Pascal in Potentia… Isaac Da Costa on Spinoza and Pantheism
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STUDIA ROSENTHALIANA 42-43 (2010-2011), 149-163 doi: 10.2143/SR.43.0.2175924 Pascal in potentia… Isaac da Costa on Spinoza and Pantheism IRENE ZWIEP Introduction: Da Costa and Jewish emancipation ‘ ie Menschheit? Das ist ein Abstraktum, es hat von jeher nur D Menschen gegeben und es wird nur Menschen geben.’1 The famous remark by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to the German histo- rian Heinrich Luden (1778-1847) summarizes one of the fundamental dilemmas of historiography: the tension between, on the one hand, the historical patterns we impose upon the past and, on the other, the indi- vidual fates that help us draw up those patterns yet by the same token seem to defy them. The career of the Dutch-Jewish writer Isaac da Costa (1798-1860), whose thoughts on the life and work of Baruch Spinoza are at the heart of this contribution, is a case in point. Self-confessed Sephardi nobleman, Romantic Dutch-national poet, Protestant convert and spokesman of the pietistic Christian Reveil Movement, Da Costa’s biography reflects the deeply experimental nature of Dutch-Jewish life during the first decades of the nineteenth century, when the parallel searches for a Jewish-gentile ecumene and for a new Dutch-Israelite iden- tity dominated the intellectual arena.2 Both Da Costa’s search for a new identity and his choice to join a clearly-defined ecumenical space, are strategies that were followed by many after 1796, the year in which civic equality had been granted to the Jews in the Low Countries. The fact, 1. ‘Mankind? That is an abstraction. There have always been, and always will be, only men.’ Quoted from O. Spengler’s Untergang des Abendlandes. Umriße einer Morphologie der Weltgeschichte. Ungekürzte Sonderausgabe in einem Band (Munich 1980), p. 28f. 2. For the Dutch-Jewish Enlightenment as a quest for an intellectual sphere without religious or cultural difference, cf. my forthcoming article ‘Jewish Enlightenment (Almost) without Haskalah: the Dutch Example’, in Jewish Culture and History 12 (2011 ). 150 IRENE ZWIEP however, that Da Costa chose to realize that new Jewish identity outside the sphere of Enlightenment and, especially, outside the realm of Juda- ism, neatly illustrates the truth of Goethe’s observation. Da Costa’s famous assertion that he ‘had remained, no had become a Jew only when (…) professing [him]self a Christian’ indeed seems to illustrate the individual paradox rather than the collective process of early nineteenth-century Jewish emancipation.3 For Da Costa, however, there had been neither paradox nor irony in those words, which he had noted down in the preface to his messianic Israel en de volken. Een over- zicht van de geschiedenis der Joden tot op onzen tijd of 1848, a history of the Jewish people from its biblical beginnings until the most recent – and according to Da Costa upsettingly revolutionary – times. Like his con- version in 1822, his oft-quoted dictum can (to a certain extent at least) be interpreted as his personal, individual commentary on collective Jewish emancipation and on the threat he believed this unprecedented novelty posed to both the natural and the divine order of the universe. When viewed against the longue durée of universal history, Da Costa believed, Jewish political emancipation was nothing short of Jewish reli- gious apostasy. While discussing the phenomenon in Israel en de volken, he was quick to identify the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn as the prime instigator and role model of this collective folly. Under the guise of enlightened rationalism, he claimed, Mendelssohn had succeeded in lur- ing his less-gifted fellow-Jews into imitating the ‘Mendelssohnian para- dox’, i.e., into covertly adopting the values and mores of Christianity while remaining overtly loyal to traditional ‘Rabbinism’ – a reproof that resounds with echoes of the famous Lavater affair of 1769, when the Swiss pastor Johann Caspar Lavater (1741-1801) had challenged Mendelssohn to either refute the Christian religion or else embrace its principles. Following Mendelssohn’s death in 1786, Da Costa argued, the philosopher’s many epigones (scathingly dismissed as ‘de Joodsche Emanci patievrienden’)4 had continued to tempt their co-religionists 3. ‘Ik bleef toch wel (neen! Ik werd eerst recht) Israëliet, toen ik (…) mij Christen beleed’, in I. da Costa, Israel en de volken (Utrecht 1848), Voorrede. For a detailed analysis of Da Costa’s biog- raphy as a ‘Jewish fate’, cf. J. Meijer’s doctoral thesis Isaac da Costa’s weg naar het Christendom. Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der joodsche problematiek in Nederland (Amsterdam 1946), and idem, Martelgang of cirkelgang. Isaac da Costa als joods romanticus (Paramaribo 1954). 