MUJERES QUE MIRAN HACIA LAS ESTRELLAS Un Repaso a La Historia Y El Presente De La Ciencia Ficción Femenina

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MUJERES QUE MIRAN HACIA LAS ESTRELLAS Un Repaso a La Historia Y El Presente De La Ciencia Ficción Femenina MUJERES QUE MIRAN HACIA LAS ESTRELLAS Un repaso a la historia y el presente de la ciencia ficción femenina TEXTO GISELA BAÑOS y ANTONIO TORRUBIA FOTOS ARCHIVO omo atestigua la última edición de los desafiar la tradición escribiendo historias no basadas premios Hugo, uno de los más prestigiosos en las ciencias naturales, como era habitual, sino C galardones de la ciencia ficción, atrás que- en sus conocimientos antropológicos y de humani- daron los años en los que Alice Bardley Sheldon se dades. La mano izquierda de la oscuridad (1969) y Los tenía que ocultar tras el seudónimo de James Tip- desposeídos (1974) son dos ejemplos magistrales de tree Jr. para publicar sus obras, porque todas las ciencia ficción social. En estas dos novelas, Le Guin categorías literarias fueron ganadas por mujeres. cuestiona temas como los prejuicios culturales o los Sin embargo, resulta llamativo que, durante tantos habituales roles de género a través de magníficas años, ellas, las autoras, hayan pasado desapercibi- reflexiones sobre la naturaleza humana. Otra autora das dentro de un género cuya precursora fue preci- destacada fue Joanna Russ (1937-2011), cuya obra El samente una mujer: Mary Shelley con Frankenstein hombre hembra (1975) es un referente de la ciencia o el moderno Prometeo (1818). ficción feminista. En la historia de la ciencia ficción hay nombres A partir de los años 1980 y 1990 se diversificaron, en femeninos muy interesantes y prácticamente desco- general, los temas abordados por la ciencia ficción, y nocidos, como el de Naomi Mitchinson (1887-1999), entre las autoras de este periodo hay que destacar a que, si bien cultivó varios géneros, cuando ya había Julian May (1931-2017). En España se publicó su Saga cumplido los 63 años nos dejó una curiosa novela: del exilio en el Plioceno (1981-1984), una tetralogía en Memorias de una mujer del espacio (1962). En esta, la torno al descubrimiento de una puerta que permite a protagonista explora la galaxia, estudia y se relaciona, la humanidad, que ya ha contactado con otra especie también a nivel sexual, con seres que pueblan nues- alienígena, viajar en el tiempo a esa época prehistóri- tros mundos vecinos. ca. Octavia E. Butler (1947-2006), otra de las autoras a destacar, utiliza, en muchas ocasiones, la ciencia No fue hasta la época de la New Wave, en los años ficción para explorar temas como la esclavitud, el 1970, cuando algunos nombres de autoras empeza- progreso social y la lucha de clases. Y precisamen- ron a despuntar y otros se volvieron imprescindibles. te sobre la esclavitud en Estados Unidos habla en El primero de ellos corresponde a la ya mencionada Kindred (1979), valiéndose para ello de los viajes en Alice Bardley Sheldon (1915-1987), de quien podemos el tiempo. Cabe mencionar también su Trilogía de la destacar la multipremiada Houston, Houston, Do You Xenogénesis (1984-1989), que narra la supervivencia Read? (1976), obra que fue considerada por la revista de los últimos seres humanos tras una catástrofe Locus como la sexta mejor novela corta de todos los nuclear gracias a una raza alienígena que los rescata: tiempos en el año 1999. La imprescindible Ursula los Oankali. Entre las autoras del fin de siglo pasado K. Le Guin (1929) también perteneció a este periodo no podemos olvidar a Lois McMaster Bujold (1949) y de rejuvenecimiento del género de ciencia ficción al su longeva serie de Miles Vorkosigan (1986-2016), que TEMA 48 perdura hasta hoy, con más de veinte títulos entre los conocimos en junio de 2017 a raíz de su presencia que se encuentran cinco premios Hugo. en España". Mientras más allá de nuestras fronteras estas mu- En esta trilogía conoceremos la Quietud, un mundo jeres desbrozaban el camino a las que habrían de en el que los desastres naturales se suceden y que solo recorrerlo después, en España comenzaba su carrera los denostados orogenes (o, como se les suele llamar Elia Barceló. Sus primeros relatos aparecieron en a modo de insulto, orogratas), mujeres y hombres de fanzines de género a primeros de los 1980 y, hoy raza negra, pueden controlar. Al contrario de lo que en día, es una de las autoras más reconocidas de pueda parecer, en lugar de ser ellos quienes lideran nuestro país, no solo en lo referente a la literatura esa civilización, puesto que poseen el poder salvaje de de ciencia ficción. Su hermoso relato La estrella desviar los terremotos, controlar los volcanes o hacer (1991) recibió el primer premio Ignotus otorgado a salir o diluir la presión tectónica del Padre Tierra, un una mujer, mientras que la novela corta El mundo grupo los tiene subyugados, lo que hace de ellos una de Yarek (1993), sobre el destierro de un experto en especie de raza de magos-esclavos-psiónicos. La autora exobiología tras ser juzgado por el genocidio irres- neoyorquina mezcla y entreteje hábilmente una trama ponsable de una especie extraterrestre, recibió, ese a caballo entre la fantasía épica y la ciencia ficción que mismo año, el premio UPC. nos tiene en ascuas y que resolverá en The Stone Sky, la tercera parte de la saga, que esperemos que traduzca Respecto a las escritoras actuales, de entre las David Tejera Expósito. decenas que despuntan en el escenario de la ciencia ficción, queremos centrarnos en tres autoras an- En Nova CF tienen publicadas también las novelas glosajonas, empezando con N.K. Jemisin de Ann Leckie Justicia Auxiliar, con la que (en la foto), que estuvo de visita en consiguió ganar los premios Locus, Barcelona y Madrid durante el Hugo, Nebula, Arthur C. Clarke verano pasado para presentar y BSFA; y su segunda parte, la primera parte de la Trilo- Espada Auxiliar. Durante 2018 gía de la Tierra Fragmenta- publicarán Ancillary Mercy, la da, La quinta estación, de conclusión de la serie y, un la que el 25 de enero verá poco más tarde, editarán la luz su continuación, El en castellano Stray Skies, Portal de los Obeliscos. Su de Hao Jingfang, ganado- editora en Nova Ciencia ra del premio Hugo 2016 a Ficción es Marta Rossich, mejor novella por Folding la cual nos ha dedicado Beijing. unas palabras sobre Nora: "Es un lujo poder publicar La segunda autora sobre la a N.K. Jemisin porque es la que nos queremos detener es autora que está revolucionando Becky Chambers (en la foto de la las costuras de la fantasía épica, página siguiente), que con su novela gracias a la gran calidad de su narra- de ciencia ficción El largo viaje a un tiva. Se trata, además, de la autora que ha pequeño planeta iracundo (ya traducida en In- conseguido un hito insólito: ser premiada sólita Editorial por Alexander Páez) fue nominada al con dos premios Hugo consecutivos a la premio Hugo, al premio Arthur C. Clarke y al Bailey’s mejor novela (2016, 2017), algo que no Women’s Prize for Fiction, entre muchos otros. En sucedía desde hace veinticinco años. ella nos cuenta la historia de La Peregrina, una nave Jemisin lo tiene todo porque, tam- tuneladora que se encarga de unir puntos lejanos en bién a nivel personal, es una persona el espacio a través de agujeros de gusano, y de su tri- excepcional que deja huella, cosa que pulación, centrándose en la recién llegada Rosemary pudimos comprobar todos los que la Harper y transmitiendo un buen rollo y una alegría El Portal de los ObeliscosISLANDIA N.K. Jemisin Ediciones B inusual, un poco consiguiendo el mismo poso que los premios Locus y Nebula, y finalista de los Hugo Firefly, con un toque de Star Trek. En Estados Unidos en 2017). ya ha visto la luz la segunda parte de su novela, A Clo- sed and Common Orbit, y actualmente la autora está La tercera autora que nos gustaría destacar es escribiendo su próximo libro sobre la serie de Kameron Hurley (en la imagen de la página La Peregrina, Record of a Spaceborn Few. siguiente). Con su novela Las estre- Su editor, Christian Rodríguez, nos llas son Legión nos trae una Space comenta sobre Becky: Opera que nos habla sobre un "Lo primero que me llamó la amor trágico, la venganza y la atención de El largo viaje a un guerra. Alejándose de la des- pequeño planeta iracundo fue esperanza (o la esperanza) el chute de optimismo en que nos trae Jemisin, y del vena que recibí mientras lo buen rollo de Chambers, leía. No me refiero única- Hurley nos traslada a los mente a que me divirtiera confines del universo, a leyéndolo, que también, La Legión, un sistema sino a que este libro trans- de Mundonaves que se va mite una esperanza en el pudriendo poco a poco. futuro que es muy necesaria. Nada es capaz de detener Pero lo que acabó de con- la agonía de esos mundos, quistarme fue la diversidad (de en los que durante siglos dos culturas, de maneras de entender familias han estado luchando las relaciones, de ideas...) con la que por la supremacía. Al empezar la Becky Chambers ha poblado la galaxia en novela, Zan no recuerda quién es, las la que se mueven los tripulantes de La Peregrina. mujeres que le rodean dicen ser su familia y le Como lector, me atraen las novelas como El largo via- aseguran que ella es la única capaz de abordar el je… que usan la ciencia ficción para explorar alterna- Mokshi y salvar La Legión de la sucesión de batallas tivas al modelo cultural dominante (blanco, mascu- genocidas en las que se ven envueltas. Su novela es lino, heterosexual, judeocristiano). Algunos autores fatalista y oscura, con un toque que puede rozar el describen futuros sombríos para advertirnos sobre gore (un poco al estilo del universo Alien), y está ellos, pero Becky Chambers —mujer, gay y escritora poblada exclusivamente por mujeres.
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