antimycobacterial activities Christmasberr cancer (Uliana et al., 2016), y) neuroprotective effect (Sereniki et al., 2016), antimicrobial activity (Bernardes et al., 2014), anti-inflammatory effect (Rosas et al., 2015), anti-allergic activity (Cavalher-Machado et al., 2008) Annonaceae Epomusenins A and B (Chen et al., 1996), alkaloids, Leaves acetogenins (Ribeiro et al., Annona mucosa Biribá (biriba) Sore throat Tea (decoction) and 0.019 NCI 2013), annonaceous acetogenins Jacq. skin/bark (Gu et al., 1997), rollicosin (Liaw et al., 2003) insecticidal activity (Ribeiro et al., 2013) Acetogenins (Jaramillo et al., 2000), annonacous acetogenins (Sun et al., 2014c), isoquinoline alkaloids (Hasrat et al., 1997), Graviola anticancer activity (Sun et al., Annona muricata (soursop tree, Obesity, diabetes Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.019 NCI 2015c), anti-ulcerogenic activity L. custard apple (Bento et al., 2016), tree) leishmanicidal activity (Vila- Nova et al., 2013), anthelmintic activity (Ferreira et al., 2013), antidiabetic and antioxidant Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/213

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FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies effects (Florence et al., 2014) Apiaceae Chicória Intestinal worms, Eryngial (trans-2-dodecenal) (culantro, diarrhea, (Forbes et al., 2014), anti- Eryngium foetidum blessed stomachache, inflammatory activity (Dawilai Tea (decoction) Roots 0.042 NCI L. thistle, diarreia de et al., 2013), anticlastogenic Amazon dentição, high blood effect (Promkum et al., 2012) chicory) pressure, toothache Araceae Comigo No data found ninguém Dieffenbachia Panemeira, mau Maceration in a pode, aninga seguine (Jacq.) olhado, olho gordo, bath, decoction Leaves 0.094 0.005 do maranhão Schott quebranto in a bath (dumb cane, dumbcane) Philodendron No data found Jibóia deflexum Poepp. ex Erysipelas Plaster Leaves 0.005 NCI ([unknown]) Schott Araliaceae Cuinha, Triterpenic glycosides Aborrecimento de Polyscias cuerinha Maceration in a (Paphassarang et al., 1989) criança, scutellaria (shield aralia, bath, tea Leaves 0.019 0.005 hemorrhage, (Burm.f.) Fosberg plum aralia, (decoction) menstrual cramps Balfour aralia) Arecaceae Carotenoid (Basto et al., 2016), carbohydrate (Bolanho et al., Pupunha, 2015), total phenolic, total Bactris gasipaes Hemorrhoids, pupunheira Tea (decoction) Roots 0.009 NCI flavonoids, total carotenoids Kunth uterine infection (peach palm) (Espinosa-Pardo et al., 2014), antioxidant activity (Espinosa- Pardo et al., 2014) Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, resins, alkaloids (Renjith et al., 2013), triterpens, saponnins, tannins (Costa et al., 2010), peroxidases (Balasubramanian & Boopathy, 2013), anthelmintic activity (Costa et al., 2010), antibacterial activity (Nitbani et al., 2016), cytoprotective and Coqueiro antihyperglycemic properties Cocos nucifera L. (coconut Diarrhea Fresh Fruit 0.009 0.005 (Renjith et al., 2013), palm) antioxidant and antimicrobial properties (Chakraborty & Mitra, 2008), antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity (Rinaldi et al., 2009), vasorelaxant and antihypertensive activities (Bankar et al., 2011), larvicidal activity (Roopan et al., 2013), estrogenic effect (Soumya et al., 2014) Euterpe oleracea Açaí (assai Diarrhea, liver Tea (decoction), Roots and 0.038 0.005 Phenolic glucosides, neolignan Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/214

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FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies Mart. palm, acai problems extract seeds (Hu et al., 2014), anthocyanin palm, açaí (Rogez et al., 2011), flavonoids palm) (Kang et al., 2010), fatty acids, phenolic compounds (Batista et al., 2016) antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities (Hu et al., 2014), anticonvulsant property (Souza-Monteiro et al., 2015), antiproliferative activity (Pacheco-Palencia et al., 2010), anti-inflammatory activity (Moura et al., 2012), allelopathic activity (Batista et al., 2016) Aristolochiaceae Urubucaá Gastritis, No data found Aristolochia (Dutchman’s stomachache, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.014 NCI trilobata L. pipe) hemorrhage Asparagaceae Espinheira No data found Agave deserti Maceration in a santa (desert Quebranto Leaves 0.005 NCI Engelm. bath agave) Quebranto, No data found Decoction in a Agave neglecta Coratá (wild panemeira, mau bath, maceration Leaves 0.028 NCI Small century plant) olhado, espírito in a bath, syrup mau, cough Espada de Steroidal saponins (Mimaki et São Jorge al., 1996), pregnane glycosides Quebranto, mau (snake plant, Decoction in a (Mimaki et al., 1997), sappanin- Sansevieria olhado, panemeira, mother-in- bath, maceration Leaves 0.080 NCI type homoisoflavonoids trifasciata Prain olho gordo, espírito law's tongue, in a bath (Tchegnitegni et al., 2015), anti- mau Saint George's allergic and anti-anaphylactic sword) activities (Andhare et al., 2012) Asteraceae Rhamnogalacturonan (Maria- Ferreira et al., 2014), acetylenic 2-phenylethylamides (Simas et Jambu Nervousness, al., 2013), alkylamides (Cheng Acmella oleracea (toothache gastritis, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.014 NCI et al., 2015), gastroprotective (L.) R.K.Jansen plant, tachycardia effect (Maria-Ferreira et al., paracress) 2014), antinociceptive effects (Nomura et al., 2013), larvicidal activity (Simas et al., 2013) Cough, quebranto, Thymohydroquinone dimethyl aborrecimento de ether (Gauvin-Bialecki & Ayapana criança Maceration in a Morodon, 2009) Japana, triplinervis (Vahl) rheumatism, bath, tea japana branca Leaves 0.108 0.005 R.M.King & panemeira, flu, (decoction), (water hemp) H.Rob. vaginal infection, syrup ovarian inflammation Hydoxylcinnamoyl tartaric acids Picão, Uterine infection, Tea (decoction), (Khoza et al., 2016), alfazema Leafy Bidens pilosa L. hepatitis, gastritis, maceration in a 0.042 NCI sesquiterpene, polyacetylene (hairy branches quebranto bath (Grombone-Guaratini et al., beggarticks) 2005), 5-O-methylhoslundin