4. Israël en de volken, p. 372. PASCAL IN POTENTIA… ISAAC DA COSTA ON SPINOZA AND PANTHEISM 151 into pseudo-Christianity, thus causing them to forsake their divinely determined role in history (which had been to live as Jews until the coming of the Messiah, only to confirm the Christian truth through their unanimous conversion upon His arrival). In Da Costa’s view, the Jews’ recent struggle for socio-political equality implied a perverse negation of both Christian theology and Jewish history. ‘What should a Christian clinging on to the Gospel of Grace… think of this new development in the history of Abraham’s ancient offspring… [it is] a disruption of religion and the social order, an assault on, and subver- sion of Judaism and Christianity, which serves, in one word, Apostasy and Revolution,’ he exclaimed at the conclusion of his diatribe against Mendelssohn and his disciples.5 It is clear that, whatever his motives had been in 1822, in 1848 Da Costa was ready to see his own conversion as an attempt at salvaging both Christianity and Judaism, in an effort to restore, through his personal example, the divinely ordained order of the world and the purpose of Jewish history – by remaining, or rather, by becoming a Jew by entering the ecumene of the Dutch Prot- estant Church.6 Da Costa and the ‘Amsterdam Spanish Peninsula’ Da Costa’s complex stance on Judaism and Christianity, combined with his life-long fascination for Sephardic history and nobility (including his own alleged noble lineage)7 make us curious after his judgment on those ancestors whose history had likewise been marked by a tension between the two rivalling faiths: the Iberian conversos who, at the onset of the seventeenth century, had chosen to settle in 5. Ibid., p. 376f. 6. Da Costa’s Jewish-national sentiments on the Jews’ role in universal redemption are like- wise reflected in his Vijf en twintig stellingen over de nationale wederoprichting van Israël en de wederkomst van de Heere Jezus Christus in heerlijkheid (‘Twenty-five propositions regarding the national re-establishment of Israel and the return of the Lord Jesus Christ in glory’) of 1855. 7. In the early 1820s, Da Costa had tried in vain to obtain formal recognition of his noble status, which he had managed to trace back to converso circles in late-medieval Spain and Portugal. His research into Jewish aristocracy culminated in a serial publication entitled ‘Adelijke geslachten onder de Israëliten’, which first appeared in the Dutch historical-genealogical monthly De Navor- scher (1857-1858) and was integrated into later editions of Israel en de Volken (e.g., Haarlem 1873, p. 460-537). For a chronological account of young Da Costa’s enthralment with the Sephardic past, cf. Meijer, Isaac da Costa’s weg, p. 78-90. 152 IRENE ZWIEP the port city of Amsterdam and had built a Jewish community that had never quite managed (nor wished) to shed off its gentile past. We know from various sources that Da Costa felt a deep affinity with ‘the Spanish peninsula of the seventeenth century’ as he once labelled it.8 On the one hand, this affinity ran along familial lines. Da Costa was a direct descendant of Joseph da Costa, the younger brother of the notorious seventeenth-century Amsterdam dissenter Uriël da Costa, whose character and beliefs (as understood by his great-grandnephew Isaac) will be briefly touched upon below. On a more spiritual level medieval Spain, even if it had been transposed to the relative grandeur of Golden Age Amsterdam, was cherished by Da Costa as the oriental haven of the West, a sphere that was more congenial to his own romantic persona of ‘Oriental, Nobleman, Bard’ (‘Oosterling, Edel- man, Dichter’)9 than the ‘lauwe Westerstranden’, the chilly beaches that adorned the western shores of the newly founded Kingdom of the Netherlands. Occupying the entire ‘Third Book’ of Israel en de volken (i.e. 235 out of a total of 588 pages of Jewish ‘world history’), Da Costa’s reconstruc- tion of medieval and early modern Sephardic history seems to reflect this longstanding partiality.10 Within the present framework, to examine in detail the entire section would mean to surrender analysis to mere description; instead, I have chosen to concentrate on a passage that offers us an exemplary summary of the intricate Jewish-Christian agenda that nourished Da Costa’s historical thinking. In the following we shall con- sider at some length his critical, but by no means disparaging views on the life and work of Baruch Spinoza, son of converso noblemen and father of Pantheism, whose intellectual career (not unlike Da Costa’s own) had transcended the boundaries of traditional Judaism yet whose ideas had always remained, or so Da Costa claimed, essentially true to the spirit of Judaism. 8. ‘Ik behoor tot het Spaanse schiereiland van de zeventiende eeuw…’, in a letter to his friend Van Hogendorp, dated 15 March 1821; quoted in Meijer, Isaac da Costa’s weg, p. 81. 9. Again in a letter (dated 6 July 1821) to Dirk van Hogendorp, quoted ibid., p.