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The Effect of Oceanographic Variability on the Distribution of Larval Fishesof the Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas

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The Effect of Oceanographic Variability on the Distribution of Larval Fishesof the Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas Deep–Sea Research II 177 (2020) 104784 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep-Sea Research Part II journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 The effect of oceanographic variability on the distribution of larval fishesof the northern Bering and Chukchi seas Elizabeth A. Logerwell a,*, Morgan Busby a, Kathryn L. Mier a, Heather Tabisola b, Janet Duffy- Anderson a a Resource Assessment and Conservation Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA b Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: We investigated the pelagic habitat requirements of Arctic larval fishand the effects of interannual variability of USA ocean conditions on their distribution. We examined the distribution of larval Arctic cod, Bering flounder, yel­ Alaska lowfin sole and capelin in the Chukchi and northern Bering seas during two years with different oceanographic Chukchi sea conditions. We found that despite marked changes in water mass distribution, the distributions of larval fishes Fish larvae were not significantlydifferent between the two years. In both years, Arctic cod and Bering flounderwere found Climate changes Polar waters in cold, high salinity shelf waters advected from the south and influenced by winter cooling (Chukchi Winter Habitat Water and Anadyr Water mix). Yellowfin sole and capelin distributions were also similar from year-to-year but they were only found in warm, low salinity Alaska Coastal Water. The cold, high salinity water masses had elevated large copepod biomass, and the Alaska Coastal Water had elevated small copepod biomass. Thus, we propose that these water masses provided different but nonetheless potentially profitableforaging habitat for the four species of larval fishes.We conclude by suggesting that the timing and location of spawning of these species has evolved such that larval offspring are distributed in suitable foraging habitat despite interannual variability in ocean conditions. This study provides a baseline of Arctic larval fishdistribution and insight into the degree of climate variability that might be expected to impact early life history stages of larval fish. Our results also in­ crease the knowledge of the mechanistic links between oceanography and the early life history of fish. Because growth and survival of early life stages of fish often drives population change, our results contribute to the understanding of the impacts of climate change on Arctic fish populations. 1. Introduction fish’s optimum growth temperature and food availability (Bjornsson€ et al., 2001; Laurel et al., 2015). Reductions in sea-ice extent may The Arctic climate is rapidly changing. Ocean temperatures have negatively impact fish that depend on sea ice for spawning, such as been warming at over two times the global rate since the mid-20th Arctic cod (Rass, 1968). On the other hand, an increase in the open century (Huang et al., 2017). Sea ice extent, duration and thickness water period due to loss of sea ice may result in increased primary have been declining at an increasing pace (Kwok and Rothrock, 2009; production which could benefit fish feeding (Arrigo et al., 2008). The Meier et al., 2012; Wang and Overland, 2015). Embedded within these timing of spring season sea ice retreat is also an important factor. Earlier long-term trends is a high degree of interannual variability in sea ice sea-ice retreat with ocean warming may change the timing and intensity timing, duration, extent and thickness, as well as ocean temperature and of the spring bloom of phytoplankton resulting in a reduction in pro­ currents (Day et al., 2013; Wang and Overland, 2015; Woodgate et al., ductivity and/or a mismatch between the timing of larval first feeding 2015). and the availability of prey (Grebmeier, 2012). It is not known with certainty how changes in Arctic climate will The survival of early life history stages of fishis generally thought to impact fish, although impacts are expected. Increased water tempera­ be an important determinant of variability in the abundance of subse­ tures may affect growth rates negatively or positively depending on the quent older age classes (Hjort, 1914; Lasker, 1981). Furthermore, early * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (E.A. Logerwell). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104784 Received 26 April 2019; Received in revised form 15 April 2020; Accepted 16 April 2020 Available online 30 April 2020 0967-0645/Published by Elsevier Ltd. E.A. Logerwell et al. Deep-Sea Research Part II 177 (2020) 104784 life stages of fish are particularly sensitive to changes in their environ­ fresher water at the surface formed by melting of sea ice and in summer ment such as variability in transport to nursery habitat, exposure to is only found in the northern Chukchi Sea (Danielson et al., 2017). These predators and changes in food availability (e.g. Siddon et al., 2011). different water masses have different nutrient concentrations and pro­ Thus, an understanding of the impacts of interannual variability and ductivity. The colder shelf and winter waters are typically nutrient-rich long-term climate trends on Arctic fish populations benefits from in­ and productive whereas the Alaska Coastal Water is low in nutrients and formation on Arctic fish early life history. productivity (Danielson et al., 2017; Springer and McRoy, 1993). Our work was part of the Arctic Ecosystem Integrated Survey (Arctic Atmospheric and oceanographic conditions observed during the Eis), a University of Alaska College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences Arctic Eis surveys were different between 2012 and 2013, leading to program conducted in 2012 and 2013 to document physical and bio­ subsequent variations in water mass distribution (Danielson et al., logical oceanography, zooplankton, ichthyoplankton, demersal fishand 2017). Sea level pressure and the resulting wind fields strongly con­ pelagic fish. The overarching goals of the program were to understand trasted between years. In 2012, low pressure was centered over the the environmental forcing that impacts northern Bering and Chukchi sea northwestern Chukchi Sea resulting in the typical winds from the ecosystems and to predict the future effects of reduced sea ice and ocean southwest. In 2013, zonally (longitudinally) elongated low pressure warming on these ecosystems (Mueter et al., 2017). The goal of the work over the Bering Sea resulted in zonal winds from the east. Drifter and presented here was to study Arctic fish larval distributions and ocean­ high-frequency radar data suggest that the result of these wind differ­ ographic habitat associations. ences was that the freshwater core of the Alaska Coastal Current was The northern Bering and Chukchi seas are mostly shallow shelves mostly absent from the Northeast Chukchi Sea during 2013. These dif­ (<60 m depth) with currents typically flowing northward due to the ferences in winds and currents resulted in pronounced differences in the difference in sea level between the Pacificand the Arctic (Aagaard et al., distribution of water masses. In 2012, Alaska Coastal Water was 2006). Local winds can slow the northward flow or even redirect the observed close to shore from the northern Bering Sea all the way to the flow to the south or west, depending on the direction of the winds Northeast Chukchi Sea (Point Barrow). In contrast, in 2013, Alaska (Panteleev et al., 2010). Water masses in the northern Bering and Coastal Water was only observed as far north as Ledyard Bay in the Chukchi seas include warmer, fresher Alaska Coastal Water flowing Chukchi Sea; and it spread at least 100 km farther offshore in the along the eastern shore and Anadyr/Bering Summer Water flowing Northern Bering Sea compared to 2012. Along with more extensive across the shelf with moderate temperatures and salinities (Fig. 1). The northerly distribution of Alaska Coastal Water in 2012 the Ana­ Anadyr/Bering Summer Water transforms to Chukchi Summer Water as dyr/Bering Summer Water/Chukchi Summer Water mix extended it flows north over the Chukchi Sea shelf. Near-bottom cold and salty farther north in 2012 than in 2013. Bering and Chukchi Winter Waters are the result of previous winter There were also interannual differences in temperature, salinity, cooling and are resident to each shelf area. Finally, Melt Water is colder, nutrients and chlorophyll biomass (Danielson et al., 2017). Surface Fig. 1. Study area map with bathymetric depths and overview of general currents in the region. Mean flow pathways are color coded to denote current systems. Yellow ¼ Bering Slope Current and Beaufort Gyre; Black ¼ Alaska Coastal Current; Brown ¼ Si­ berian Coastal Current; Purple ¼ pathways of Bering shelf, Anadyr, and Chukchi shelf waters (Danielson et al., 2017). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) 2 E.A. Logerwell et al. Deep-Sea Research Part II 177 (2020) 104784 waters were warmer and near-bottom waters were less saline in 2013 codends at 138 stations in 2012 and 143 stations in 2013. During all than 2012. Macronutrients, particularly in surface waters, were also cruises, quantitative oblique tows were made to a maximum depth of different between years: there was less surface nitrate, ammonium and 200 m (or to within 10 m of the substratum), resulting in vertically in­ phosphate in 2013 than in 2012, likely leading to nutrient limitation of tegrated estimates of larval fish abundance. The ship speed was moni­ phytoplankton growth in 2013. In fact, average integrated chlorophyll tored and adjusted (1.5–2.5 knots) throughout each tow to maintain a � was lower in 2013 than in 2012 (Danielson et al., 2017). Sea-ice con­ wire angle of 45 from the ship to the bongo net. The nets were equipped ditions in 2012 and 2013 were similar.
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