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FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies (Sarker et al., 2000), flavonoids, centaurein, centaureidin (Chang et al., 2007), antimicrobial activity (Khan et al., 2001), antidiabetic property (Chien et al., 2009), immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects (Pereira et al., 1999), antimalarial activity (Oliveira et al., 2004), antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities (Abajo et al., 2004), anti-tumor potential (Kviecinski et al., 2011), antiulcer activity (Alvarez et al., 1999), intestinal mucositis (Ávila et al., 2015), antibacterial and antifungal activities (Deba et al., 2008) Gymnanthemum Antioxidant activity (Silva et Boldo de Gastritis, hepatitis, amygdalinum Tea (decoction), al., 2013a; Del-Vechio-Vieira et planta stomachache, Leaves 0.165 0.047 (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex tea (infusion) al., 2013) (bitterleaf) diarrhea Walp. Gastritis, Anti-inflammatory activity Sicuriju, Mikania lindleyana stomachache, liver (Vanderlinde et al., 2012) sucuriju Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.123 0.052 DC. problems, diabetes, (sucuriju) asthma Stomachache, Antinociceptive and Macela vomiting, high gastroprotective activities Pluchea sagittalis (wingstem blood pressure, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.009 0.019 (Figueredo et al., 2011) Less camphorweed stomachache, liver ) problems, diarrhea Flavonoids (Munhoz et al., 2014), thiophenes (Margl et al., Rheumatism, 2001), benzofuran derivatives headache, epilepsy, Maceration in a (Margl et al., 2005), (Z)-β- Cravo (French stroke, bath, tea Tagetes patula L. Leaves 0.075 0.009 ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, marigold) stomachache, (decoction), terpinolene, (Z)-ocimenone, (E)- intestinal worms, plaster ocimenone, δ-elemene (Prakash arthrosis et al., 2012), larvicidal effect (Munhoz et al., 2014) Bignoniaceae Flavone (Takemura et al., 1995), 3-Desoxyanthocyanidins (Zorn et al., 2001), anthocyanins, luteolin (Paula et al., 2014), 3- Deoxyanthocyanidins (Devia et Anemia, kidney al., 2002), antimicrobial activity Fridericia chica problems, urinary Pariri Tea (decoction), (Mafioleti et al., 2013), anti- (Bonpl.) tract infection, Leaves 0.283 0.071 ([unknown]) syrup inflammatory, antiangiogenic L.G.Lohmann albumin deficiency and antiproliferative activities during pregnancy (Michel et al., 2015), leishmanicidal and cytotoxicity activities (Sá et al., 2016), anti- ulcerogenic activity (Servat- Medina et al., 2015), antioxidant capacity (Siraichi et Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/216

Palheta et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants occurring in urban home gardens

FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies al., 2013) Quebranto, mau Diallyl disulfide and diallyl Mansoa standleyi Cipó-alho olhado, espírito Decoction in a trisulfide (Souza Filho et al., (Steyerm.) A. H. Leaves 0.165 NCI (garlic vine) mau, panemeira, bath 2009a), allelophatic effect Gentry uruca, assombro (Souza Filho et al., 2009a) Bixaceae High cholesterol, Carotenoids (Mercadante et al., Tea Urucu conjunctivitis, 1997; Jako et al., 2002), (maceration), Leaves Bixa orellana L. (lipstick tree, vision problems, 0.042 NCI terpenoids (Conrad et al., 2013), maceration in a and seeds achiote) wounds, heart antioxidant activity (Smilin et bath problems al., 2012) BromeliaceaE Nananzinho No data found Ananas (wild ananassoides pineapple, Hemorrhage Juice Fruit 0.005 NCI (Baker) L. B. Sm. cerrado pineapple) Cactaceae Urinary tract Anthelmintic effects (Vatta et infection, kidney al., 2011) Tea (decoction), Jamacaru problems, Cereus jamacaru maceration in a (queen of the erysipelas, sore Stem 0.047 0.005 DC. bath, plaster, night cactus) throat, chest pain, syrup lung problems, flu, quebranto Cacto de Saponins and alkaloids (Pereira Epiphyllum palma et al., 2008) phyllanthus (L.) Cancer, toothache Plaster Stem 0.009 0.005 (climbing Haw. cactus) Caricaceae Flavonoids, alkaloids (Julianti et al., 2014), glucosides (Galang et al., 2016), total phenolic (Gogna Mamão et al., 2015), phenols, Intestinal worms, macho Roots, carotenoids, vitamin C (Sancho amoebic infection, Carica papaya L. (papaya, Tea (decoction) leaves and 0.061 0.005 et al., 2011), antiplasmodial diarrhea, vomiting, pawpaw, shoots activity (Julianti et al., 2014), kidney problems, papaw) antithrombocytopenic activity (Zunjar et al., 2016), hypoglycemic activity (Juárez- Rojop et al., 2014) Convolvulaceae Hepatoprotective activity Ipomoea asarifolia Salsa (ginger- (Farida et al., 2012), potential Tea (decoction), Leaves (Desr.) Roem. & leaf morning Wounds 0.005 NCI effect against inflammation extract and roots Schult. glory) (Lima et al., 2014), trypanocidal efficacy (Alkali et al., 2015) Costaceae Canafiche, Painful urination, Furostanol glycoside (Silva et canafístula urinary tract al., 1999), flavonol glycosides Costus spicatus (spiked infection, renal (Silva et al., 2000), saponins, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.274 0.028 (Jacq.) Sw. spiralflag inflammation, alkaloids, tannins (Paes et al., ginger, Indian kidney stone, 2013), antioxidant activity head ginger) uterine infection (Azevedo et al., 2014) Crassulaceae Kalanchoe pinnata Pirarucu (life Ear infection, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.462 0.028 Flavonoids (Muzitano et al., Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/217

Palheta et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants occurring in urban home gardens

FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies (Lam.) Pers. leaf, leaf of urinary tract decoction in a 2011), antileishmanial activity life, life plant, infection, bath, extract, (Muzitano et al., 2011), activity good-luck endometritis, plaster, juice anticonvulsant (Mora-Pérez & leaf, miracle vaginal infection, Hernández-Medel, 2015), leaf) gastritis, erysipelas, hypoglycemic and toothache, hypocholesterolemic activities stomachache, (Menon et al., 2015), headache, falls, antihypertensive activity (Bopda wounds, sore throat, et al., 2014) asthma, vision problems, boil Cyperaceae Corymbolone and mustakone (Rukunga et al., 2008), sedative Priprioca property (Rakotonirina et al., Cyperus articulatus Quebranto, deep Maceration in a (jointed Roots 0.009 NCI 2001), antiplasmodial activity L. wound bath flatsedge) (Rukunga et al., 2008), anticonvulsant property (Bum et al., 2001) Euphorbiaceae Diterpene lactone (Melo et al., 2003), antinociceptive activity (Campos et al., 2002), anti- Obesity, ulcerogenic effect (Paula et al., Sacaca (white Croton cajucara rheumatism, 2008), cytotoxic activity sacaca, red Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.014 NCI Benth. generalized (Almeida et al., 2003), sacaca) aches/pains gastroprotective effect (Hiruma- Lima et al., 2000), antileishmanial activity (Lima et al., 2015) Cruzeiro Euphol (Lin et al., 2012), (pencil cactus, maloyl glucans (Kuster et al., firestick plant, 2015) anti-arthritic activity Indian tree (Bani et al., 2007), anti-tumor Euphorbia tirucalli spurge, naked Warts Fresh Sap 0.014 NCI activity (Valadares et al., 2006) L. lady, pencil tree, sticks on fire, milk bush) Pião-branco Diterpenoids (Liu et al., 2015), Wounds, asthma, Fresh, tea Fruit, (Barbados phorbol esters (Baldini et al., flu, sore throat, (maceration) tea leaves, Jatropha curcas L. nut, purging 0.156 0.014 2014), anti-toxoplasma activity earache, gastritis, (decoction), skin/bark nut, physic (Soares et al., 2015), antioxidant toothache lollipop, plaster and sap nut) activity (Fu et al., 2014) Mau olhado, Hypotensive and vasorelaxant aborrecimento de effects (Abreu et al., 2003), Pião-roxo criança, “toxin Maceration in a anticoagulant and antioxidant (bellyache Leaves, buildup” (need to bath, Decoction activities (Félix-Silva et al., Jatropha bush, black leafy cleanse the body), in a bath, tea 0.170 0.005 2014) gossypiifolia L. physic nut, branches quebranto, (decoction), cotton-leaf and sap panemeira, espírito fresh physic nut) mau, wounds, chest pain, diarrhea Pedilanthus Coramina Heart problems, Coumarin derivatives (Sandjo et tithymaloides (L.) (buckthorn, cardiac arrhythmia, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.160 0.019 al., 2012), antimicrobial effects Poit. Christmas nervousness (Vidotti et al., 2006), anti-

