Generation IV reactor systems and Renewable Energy

Hideki Kamide

Chair-Elect, Policy Group The Generation IV International Forum (GIF)

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 Contents

I. The Generation IV International Forum II. Relation between Nuclear and Renewable III. What can be done by Gen-IV Reactor Systems? IV. Challenges for the industrial deployment of GEN-IV reactors

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 2 I. The Generation IV International Forum

3 Generation of Nuclear Energy Systems

Current nuclear plants in operation are mainly Gen-II and Gen-III reactors. Evolutionary LWR, Small modular reactors, and Gen-IV reactors are expected as next generation plants. Gen-IV reactors are expected to enter commercial phase after 2030

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 4 History of Generation IV International Forum (GIF)

 USA proposed a bold initiative in 2000  The vision was to leapfrog LWR technology and collaborate with international partners to share R&D on advanced nuclear systems.  GIF Charter was signed in Jul. 2001, and extended in 2011.  Gen IV concept defined via technology goals and legal framework  Technology Roadmap released in 2002, and updated in Jan. 2014.  2 year study with more than100 experts worldwide  Nearly 100 reactor designs evaluated and down selected to 6 most promising concepts: SFR, VHTR, LFR, SCWR, GFR and MSR.  Framework Agreement (FA) was signed in Feb. 2005, and extended in 2015 for another 10 years.  , , Korea, USA are signed in Feb. 2015 and , , and signed in after Feb. in 2015 respectively, and EU signed in 2016.  joined in 2017 and UK deposited its instrument of accession in 2018 as new member countries. Signing ceremony of FA NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 5 Generation IV Goals

 Long term fuel supply  Minimize waste and long term stewardship burden  Safety & Reliability  Very low likelihood and degree of core damage  Eliminate need for offsite emergency response  Economics  Life cycle cost advantage over other energy sources  Financial risk comparable to other energy projects  Proliferation Resistance & Physical Protection  Unattractive materials diversion pathway  Enhanced physical protection against terrorism

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 6 Six Generation IV Reactors

Pool type

Loop Very High Temperature Gas-cooled Fast Reactor type Reactor (VHTR) (GFR)

Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) A fluoride salt high- temperature reactor (FHR) Molten salt serves as the coolant of solid fuel core

Molten fuel salt type

Supercritical Water -cooled Fast Reactor cooled Reactor (SCWR) (LFR) (MSR)

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 7 Comparison of Gen-IV Reactors

Neutron Outlet temp. Power System Coolant Fuel cycle Spectrum ( ) (MWe)

Sodium-cooled ℃ Fast Reactor Fast Sodium 500-550 Closed 50-1500 (SFR) Very High Temperature Thermal 900-1000 Open 250-300 Reactor (VHTR) Gas-cooled Fast Fast Helium 850 Closed 1200 Reactor (GFR) Supercritical Thermal/ Open/ Water-cooled Fast Water 510-625 Closed 300-1500 Reactor (SCWR) Lead-cooled Fast Fast Lead 480-570 Closed 20-1200 Reactor (LFR) Molten Salt Thermal/ Fluoride/ Reactor (MSR) Fast Chloride 700-800 Closed 1000 salts

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 8 Fourteen Current Members of GIF

Argentina* Japan

Australia Republic of Korea

Brazil* Russian Federation

Canada Republic of South Africa

People’s Republic of Switzerland

Euratom

France United States

*Non-active member

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 9 II. Relation between Nuclear and Renewable

10 Current status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (NPS)

 30-40 years for decommissioning  43,000 of people are still evacuated.

