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Contraception in Aotearoa: Shaped by and Shaping Family, Morality, Religion, Science, And

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Contraception in Aotearoa: Shaped by and Shaping Family, Morality, Religion, Science, And Contraception in Aotearoa: Shaped by and Shaping Family, Morality, Religion, Science, and Women’s Reproductive Rights By Russyl Gilling A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Victoria University of Wellington 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisors, Courtney and Nayan for all of their mentoring and advice, constantly keeping me on track; Kathy for all of your work proofreading and positive support; my dog, Abbey, for not struggling too much when I just needed a hug; and my parents for their constant support over the past year, Mum for keeping me sane, and Dad for all of the times you said “this makes no sense”. 2 | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Research Question and Thesis ................................................................................................................ 10 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 10 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................... 13 Feminist Science and Technology Studies .......................................................................................... 14 Thesis Structure ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Notes and Terminology ........................................................................................................................... 19 Concluding Comments ............................................................................................................................ 20 1 Chapter 1: Contraceptives in Aotearoa, 1901-1990 ........................................................................... 22 1.1 Early Use of Contraception ......................................................................................................... 23 1.2 Population Anxiety and Eugenics Logics ..................................................................................... 25 1.2.1 Eugenics in New Zealand .................................................................................................... 29 1.3 New Zealand Family Planning Association .................................................................................. 33 1.4 Adapting Policy ........................................................................................................................... 39 1.5 Oral Hormonal Contraceptive History ........................................................................................ 45 1.5.1 Oral Contraceptive Pill ........................................................................................................ 45 1.5.2 Emergency Oral Hormonal Contraception .......................................................................... 51 1.6 Concluding Comments ................................................................................................................ 54 2 Chapter 2: Family, Morality and Religion ............................................................................................ 56 2.1 The Settler Colonist Family ......................................................................................................... 57 2.1.1 Moral and Christian Influence ............................................................................................. 59 2.2 Parent and Gender Roles ............................................................................................................ 62 2.2.1 Eugenics and Family ............................................................................................................ 63 2.2.2 Mothers ............................................................................................................................... 66 2.2.3 Gender Roles in Contraception ........................................................................................... 71 2.3 Adolescents as Contraceptive Subjects ...................................................................................... 73 2.3.1 Mazengarb Inquiry .............................................................................................................. 73 2.3.2 Royal Commission into Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion .................................... 76 3 | P a g e 2.3.3 Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion Amendments 1990 .......................................... 81 2.4 Concluding Comments ................................................................................................................ 83 3 Chapter 3: Decision Makers ................................................................................................................ 85 3.1 Parliament ................................................................................................................................... 86 3.1.1 Starting the Process ............................................................................................................ 88 3.1.2 Settling the Amendments ................................................................................................... 91 3.1.3 Bringing Women Back into the Contraceptive Conversation ............................................. 93 3.2 Medicine ..................................................................................................................................... 95 3.2.1 Doctors’ Position Internationally ........................................................................................ 96 3.2.2 Doctors’ Changing Role in Fertility Control ......................................................................... 98 3.2.3 The Emergency Contraceptive Pill Available Over-The-Counter ...................................... 100 3.3 Concluding Comments .............................................................................................................. 102 4 Chapter 4: Between Contraception and Abortion ............................................................................ 103 4.1 Fertility Control ......................................................................................................................... 104 4.2 Policy Positions Affecting Contraception and Abortion ............................................................ 105 4.2.1 The 1977 Royal Commission ............................................................................................. 107 4.2.2 Legislation ......................................................................................................................... 115 4.3 Discussions in the Public Sphere ............................................................................................... 117 4.3.1 The Pill ............................................................................................................................... 117 4.3.2 The Emergency Contraceptive Pill .................................................................................... 124 4.4 Concluding Comments .............................................................................................................. 130 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 132 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................. 137 Secondary Sources ................................................................................................................................ 137 Appendix of Primary Sources .................................................................................................................... 145 4 | P a g e ABSTRACT Throughout the history of contraception in Aotearoa, the position of women as contraceptive users has been shaped by society and legislation. At the beginning of the twentieth century, due to the racial fears of the time, legislators banned contraceptive use from the feared mortality of white New Zealanders. The eugenic and racial logics that drove the original prevention of access to contraceptives were also influential in the establishment of organisations like the New Zealand Family Planning Association that was able to work towards establishing birth control clinics. Family and religious morality played a major role in how people responded to contraceptive use. In 1954, they were mobilised in the Mazengarb Inquiry, condemning parents who did not fit into the narrow roles expected of them by the Inquiry members. They appeared again throughout the 1977 Royal Commission into Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion. Family and religious morality not only shaped these investigations, but also
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