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FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies candle, fiddle inflammatory and antioxidant flower, activities (Abreu et al., 2006), Jacob's ladder) Fabaceae Abrus fruticulosus Acaçus Sore throat, cough, No data found Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.014 NCI Wight & Arn. ([unknown]) flu Flavonoids (Marques et al., 2013), anticoagulant and High cholesterol, antifibrinogenolytic properties Bauhinia forficata Pata-de-vaca high triglycerides, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.019 NCI (Oliveira et al., 2005), Link (cow's-foot) high blood pressure, antidiabetic activity (Pepato et uterine infection al., 2002), hypoglycemic activity (Cunha et al., 2010) Cajanol (Luo et al., 2010), cajanuslactone (Kong et al., Feijão- 2010), cajanin (Fu et al., 2015), Decoction in a Cajanus cajan (L.) cuandu Headache, flu, Leafy phenolics (Wei et al., 2015), bath, maceration 0.047 NCI Huth (pigeon-pea, constipation branches anticancer activity (Luo et al., in a bath Congo-pea) 2010), antibacterial activity (Kong et al., 2010), antioxidant property (Gao et al., 2012) β-galactosidase (Kestwal & Bhide, 2007a), α-mannosidase (Kestwal et al., 2007b), Sore throat, “toxin Decoction in a hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic Erythrina indica Brasileira buildup” (need to bath, tea Leaves 0.009 NCI activities (Kumar et al., 2011), Lam. (tiger’s claw) cleanse the body) (decoction) antibacterial and cytotoxic effects (Sre et al., 2015), antioxidant activity (Sre et al., 2012) Sore throat, Polyphenols (Araújo et al., hoarseness, leg Tea (decoction), 2014), anti-inflammatory Libidibia ferrea Jucá pain, toothache, tea activity (Dias et al., 2013), (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P. (leopardtree, uterine (maceration), Fruit 0.151 0.028 antinociceptive effect (Sawada Queiroz leopard tree) inflammation, maceration in a et al., 2014), antimicrobial wounds, anemia, bath activity (Marreiro et al., 2014) gastritis Iridaceae Diarrhea, amoebic Eleutherinone (Alves et al., infection, diarreia 2003) Eleutherine Marupazinho de dentição, bulbosa (Mill.) (“tears of the Tea (decoction) Roots 0.241 0.038 hemorrhoids, Urb. virgin”) vomiting, stomachache Lamiaceae Aeollanthus Catinga-de- Stroke, convulsions, No data found suaveolens Mart. mulata intestinal worms, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.028 NCI ex. Spreng. (“macassà”) stomachache Hortelã, Terpenoids (Pragadheesh et al., Diarreia de hortelazinho 2015), β-carotene and lutein dentição, diarrhea, (pennyroyal, (Gómez-Prieto et al., 2007), intestinal worms, Tea (decoction), Mentha spicata L. squaw mint, Leaves 0.198 0.090 limonene (Chauhan et al., flu, headache, syrup mosquito 2009), pulegone (Telci et al., stomachache, plant, pudding 2010), piperitenone oxide vomiting, fever grass) (Nakamura et al., 2014), Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/219

Palheta et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants occurring in urban home gardens

FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies flavonoids (Bimakr et al., 2011), carvone (Zhao et al., 2013), anti-inflammatory activity (Arumugam et al., 2008), antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and insecticidal efficacy (Kedia et al., 2014), antioxidant and antibacterial activities (Scherer et al., 2013) Piperitenone, β-humulene, germacrene D (Zantar et al., 2015), flavonoids (Zaidi et al., 1998), pulegone, menthone Hortelã- Mentha pulegium Diarreia de (Kamkar et al., 2010), pimenta Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.014 NCI L. dentição, diarrhea chrysanthenone (Benlarbi et al., (pepper mint) 2014), antioxidative effect (Kamkar et al., 2010; Jain et al., 2012), antimicrobial activity (Mahboubi & Haghi, 2008) Favaca, Methyl eugenol, germacrene D, favaquinha Headache, painful eugenol (Pino Benitez et al., (Amazonian urination, heart 2009) Ocimum Tea (decoction), basil, wild problems, campechianum decoction in a Leaves 0.057 NCI sweet basil, cholesterol issues, Mill. bath wild mosquito constipation, high plant, least blood pressure, flu basil) Thymol, γ-terpinene, myrcene (Marie et al., 2013), chicoric acid (Casanova et al., 2014), hypoglycemic activity (Casanova et al., 2014), anesthetic effect (Silva et al., 2012), antioxidant and anxiolytic effects (Venuprasad Constipation, flu, et al., 2014), anthelmintic panemeira, Favacão Tea (decoction), activity (Pessoa et al., 2002), Ocimum aborrecimento de (African basil, maceration in a Leaves 0.108 NCI relaxant effect (Madeira et al., gratissimum L. criança, dizziness, clove basil) bath 2002), antitrypanosomal and headache, sore antiplasmodial activities throat (Kpoviessi et al., 2014), antifungal activity (Nakamura et al., 2004), antibacterial property (Orafidiya et al., 2006), antileishmanial activity (Ueda- Nakamura et al., 2006), anti- arthritic potential (Madhu & Harindran, 2014) Stomachache, No data found generalized Manjericão aches/pains, Tea (decoction), Ocimum minimum (Greek basil, gastritis, quebranto, maceration in a Leaves 0.075 0.005 L. bush basil) mau olhado, flu, bath constipation, asthma, lung disease Plectranthus Anador Stomachache, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.094 0.009 Trans-caryophyllene (Bandeira Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/220

Palheta et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants occurring in urban home gardens

FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies barbatus Andr. (“forskohlii”) gastritis, headache, et al., 2011), antioxidant activity generalized (Falé et al., 2009; Maioli et al., aches/pains, 2010), antioxidant and anti- diarrhea, inflammatory activities stomachache (Kapewangolo et al., 2013) Sete dores, Trans-caryophyllene (Bandeira boldo da et al., 2011), antimicrobial Headache, índia, anador activity (Crevelin et al., 2015) Plectranthus stomachache, da índia, Tea (decoction), neochilus Schltr. stomachache, Leaves 0.108 0.014 boldo extract generalized verdadeiro aches/pains (lobster flower) Mau olhado, α-Bulneseno (Souza Filho et al., aborrecimento de 2009b) Oriza criança, quebranto, Maceration in a Pogostemon ([Indian] heart problems, bath, tea Leaves 0.104 0.005 heyneanus Benth. [Java] [false] headache, flu, (decoction) patchouli) asthma, rheumatism, cramp Acaricidal activity (Gazim et al., 2011), antileishmanial activity (Demarchi et al., 2015), antidermatophytic activity Tetradenia riparia Headache, Mirra (ginger (Endo et al., 2015), (Hochst.) Codd stomachache, mau Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.024 NCI bush) antimicrobial activity (Melo et olhado, quebranto al., 2015), analgesic activity (Gazim et al., 2010), cytotoxic and antioxidant activities (Gazim et al., 2014) Diterpenoids (Hoberg et al., 1999), vitexlactam A (Li et al., 2002), total phenolic, flavonoids (Sarikurkcu et al., 2009), linoleic acid (Liu et al., 2004), antifungal activity (Svecová et Vitex agnus-castus Alecrim Decoction in a al., 2013), antioxidant activity Flu Leaves 0.005 NCI L. (rosemary) bath (Sarikurkcu et al., 2009), antiepileptic activity (Saberi et al., 2008), antimicrobial activity (Stojkovic et al., 2011), cytotoxic activity (Duymus et al., 2014), antimutagenic activity (Sarac et al., 2015) Lauraceae Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, β-phellandrene (Choi et al., 2015), 2- methoxycinnamaldehyde (Wong Canela et al., 2016; Perng et al., 2016), Cinnamomum ([Ceylon] [Sri trans-cinnamaldehyde A- and B- Low blood pressure Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.094 NCI verum J. Presl Lanka] [true] type proanthocyanidins cinnamon) (Williams et al., 2015), antioxidant activity (Mathew & Abraham, 2006), antibacterial activity (Choi et al., 2015), anthelmintic activity (Williams Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/221