NICE Future Webinar, Decemberhttp://www.meti.go.jp/english/earthquake/nuclear/decommissioning/index.html 2018 http://www.meti.go.jp/english/earthquake/nuclear/decommissioning/pdf/20180827_roadmap.pdf 11 Needs for CO2-free Energy: Global warming & Decarbonized society

35 Toward Zero in 2100 30 Paris Agreement (COP21)

25 -0.4Gt every year 20

15 More than 66 Gt of CO2 emissions have been

CO2 [ Gt] avoided through the use of nuclear energy since 1971. 10 Nuclear today avoids global emissions of about 1.7 Gt CO every year, accounting for 40% of low 5 2 carbon electricity generation worldwide. 0 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021 2024 2027 2030 2033 2036 2039 2042 2045 2048

Years CO2 data: Global Energy & CO2 Status Report 2017, IEA

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 12 Earthquake in Hokkaido and Blackout in 2018

 An Earthquake in this summer Hokkaido resulted in Blackout of electricity in the entire area of Hokkaido for several days long. Japan  Large thermal power reactor, which covers half of Hokkaido, was shutdown by the Earthquake.  Total of 2.95 million households* lost the electricity.  Such large-scale blackout is the first time in Japan. Reliability of The land-area of Hokkaido is the Grid is high-lighted. similar to Ireland! Widespread blackouts occurred all over the world North America(1989,2003), South America(2009), Moscow(2005) Europe(2003,2005), Asia(2011,2017) Stable and Reliable Grid is a significant issue of electricity supply.

*Source: Reuter News: September 7, 2017 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-quake-power/power-returning-to-hokkaido-but-quake-exposes-flaws-of-japan-grid-idUSKCN1LN1EM 13 Goals for Generation IV Reactor systems in GIF

Four pillars Safety & Proliferation Sustainability Economics Resistance & Reliability Physical Protection

 Clean air and  Very low likelihood of  Life cycle cost  Unattractive effective use of U Core Damage  Financial risks diversion  Minimize waste  No need of Offsite  Physical and burden emergency response protection Examples of Emerging influence factors

Stakeholders, Low carbon society, Drivers from market Hybrid systems Society Private sectors National status, Commercialize Grid reliability Historical circumstance pathway National policy

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 14 Pathways to commercialize

Six reactor systems to achieve GIF goals

SFR LFR MSR GFR SCWR VHTR

Common attributions and Challenges  Reliable and Sustainable power supply in Decarbonized Society (Combination with other CO2 free energy systems)  Safety enhancement depended on reactor types  Cost competitive with these attributions  Enhancement of R&D Collaborations on these issues

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 15 World 2˚C energy policy scenario by IEA

IEA, WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK-2017,P244 Intermittent renewables emerging rapidly in the world, but even so dispatchable zero CO2 energies are 20%, Intermittents are 30% NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 16 Example of daily intermittent patterns (Germany)

9AM Production 3PM Consumption

Getting Wind and Sun onto the Grid, p.35-36 OECD/IEA(2017)

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 17 CO2 emission depended on power supply systems: 2015

Sweden France Washington Denmark California Germany Japan

gCO2/kWh gCO2/kWh 106 174 282 450 540 11 46 gCO2/kWh gCO2/kWh gCO2/kWh gCO2/kWh gCO2/kWh

Stable 88% 88% 76% 15% 26% 25% 12% Renewables 53% 11% 69% 15% 16% 11% 11% Nuclear 35% 78% 7% 0% 9% 14% 1% Intermi- ttent 10% 5% 6% 51% 14% 18% 4% Solar 0% 1% 0% 2% 8% 6% 3% Wind 10% 4% 6% 49% 6% 12% 1% Fossil energy 2% 7% 17% 34% 60% 56% 85% IEACO2 emissions from fuel combustion 2017 NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 18 III. What can be done by Gen-IV Reactor Systems?

19 Multiple pathways to Commercialization

SFR LFR MSR GFR SCWR VHTR Example of contributions / attributions Sustainability Hybrid systems Cost Competitive

Reliable grid: Load following, Heat storage R&Ds on Innovative systems Heat usage for hydrogen, Water desalination. GEN-3 + feedback experience Effective Use of Resources Minimize and burden Safety Passive features of Reactivity feedbacks, Passive shutdown systems, Passive decay heat removals, Natural circulations, etc. Safety Design Criteria for International Safety Standards

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 20 Example of Hybrid system –integration with RES-