Palheta et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants occurring in urban home gardens

FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies et al., 2015), anticancer effect (Wong et al., 2016) Heptadecanols (Lee et al., 2012), analgesic and anti- inflammatory effects (Adeyemi Gastritis, liver et al., 2002), vasorelaxant action Tea (decoction), Persea americana Abacateiro problems, diarrhea, Leaves (Owolabi et al., 2005), maceration in a 0.118 0.005 Mill. (avocado tree) kidney stone, and seeds larvicidal activity (Torres et al., bath rheumatism 2014), antimycobacterial activity (Lu et al., 2012), antidiabetic activity (Lima et al., 2012a) Malpighiaceae Callaeum Cabi Quebranto, mau No data found Maceration in a antifebrile (Ruiz ex (“ayahuasca olhado, panemeira, bath, decoction Leaves 0.057 0.009 Griseb.) negro” [from uruca, olho gordo, in a bath D.M.Johnson Spanish]) stroke Antioxidant compounds (Mezadri et al., 2008), Acerola carotenoid (Rosso & Malpighia (Barbados Anemia Juice Fruit 0.005 NCI Mercadante, 2005), antioxidant punicifolia L. cherry) activity (Mezadri et al., 2008), antimicrobial Effect (Tremonte et al., 2016) Malvaceae Lung cancer, cough, Antibacterial activity (Cassano Algodão flu, bronchitis, Tea (decoction), et al., 2009) Gossypium (Creole asthma, uterine juice, syrup, Leaves 0.123 0.014 barbadense L. cotton) inflammation, fresh gastritis, stroke Anthocyanins (Alarcon-Aguilar et al., 2007), total phenolic (Mohd-Esa et al., 2010), caffeic, gallic, chlorogenic acids (Mercado-Mercado et al., 2015), ascorbic acid (Kalla et al.,2015), Toothache, mycosis, 1-octen-3-ol, decanal, octanal, Tea (decoction), Vinagreira- erysipelas, diabetes, 1-hexanol, nonanal (Ramírez- Hibiscus sabdariffa decoction in a roxa (roselle, quebranto, mau Leaves 0.052 NCI Rodrigues et al., 2012), L. bath, maceration carcade) olhado, phenolic compounds, in a bath constipation, flu caffeoylquinic acids, flavonols (Borrás-Linares et al., 2015), anti-obesity (Alarcon-Aguilar et al., 2007), antimicrobial activity (Borrás-Linares et al., 2015), antioxidant activity (Ramírez- Rodrigues et al., 2012) Total phenolics, tannins, Papoula flavonoids, favonols, (Chinese anthocyanins (Mak et al., 2013), hibiscus, Hibiscus rosa- polyphenols (Silva et al., China rose, Heart problems Tea (decoction) Flowers 0.005 NCI sinensis L. 2014a), antidiabetic potential Hawaiian (Pillai & Mini, 2016), hibiscus, shoe antioxidant and antibacterial flower) activities (Silva et al., 2014a) Theobroma cacao Cacau (cacao Erysipelas Fresh Fruit 0.005 NCI Polyphenols (González et al.,

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Palheta et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants occurring in urban home gardens

FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies L. tree, cocoa 2013), phenolic compounds, tree) procyanidins (Cádiz-Gerrea et al., 2014), flavanols (Ioannone et al., 2015), antioxidant activity (Ioannone et al., 2015) Triglycerides (Morelli et al., 2006), (-)-trachelogenin, Méssica clematoside-S (Gao et al., (caesar weed, Headache, 2015), mangiferin, stigmasterol, Urena lobata L. caesarweed, stomachache, Tea (decoction) Seeds 0.009 NCI β-sitosterol (Purnomo et al., bur mallow, gastritis 2015), antimicrobial activity pink burr) (Gao et al., 2015), antidiabetic potential (Purnomo et al., 2015) Marantaceae Ischnosiphon No data found gracilis (Rudge) Unha de gato Vaginal infection Extract Roots 0.005 NCI Körn. (“warimbo”)

Melastomataceae Tibouchina clavata Cibalena No data found Headache Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.005 NCI (Pers.) Wurdack (bear’s ear) Meliaceae Cedro Phenolic compounds (Almonte- ([Spanish] Flores et al., 2015), [Barbados] polyphenols, gallic acid, (-)- [Brazilian] Headache, gallocatechin, (+)-catechin Maceration in a Cedrela odorata L. [British aborrecimento de Leaves 0.009 NCI (Giordani et al., 2015), bath Guiana] criança antioxidant activity (Almonte- [British Flores et al., 2015; Giordani et Honduras] al., 2015) cedar) Moraceae Dorstenia No data found Apii asaroides Gardner. Asthma Tea (decoction) Roots 0.005 NCI ([unknown]) Caxinguba Amoebic infection, Tea (decoction), Skin/bark No data found Ficus maxima Mill. 0.009 NCI (fig tree) intestinal worms fresh and sap Musaceae Anthocyanins (Pazmiño-Durán et al., 2001), flavanoid (Nisha & Mini, 2013), polysaccharides (Mondal et al., 2001), rutin (Kappel et al., 2013), phenylpropanoid glycoside Banana roxa, (Krishnan et al., 2014), banana são Musa x paradisiaca Diarrhea, gastritis, Roots and anthelmintic activity (Hussain et tomé Tea (decoction) 0.024 NCI L. intestinal worms fruit al., 2011), antidiabetic potential ([French] (Krishnan et al., 2014), plantain) antioxidant, hypoglycaemic and anti-inflammatory activities (Nisha & Mini, 2013), potent antihyperglycemic and moderate antimicrobial activity (Jawla et al., 2012) Myrtaceae Psidium Goiaba araçá Diarrhea Tea (decoction) Young 0.005 NCI Disaccharide, monosaccharides, Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/223

Palheta et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants occurring in urban home gardens

FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies acutangulum Mart. (Para guava) leafy organic acids, ex DC. branches trihydroxycinnamic acid glucopyranosyl, tannine digalloylglucopyranosyl, triterpenoid acids, fatty acids (Ramos et al., 2015), antioxidant activity (Ramos et al., 2015), anti-inflammatory activity (Houël et al., 2015) Flavonoids and phenolic acids (Fernandes et al., 2014; Morais- Braga et al., 2015), triterpenoids (Shu et al., 2012), antidiabetic Goiabeira, Young activity (Soman et al., 2013), goiaba Hemorrhoids, leafy antidiarrhoeal activity ([yellow] diarrhea, wounds, branches, Psidium guajava L. Tea (decoction) 0.231 0.042 (Mazumdar et al., 2015), [lemon] urinary tract skin/bark antifungal potential (Morais- [common] infection, gastritis and Braga et al., 2015), guava) flowers antimicrobial and antioxidant activities (Fernandes et al., 2014), anti-inflammatory effect (Jang et al., 2014) Oxalidaceae 2-Dodecyl-6- methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene- 1,4- Dione (Zheng et al., 2013), phenolics, total flavonoids (Wei Caramba, et al., 2014), apigenin-6-C-β- Averrhoa carambola Diabetes, flu, Fresh, juice, tea Fruit and 0.033 NCI fucopyranoside (Cazarolli et al., carambola L. (star fruit, cholesterol issues (decoction) flowers 2012), antioxidant activity starfruit) (Thomas et al., 2016), Khanam et al., 2015), antihyperglycemic activity (Cazarolli et al., 2012), antidiabetic activity (Zheng et al., 2013) Panama, Anthocyanin-flavone (Fossen et Oxalis triangularis panama al., 2007), anthocyanins (Fossen Sore throat Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.019 NCI A.St.-Hil. branca (false et al., 2005) shamrock) Passifloraceae C-dideoxyhexosyl flavones (Xu et al., 2013), vitamin C (Flores et al., 2011), total phenolic, flavonoids (López-Vargas et al., 2013), triterpenoids, saponins Maracujá (Wang et al., 2013), (passion tocopherols, carotenoids, β- flower, Passiflora edulis Heart problems, criptoxanthin (Pertuzatti et al., passion fruit, Tea (decoction) Flowers 0.014 NCI Sims nervousness 2015), O-flavonoids, C- passionfruit, flavonoids, cyanogenic purple glycosides, fatty acids (Otify et granadilla) al., 2015), cyanidin-3-O-β-D glucopyranoside, aliphatic esters (Jiménez et al., 2011), total flavonoids (Zeraik & Yariwake, 2010), antioxidant and Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/224