＋ Constant Power supply Nuclear Power output adjustment 再生可能エネルギー発電所RES

Power supply Power Control Signals

出力 電気出力の制御Power Nuclear （インベントリ）control 電力合成 出力 Synthesis 一定 再生 電力網 Solar 熱交換器 Grid 原子炉 Gas turbine 出力 +Wind ガスタービン 炉心 発電機

Time 前置冷却器 Nuclear plant power output 制御信号 冷却材 adjustment by gas pressure and Very炉心蓄熱の自動変調量 High Temperature: 370 MJ/oC Reactor (VHTR) turbine inertia. VHTR + RES hybrid system JAEA website: https://www.jaea.go.jp/04/o-arai/nhc/jp/research/intro/heat/heat_03.html [in Japanese]

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 21 Example of Hybrid system –electricity and heat-

Decarbonized technology H2 Production Technology IS process decomposes water with heat of ca. 900oC using chemical reactions of iodine (I) and sulfur (S). High- o o H2 400 C temperature 900 C O2 heat Bunsen reaction (Production of H2 1/2O2 + 2HI hydrogen iodide H2SO4 + I2 and sulfuric acid) SO2 + H2O

2HI + H2SO4

SO2 I2 + SO2 + 2H2O +

I2 H2O Water Decomposition of Decomposition of hydrogen iodide (HI) Sulfuric acid H2O

JAEA website: https://www.jaea.go.jp/04/o-arai/nhc/en/research/intro/is/index.html

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 22 Effective Use of Uranium Resources for Sustainability

Effective use of natural uranium can be provided by Closed fuel cycle and Fast reactors; thus ensuring energy security for several centuries.

Scenarios: • IIASA/WEC-C2: “Ecologically-driven” scenario. Renewable energy and small reactor would be used as global warming countermeasures. • IEA ETP2015-2DS: would be reduced and sustainable energy systems would be used. • IAEA 2016 (High case): The current rates of economic and electricity demand growth, particularly in the Far East, would continue, and policy on the climate change would be shifted. • IAEA 2016 (Low case): Current market, technology, and resource trends would continue. Increase in nuclear output might not be achieved.

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 Y. Sagayama, “Generation IV Reactors,” Lecture at the university of Tokyo, Oct. 15, 2018. 23 Minimize radioactive waste by Gen-IV systems

 Burning and Transmutation of Pu and Minor by Fast Reactors

GEN IV reactors and the ASTRID Project, P. Le Coz, ENYGF Paris 24/6/2015

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 24 What is a long-term radioactive nuclides?

nuclides, created by absorption into Uranium 238, have very long-term radiation activity  Pu-239： 2.41x104 y （Total Pu is approx. 10kg including Pu-238,Pu-241) Minor actinides (MA);  Np-237： 2.14x106 y (0.6kg),  Am-241： 432 y (0.4kg),  Am-243：7,370 y (0.2kg),  Cm-244： 18 y (0.06kg) Pu and MA (Np, Am, Cm) are burnable and transmutable as fuel in fast reactors Numbers in round brackets indicate approximate contents per 1ton of LWR spent fuel of 45GWd/t burn-up

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 25 Flexible management by Fast Reactor

Combination of LWR-MOX and FR Transition from LWR to FR 60 60 50 50

40 FR (B.R.1.03) 40 FR (B.R.1.03/ 1.2) 30 30 LWR of uranium core LWR of uranium core 20 20 10 10 FR (B.R.1.2) Pu recycling Nuclear capacity(GWe) Nuclear Nuclear capacity(GWe) Nuclear Pu recycling in LWR 0 0 in LWR 2010 2040 2070 2100 2130 2160 2010 2040 2070 2100 2130 2160 Year Year 25 25 MOX(cooling) FR(cooling) MOX(cooling) - ton) - ton) 20 20 MOX(cool off) FR(cool off) MOX(cool off) 15 15 FR(cooling) 10 10 FR (cool off) 5 UOX UOX (cooling) 5 UOX UOX (cooling) (cool off) (cool off) Spent fuel storage(k Spent fuel storage(k 0 0 2010 2040 2070 2100 2130 2160 2010 2040 2070 2100 2130 2160 Year Year