Palheta et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants occurring in urban home gardens

FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies antibacterial capacities (López- Vargas et al., 2013), antidepressant effect (Wang et al., 2013), antidiabetic potential (Kandandapani et al., 2015) Maracujá-do- No data found Passiflora mato (black Stress, nervousness, Juice, decoction Fruit 0.019 NCI vespertilio L. passion wounds in a bath flower) Phyllanthaceae Tannins (Markom et al., 2007), antiplasmodial efficacy (Ifeoma Kidney stone, et al., 2013), anti-inflammatory Phyllanthus niruri Quebra-pedra urinary tract and antinociceptive activities Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.118 0.009 L. (niruri) infection, painful (Porto et al., 2013), urination antiallodynic effects (Couto et al., 2013), antioxidant effect (Colpo et al., 2014) Phytolaccaceae Anticonvulsant potential Mau olhado, (Gomes et al., 2008), anxiolytic assombro, and antidepressant effects quebranto, Decoction in a (Andrade et al., 2012), Mucuracaá panemeira, olho Petiveria alliacea bath maceration antimicrobial activity (Pacheco (guinea hen gordo, mau fluído, Leaves 0.288 0.014 L. in a bath, tea et al., 2013), antiproliferative weed) aborrecimento de (decoction) and anti-tumor activities criança, stroke, (Hernández et al., 2014), headache, intestinal mnemonic effects (Silva et al., worms 2015) Piperaceae Phytol, 2-Naphthalenol, decahydro, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (Wei et al., 2011), saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids (Silva et al., 2013b) analgesic activity (Aziba Comida-de- Painful urination, Peperomia et al., 2001), antibacterial jabuti (pepper kidney stone, pellucida (L.) Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.047 NCI activity (Khan & Omoloso, elder, shining diarrhea, gastritis, Kunth 2002), antiedematogenic and bush plant) diabetes, sore throat anti-inflammatory activities (Arrigoni-Blank et al., 2002), analgesic activity (Arrigoni- Blank et al., 2004), anticancer activity (Wei et al., 2011), antidiabetic and antioxidant properties (Hamzah et al., 2012) Stroke, facial No data found Óleo-elétrico, paralysis, mau Tea (decoction) Piper callosum elixir olhado, maceration in a Leaves 0.061 0.005 Ruiz & Pav. paregórico stomachache, bath, plaster ([unknown]) gastritis, fever Aborrecimento de Curcumene, Cis-cadin-4-en-7- Pau-de- Piper arboreum criança, uruca, Maceration in a ol, germacrene B (Nascimento angola (long Leaves 0.061 NCI Aubl. quebranto, mau bath, Juice et al., 2015), 3- geranil-4- pepper) olhado, panemeira, hidroxibenzoato de metila

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Palheta et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants occurring in urban home gardens

FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies headache, gastritis (Ramos & Kato, 2009), antifungal activity (Nascimento et al., 2015) Nerolidylcatechol (Núñez et al., 2005), 4- Nerolidylcatechol Malvarisco (Silva et al., 2011), antioxidant Piper peltatum L. (monkey’s Erysipelas Plaster Leaves 0.042 0.005 capacity (Puertas-Mejía et al., hand) 2009), antiplasmodial activity (Silva et al., 2011) Plantaginaceae Polysaccharides, lipids, caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, terpenoids (Samuelsen, 2000), oleanolic Tançagem acid (Kartini et al., 2014), β- Plantago major L. (common Sore throat Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.014 NCI glucosidase (Pankoke et al., plantain) 2013), anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, immunomodulating and antiulcer activities (Samuelsen, 2000) Benzoxazinoid glycoside, flavonoids (Wu et al., 2012), dulcinodal, dulcinodiol, scoadiol Vassourinha Kidney problems, Tea (decoction), decatone (Ahsan et al., 2015), Leaves Scoparia dulcis L. (sweet broom, difficulty urinating, maceration in a NCI antiproliferative activity (Wu et and roots goatweed) herpes, mycosis bath al., 2012), antiulcer activity (Babincová et al., 2008), antioxidant activity (Ratnasooriya et al., 2005) Poaceae Khusimol, E-isovalencenol, α- vetivone (Lima et al., 2012b), Chrysopogon Paticholim terpene (Hartwig et al., 2015), Decoction in a zizanioides (L.) (vetiver, Headache Roots 0.005 NCI anti-inflammatory and bath Roberty cuscus grass) antinociceptive effects (Lima et al., 2012b), acaricidal agents (Campos et al., 2015) Phenolic acids (Chung et al., 2011), flavonoids (Chen et al., 2011), flavones, luteolin (Chen Lágrima de Kidney stone, et al., 2012), anticancer activity, nossa senhora Coix lacryma-jobi urinary tract gatroprotective effect (Chung et (Job's tears, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.024 0.005 L. infection, painful al., 2011), anti-allergic effect coixseed, tear urination (Chen et al., 2012), anti- grass) inflammatory effects (Chen et al., 2011), antioxidant activity (Wang et al., 2016b) Polysaccharides (Thangam et Gas, queasiness, Capim al., 2014), myrcene (Lermen et stomachache, marinho, Tea (decoction), al., 2015), polyphenols vomiting, flu, Cymbopogon capim limão decoction in a (Francisco et al., 2013), 2,2- constipation, Leaves 0.231 0.024 citratus (DC.) Stapf (lemon grass, bath, maceration difenil-1-picrilhidrazil, tannins, nervousness, hair lemongrass, in a bath phenolics acids, flavones loss, high blood oil grass) glycosides (Figueirinha et al., pressure 2008), phenolic compounds

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Palheta et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants occurring in urban home gardens

FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies (Roriz et al., 2015; Costa et al., 2016b), lutelin 7-O- neohesperidoside, cassiaoccidentalin B, carlinoside, cynaroside, tannins (Costa et al., 2016a), antinociceptive activity (Viana et al., 2000), anticancer therapy (Thangam et al., 2014), antioxidant capacity (Roriz et al., 2015) anti-inflammatory property (Francisco et al., 2013), antibacterial activity (Lucena et al., 2015), gastroprotective activity (Sagradas et al., 2015) Phenolic acids, flavonoids, glycosides (Abbas et al., 2014), Cana-de- Decoction in a phenolic compounds (Sun et al., Saccharum açúcar (sugar Hair loss bath, maceration Leaves 0.005 NCI 2014b; Feng et al. 2014), officinarum L. cane, in a bath triterpenoids, phytosterols sugarcane) (Feng et al. 2014), antioxidant activity (Abbas et al., 2014) Polygalaceae Caamembeca No data found Camembeca Maceration in a spectabilis (DC.) Hyperactivity Leaves 0.005 NCI ([unknown]) bath J.F.B. Pastore Portulacaceae Wounds, falls, Trans-clerodane diterpenoids, vision problems, pilosanol A, B, C (Ohsaki et al., Amor- erysipelas, Decoction in a 1991), diterpenoid (Ohsaki et crescido (kiss stomachache, spinal bath, tea Leafy al., 1995) Portulaca pilosa L. 0.175 0.019 me quick, problems, liver (decoction), branches pink purslane) problems, gastritis, plaster, extract cancer, hair loss, uterine infection Rubiaceae 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O- caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O- caffeoylquinic acid (Xu et al., Café (arabica 2015), ascorbic acid, total Maceration in a Leaves coffee, flavonoids (Kadri et al., 2016), Coffea arabica L. Headache, gastritis bath, tea and 0.009 NCI mountain cafestol, 16-O-methylcafestol (decoction) flowers coffee) (Guercia et al., 2016), chlorogenic acid (Babova et al., 2016), antioxidant activity (Babova et al., 2016) Fatty acid glucosides (Kim et Noni (great Obesity, diabetes al., 2010), octanoic acid, morinda, uterine cancer, hexanoic acid (Pino et al., Tea (decoction) Indian stomach cancer, 2010), total phenolic Morinda citrifolia tea Leaves mulberry, high cholesterol, 0.255 0.038 (Ruhomally et al., 2015; L. (maceration), and fruit beach high blood pressure, Krishnaiah et al., 2015), juice mulberry, weakness, urinary anthraquinones (Wang et al., cheese fruit) tract infection 2016a), phenolic compounds, iridoids, ascorbic acid

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FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies (Dussossoy et al., 2011), cytotoxic effect (Lv et al., 2011), anti-inflammatory property (Dussossoy et al., 2011), antioxidant activity (Ruhomally et al., 2015; Palioto et al., 2015), anticancer effect (Lim et al., 2016), immunomodulatory effect (Palu et al., 2008), anti-obesity activity (Jambocus et al., 2016), antiplatelet effect (Beltrán et al., 2015), antinociceptive activity (Campos et al., 2016), antiangiogenic activity (Piaru et al., 2012), antiviral activity (Wang et al., 2016a), antimicrobial activity (Tintino et al., 2015) Rutaceae β-mycerne (Bonamin et al., 2014), flavonoids (Park et al., Laranja da 2014), hesperidin, neohesperidin terra ([bitter] (Hamdan et al., 2014), antiulcer Albumin deficiency [Seville] activity (Bonamin et al., 2014), Citrus x aurantium during pregnancy, Tea (decoction), Fruit and [sour] 0.024 0.005 insecticides activity (Zarrad et L. high cholesterol, juice, fresh leaves [bigarade] al., 2015), anxiolytic effect heart problems [marmalade] (Pultrini et al., 2006), anti- orange) inflammatory effect (Kang et al., 2011), anticancer effect (Park et al., 2014) Flu, colds, Total phenolic (Mushtaq et al., Limãozinho, headache, cough, Tea (decoction), 2015), antimicrobial effect Citrus x limon (L.) limão sore throat, wounds, juice, lollipop, Leaves (Oliveira et al., 2014b), 0.226 0.014 Osbeck (mandarin kidney stone, fresh, decoction and fruit antioxidant and antimutagenic lime) venous obstruction, in a bath activities (Mushtaq et al., 2015) queasiness Vitamin C and phenolic compounds (Letaief et al., 2016), limonene (Gaínza et al., 2015), flavanoneglycosides, polymethoxylated flavones Flu, colds, heart Laranjeira, (Chen et al., 2015), linoleic palpitations, Tea (decoction) Citrus sinensis (L.) laranja Leaves acid, α-linoleic acid, oleic acid, nervousness, decoction in a 0.052 NCI Osbeck ([sweet] and fruit estearic acid (Nunes et al., fatigue, bath, juice orange) 2015), polyphenols (Nayak et stomachache al., 2015), flavonoids (Barreca et al., 2016), anthelmintic activity (Gaínza et al., 2015), antioxidant capacity (Barreca et al., 2016) Aborrecimento de 2-nonanone and 2-undecanone Maceration in a Arruda criança, quebranto, (Orlanda & Nascimento, 2015), bath, tea ([common] mau olhado, Leafy coumarin compounds (Harat et Ruta graveolens L. (decoction), 0.165 0.009 rue; herb-of- stomachache, branches al., 2015), rutina and plaster, fresh, grace) stroke, headache, furanocoumarins (Ueng et al., tea (infusion) flu, vision 2015), anti-inflammatory and Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/228

Palheta et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants occurring in urban home gardens

FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies problems, facial antioxidant effects (Raghav et paralysis, heart al., 2007), hypoglycemic effects problems (Figueroa-Valverde et al., 2009), antimicrobial and anti- inflammatory properties (Harat et al., 2015), relaxant activity (Águila et al., 2015) Simaroubaceae Quassinoids (Houël et al., 2009), simalikalactone D Quina (bitter (Bertani et al., 2012), Quassia amara L. ash, bitter Boils Extract Leaves 0.005 NCI antimalarial property (Bertani et wood) al., 2012), anti-ulcerogenic effect (García-Barrantes & Badilla, 2011) Solanaceae Brugmansia Zabumba Flavonol glycosides (Geller et suaveolens (Humb. ([white] al., 2014) Asthma Inhalable mist Flowers 0.005 NCI & Bonpl. ex Willd.) angel’s Bercht. & C. Presl trumpet) Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, N- vanillyl-n-acylamide group (Schweiggert et al., 2006), capsaicinoid, phenolics Pimenta compounds (Santos et al., Capsicum malagueta Maceration in a 2015), total phenolic, total Mau olhado Leaves 0.014 NCI frutescens L. (cayenne bath flavonoids (Gurnani et al., pepper) 2015), antioxidant effect (Oboh & Ogunruku, 2010), antibacterial activity (Carvalho et al., 2010), antimicrobial activity (Gurnani et al., 2015) Total phenolics and flavonoids (Kaur et al., 2014), ligananamids (Sun et al., 2014a), anthocyanins, total monomeric anthocyanin (Dranca & Oroian, 2015), Solanum Berinjela Tea High cholesterol Fruit 0.005 NCI phenylpropanoid amides (Sun et melongena L. (eggplant) (maceration) al., 2015a), γ-alkylated-γ- butyrolactone (Sun et al., 2015b), antioxidant activity (Braga et al., 2016) anti- inflammatory effect (Sun et al., 2014a; Sun et al., 2015b) Solanum No data found Jurubeba stramoniifolium Intestinal worms Fresh Fruit 0.009 NCI ([unknown]) Jacq. Talinaceae Caruru Betaxanthin and betacyanin (waterleaf, (Swarna et al., 2013), phenolics Talinum Surinam compounds (Brasileiro et al., triangulare (Jacq.) purslane, Stomachache Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.005 NCI 2015), antioxidant activity Willd. Florida (Swarna et al., 2013; Brasileiro spinach, et al., 2015) potherb