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 B.R. (Breeding Ratio): Ratio of Fissile amount after/before the reactor use 26 IV. Challenges for the industrial deployment of GEN-IV reactors

27 Viewpoints Toward Commercial Deployment of a Gen-IV System To cross a deep valley from “Prototype” to “Commercial Use”

Combination (Balance) or Choice of following Factors a) Government Private Companies b) Policy Oriented Market Mechanism c) Sustainability Economics d) Long-term

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 28 Economic challenge

Effort to decrease construction cost including overnight cost is needed for new nuclear rector .

Source: Nadira Barkatullah, Financing Nuclear Power Projects: Challenges and Approaches, World Nuclear Association 2014 Symposium

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 29 International Collaboration

Improvement of Predictability on Regulation for Reactor Deployments "Global Standard of safety regulation for Gen-IV system"

Safety Goals

Safety Design Criteria (SDC)

Safety Design Guideline Working Group on the (SDG) Safety of Advanced Reactors Country-specific (WGSAR) Codes and Standards

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 30 Safety Design Criteria for SFR: SDC

 In order to commercialize the SFR systems by the middle of this century, building of international common criteria of safety design, flexible within an acceptable range, has become more important.  SFR “Safety Design Criteria (SDC)” to achieve safety goals of Gen-IV systems have been developed by the SDC Task force, which was established in May 2011.  The SDC Phase-1 report was approved by the GIF in May 2013 and revised based on comments by national regulators and international organizations (IAEA, OECD/NEA’s GSAR). The SDC rev.1 was opened in GIF website. GSAR: Joint CNRA/CSNI Ad-hoc Group on the Safety of Advanced Reactors  Safety Design Guidelines (SDGs) for application of the SFR SDC have been developed with comments from the WGSAR of NEA. WGSAR: Working Group on the Safety of Advanced Reactors

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 *Working Group on the Safety of Advanced Reactors 31 Hierarchy of Safety Standards (including GIF SDC and SDG)

Common Safety Goals and GIF Safety Goals Safety Fundamentals Safety Approach for Gen-IV GIF Basis for Safety Approach  Fundamental Safety Principles Reactor

SFR SDC A set of Criteria Safety Design Criteria based on GIF Basis for Safety High- Approach, with accounting [GIF-SDC] Passive Temp. Safety etc. SFR Specific Characteristics  Harmonized Safety Requirements for SFR Structure

SFR SDG A set of Guides • Guide to Approaches on Approach to Operational States specific safety concerns Safety Design Guideline (e.g. Reactivity, Loss of heat Approach to DBA removal...) [GIF-SDG] Approach to DEC, etc. • Technical Guides of Safety  Guides of Safety Design & Assessments Design & Assessments Shut Coolant Contain (e.g. Design Basis, Condition...) down system ment etc.

Technical Codes & Standards Country A B C D E F [Domestic Code & Standards]

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 32 R&D Collaboration in GIF, OECD NEA

New Task Force on R&D Infrastructure in GIF  Promote international utilization of large infrastructures NI2050 in OECD NEA  International collaboration on demo. of key technologies

 Passive decay heat removal system  Core thermal hydraulics under natural circulation

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 33 Concluding Remarks

 Higher safety on Severe Accidents  Gen-IV Goals: Safety, Sustainability, Economy and PRPP  Not only Renewable Energy but combination with Nuclear  for Decarbonized systems to address Global Warming  for Stable and Reliable Grid, and affordable energy  by Load following, Heat usage, Storage of products, Hybrid-System  Sustainability with Economy by Gen-IV Fast reactors  Higher efficiency of Uranium use  Minimize high level radioactive waste and burden by Pu, MA burning  Key Factors on Deployment of Gen-IVs  Policy supports with Market for Sustainability of long term & clean air  International Collaboration on R&D of above issues (red color)

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 34 Thank you

NICE Future Webinar, December 2018 35