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FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies fameflower, sweetheart) Turneraceae Flavanoids and phenolics compounds (Brito et al., 2012), anti-ulcerogenic and anti- inflammatory effects (Antônio Kidney stone, Turnera ulmifolia Chanana & Brito, 1998), anti- urinary tract Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.009 NCI L. (yellow alder) inflammatory and antioxidant infection activities (Galvez et al., 2006; Nascimento et al., 2006), antiparasitic activity (Santos et al., 2012) Verbenaceae β-guaiene, piperitenone (Alea et al., 1996), linalool, 1,8-cineole, β-caryophylene (Siani et al., Stomachache, 2002), geranial, geraniol, constipation, heart germacrene D, 1,8-cienole, β- problems, elemene (Tavares et al., 2005), Lippia alba (Mill.) Erva-cidreira stomachache, citral (neral + geranial), N.E.Br. ex Britton (bushy vomiting, high Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.425 0.104 geraniol, β-bourbonene (Jezler & P.Wilson matgrass) blood pressure, et al., 2013), carvone, limonene nervousness, (Ehlert et al., 2013), neral (Juiz insomnia, intestinal et al., 2015), antibacterial worms activity (Alea et al., 1996) reduction of migraine (Carmona et al., 2013), antimicrobial activity (Juiz et al., 2015) Gastritis, No data found stomachache, Lippia thymoides Manjirona diarrhea, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.038 NCI Mart. & Schauer ([unknown]) generalized aches/pains Fel de gozo, Antimicrobial activity (Souza et ferdeguzo al., 2010), antioxidant activity ([dark-][blue] (Souza et al., 2011) [Cayenne] snakeweed; bluetop; nettle-leaf [Cayenne] Stachytarpheta porterweed; Stomachache, cayennensis (Rich.) Cayenne diarrhea, vomiting, Tea (decoction) Leaves 0.014 NCI Vahl vervain; cough rattail; rough- leaf false vervain; blue rat’s tail; Brazilian tea; false verbena; nettleleaf velvetberry) Violaceae Pombalia Pecaconha No data found Flu, cough Syrup Leaves 0.009 NCI calceolaria (L.) ([unknown])

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FAMILY Common name(s) in Condition(s) for Brazilian which treatment Plant Portuguese with the species is part(s) Phytochemical and Species (English) recommended Preparation(s) used UVs IVs pharmacological studies Paula-Souza Vitaceae Cipó-pucá Compounds phenolic, Cissus verticillata (princess vine, terpenoids, polysaccharides Tea (decoction), (L.) Nicolson & millionaire Stroke Leaves 0.028 NCI (Oliveira et al., 2012) plaster C.E.Jarvis vine, curtain ivy) Xanthorrhoeaceae Polysaccharides (Tabandeh et al., 2014), lophenol and cycloartanol (Nomaguchi et al., Hair loss, 2011), triglucosylated erysipelas, stomach Babosa (aloe naphthalene glycoside (Yang et cancer, uterine vera, aloe, Tea (decoction), al., 2010), treatment of cervical cancer, burn plant, juice, fresh, gastroesophageal reflux (Panahi Aloe vera (L.) cough, gastritis, lily of the plaster, syrup, Leaves 0.363 0.052 et al., 2015), anticancer activity Burm. f. liver problems, desert, decoction in a (Shalabi et al., 2015), wounds, burns, elephant’s bath antioxidant activity (Kang et al., heart problems, gall) 2014), antidiabetic activity urinary tract (Nomaguchi et al., 2011), infection antifungal and anti- inflammatory properties (Das et al., 2011) Zingiberaceae Heart problems, Flavanoids (Victório et al., mau olhado, 2009a), polyphenols (Silva et Vindicá quebranto, al., 2014b), antibacterial and Tea (decoction), Alpinia purpurata (shellflower, hyperactivity, Flowers anticancer activities (Raj et al., decoction in a 0.071 NCI (Vieill.) K. Schum dwarf albumin deficiency and leaves 2012), vasodilator activity bath cardamom) during pregnancy, (Victório et al., 2009b), anemia in hypotensive effect (Silva et al., pregnancy 2014b) Borboleta Albumin deficiency Saponins, caryophyllene and Hedychium Tea (decoction), (white ginger, during pregnancy, Roots and myrcene (Martins et al., 2010) coronarium J. decoction in a 0.085 0.005 butterfly bloating during leaves Koenig bath ginger) pregnancy, anemia Gerinal, neral, geraniol (Dabague et al., 2011), Sore throat, colds, zingiberene, gerinal, β- falls, rheumatism, Maceration in a phellandrene, β- Zingiber officinale Gengibre spinal problems, bath, tea Roots 0.292 0.028 sesquiphellandrene, β- Roscoe (ginger) low blood pressure, (decoction), bisabolene, α-curmene (An et fatigue, abdominal syrup, lollipop al., 2016), antioxidant and cramping antimicrobial activities (Bellik, 2014)

About the main therapeutic use of medicinal reported in other studies conducted within the plants indicated, which were grouped in accordance Amazon region (Carneiro et al., 2010; Santos & with the International Classification of Diseases Lima, 2008) and Atlantic Forest (Vendruscolo & following: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (17.6% Mentz 2006; Albertasse et al., 2010). Data from the of the plant species identified); “Cultural ills” National Basic Health Care Database of the Brazilian (14.5%); Gastrointestinal Disorders (11%); National Ministry of Health show that 46.55% of Circulatory Disorders (10.3%); and Respiratory households in Abaetetuba have open sewers and only Disorders (10.0%). Similar findings have been 1.7% are connected to the municipal sewer system

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(DATASUS, 2013). Therefore, the fact that Jardim 2005; Leão et al., 2007; Aguiar & Barros, medicinal plants are most often used in the treatment 2012). The preference for leaves might be related to of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases could be ease of use and greater availability of leaves attributable to the lack of basic sanitation in the city. throughout the year (Brito & Senna-Valle, 2011). The “Cultural ills” cited by the interviewees The most commonly reported formulation of included quebranto (general malaise and physical home remedies in the present study was decoction weakness attributed to a curse), mau olhado (“evil (tea, in 58.2%), followed by maceration into a bath eye”), panemeira (unhappiness attributed to a curse), (in 13.1%) and decoction into a bath (in 9.8%). The olho gordo (supposed effect of the envy or jealousy predominance of decoction tea has been reported in of others), espírito mau (evil spirits), assombro other studies of medicinal plants in the Amazon (haunting), uruca (constant bad luck attributed to a region (Leão et al., 2007; Siviero et al., 2012; curse), diarreia de dentição (teething-related Vásquez et al., 2014). diarrhea), aborrecimento de criança (childhood For the species identified here, the Total annoyance/irritability), and mau fluído (literally “bad Species Diversity and Total Species Equitability were fluid”; similar to the “evil eye”). Within this 47.43 and 0.383, respectively. The high Total Species subcategory of medicinal plant use, the species most Diversity indicates that there was considerable often cited (by 21.2% of the interviewees) was species variety among the medicinal plants identified. Petiveria alliacea L. (mucuracaá locally; guinea hen In other studies of urban home gardens (Althaus- weed in English). Depending on the form in which it Ottmann et al., 2011; Eichemberg et al., 2009), high is prepared, P. alliacea presents varying degrees of species diversity was attributed to the rural origin of toxicity, provoking insomnia, hallucinations, and the interviewees (garden owners), who had come to dysfunction of the central nervous system (Oliveira et cultivate various new species as a way of adapting to al., 2010). In Brazil, P. alliacea was first used during the urban environment. We observed the same in the the time of slavery, because it was the principal São Sebastião neighborhood, where the majority of ingredient in the preparation known as “amansa the interviewees were from rural communities and senhor” (another name for the plant itself, loosely continued to grow plants in their home gardens. translating to “master-be-gone” or “neutralize the As shown in Table 2, the species with the master”), which was used by the slaves in order to highest UVs in the present study were Kalanchoe make their masters apathetic and less inclined to mete pinnata (UVs-0.462); Lippia alba (UVs-0.425); Aloe out punishments (Camargo, 2007). In the São vera (UVs-0.363); Zingiber officinale (UVs-0.292); Sebastião neighborhood, P. alliacea is primarily used Petiveria alliacea (UVs-0.288); Fridericia chica in the form of a decoction that is added to a bath as a (UVs-0.283); Costus spicatus (UVs-0.274); Morinda treatment for quebranto or mau olhado. Apparently citrifolia (UVs-0.255); Eleutherine bulbosa (UVs- the use of these vegetables can relate to the biological 0.241); Cymbopogon citratus (UVs-0.231) and activities provided their active ingredients with Psidium guajava (UVs-0.231). supernatural beliefs through which obtain the cure The species of the greatest relative (Camargo, 2014). Citations for the treatment of importance, showing high UVs (K. pinnata and L. “Cultural ills” is not restricted to the home gardens of alba), were recommended as treatments for ailments interviewees in Brazil because Molares & Rovere affecting various human body systems (up to 10) or (2016) in Argentina also reported the use of nine were cited multiple times as indicated for the species, eight of which are native to that country. treatment of conditions affecting a single body Any or all parts of a given medicinal plant system. That suggests that there is strong pressure on can be used in the preparation of herbal medicines. these species due to their widespread use, because Among the individuals interviewed in the present they are so widely known in the local community. K. study, the plant parts most often cited as being used pinnata was cited as a treatment for disorders of 10 in such preparations were the leaves (in 71.4%), the body systems, compared with five for L. alba, the roots (in 8.9%), and the fruit (in 6.9%). Other studies latter being recommended as a treatment for of medicinal plants have also found that the leaves Circulatory Disorders by 55% of the interviewees and are the part of the plants that is most often used in the for Behavioural Disorders, including stress, insomnia, production of home remedies (Coelho-Ferreira & and depression, by 19%.

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Studies such as that conducted by Almeida et guajava (IVs-0.042); Eleutherine bulbosa (IVs- al. (2000) have shown that leaf extracts of K. pinnata 0.038) and Morinda citrifolia (IVs-0.038). We contain flavonoids, suggesting that these metabolites observed that the interviewees determined the are gastroprotective and can heal gastric ulcers. importance of medicinal plant species on the basis of Studies of L. alba have shown that it has whether or not they had used it as a treatment and on antibacterial, antifungal, anti-ulcer, analgesic, anti- the predominance of at-risk groups (children, the inflammatory, sedative, muscle relaxant, and elderly, and pregnant women) within their family. Of anxiolytic properties (Pascual et al., 2001; the interviewees, 12% cited L. alba as the most Heinzmann & Barros, 2007; Aguiar et al., 2008). important species for use in the treatment of high Those effects could explain the high use of those two blood pressure, stress, and insomnia. For disorders species by the practitioners of folk medicine in the affecting five different body systems, especially São Sebastião neighborhood. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, M. spicata was Table 2 also shows that the species of cited by 88%. However, the interviewees who medicinal plants with the highest IVs in São reported no longer using M. spicata attributed that Sebastião were L. alba (IVs-0.104); Mentha spicata change to an absence of children in the home but (IVs-0.090); F. chica (IVs-0.071); A. vera (IVs- stated their willingness to grow the species again if 0.052); Mikania lindleyana (IVs-0.052); grandchildren arrive. Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (IVs-0.047); Psidium

Table 3 Informant Consensus Factors for health conditions that are reportedly treatable with the medicinal plant species grown in home gardens in the São Sebastião neighborhood of the city of Abaetetuba, in the state of Pará, Brazil. Nur – number of citations per category; Nt – number of species cited per category; ICF - Informant Consensus Factors.

Category Nur Nt ICF Infectious and parasitic diseases 333 53 0.84 Tumors (neoplasms) 50 6 0.90 Disorders of the blood/hematopoietic organs and certain immune system disorders 69 6 0.93 Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic disorders 52 12 0.78 Central nervous system disorders 56 29 0.49 Ocular disorders 15 4 0.79 Diseases of the ear and mastoid process 31 4 0.90 Circulatory disorders 195 38 0.81 Respiratory disorders 189 37 0.81 Gastrointestinal disorders 207 34 0.84 Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues 96 14 0.86 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue 50 8 0.86 Genitourinary disorders 157 33 0.79 Pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium 20 4 0.84 Behavioral disorders 18 2 0.94 Trauma and poisoning 20 8 0.63 Symptoms and signs 56 23 0.60 Cultural ills 273 31 0.89

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Table 3 shows the ICF values for the various The existence of pharmacological studies that ailments cited by the home garden owners confirm the indications of interviewees demonstrates interviewed in the present study. We divided those the importance of rescue and conservation of folk into 18 categories, of which 12 showed ICF values > medicine both for the residents of São Sebastião and 0.8. There were four categories in particular that were for science itself. notable for their high relative importance (ICF values): Behavioural Disorders (0.94); Disorders of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the Blood and Hematopoietic Organs (0.93); Ear We are grateful to the São Sebastião community Disorders (0.90); and Tumors and Neoplasms (0.90). leaders, to Lenir Fagundes, and to the residents of the In a similar study Alves & Povh (2013) also neighborhood, for their hospitality and willingness to found that the best consensus was for Behavioural share information. This study received financial Disorders, depression being the most frequently cited support from the Graduate Program in Environmental such disorder. According to Maioli-Azevedo & Science at Pará State University. Fonseca-Kruel (2007), the medicinal plants for which there is the highest concordance among respondents REFERENCIAS are of great cultural importance for the local Abajo C, Boffill MA, Campo J, Méndeza MA, community, the extensive exchange of such species González Y, Mitjans M, Vinardell MP. 2004. expanding the local knowledge base by virtue of the In vitro study of the antioxidant and increased interaction. In addition, high ICF values immunomodulatory activity of aqueous can indicate which species merit further study in infusion of Bidens pilosa. J terms of their pharmacological properties (Almeida & Ethnopharmacol 93: 319 - 323. Albuquerque, 2002). Abbas SR, Sabir SM, Ahmad SD, Boligon AA, As can be seen in Table 2 89 species Athayde ML. 2014. Phenolic profile, (71.77%) were featured in previous pharmacological antioxidant potential and DNA damage studies. For 37 of these species (41.57%), the uses protecting activity of sugarcane (Saccharum cited by the residents in São Sebastião showed some officinarum). Food Chem 147: 10 - 16. similarity to the investigated effects/actions, Abreu IC, Marinho ASS, Paes AMA, Freirea SMF, demonstrating concordance between popular Oleab RSG, Borgesa MOR, Borges ACR. knowledge and academic science. 2003. Hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatropha CONCLUSIONS gossypiifolia L. in rats. Fitoterapia 74: 650 - Although the home gardens studied here were in the 657. urban zone of a relatively large city, their owners Abreu P, Matthew S, González T, Costa D, Segundo cultivated and used medicinal plants not only for MA, Fernandes E. 2006. Anti-inflammatory therapeutic purposes but also as a reflection of their and antioxidant activity of a medicinal cultural heritage. However, in the study area, tincture from Pedilanthus tithymaloides. Life knowledge of the various species was not distributed Sci 78: 1578 - 1585. in a uniform manner, which is likely attributable to Adeyemi OO, Okpo SO, Ogunti OO. 2002. Analgesic the diversity of our sample of interviewees, in terms and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous of their geographic origins. From a quantitative extract of leaves of Persea americana Mill perspective, the heterogeneous distribution of (Lauraceae). Fitoterapia 73: 375 - 380. knowledge was also evidenced by the low value of Aguiar JS, Maria CCD, Costa MCCD, Nascimento total species evenness. SC, Sena KXFR. 2008. Atividade The production of botanical knowledge in a antimicrobiana de Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. community appears to be directly linked to the Brown (Verbenaceae). Rev Bras Farmacogn relationship that its residents have with the medicinal 18: 436 - 440. plants they grow in their home gardens. The local Aguiar LCGG, Barros RFM. 2012. Plantas culture affects knowledge regarding the use of medicinais cultivadas em quintais de therapeutic plant resources, due to the interaction comunidades rurais no domínio do cerrado among groups of individuals of different geographic piauiense (Município de Demerval Lobão, origins. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/234

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Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas/262