Report on Democracy in Spain/2010 The erosion of confidence and well-being Against disaffection * A Grand Pact to combat public disaffection * The erosion of confidence and well-being * The political strategies of Government and opposition * Corruption: the bitter truth * The Catalan Statute and the Persian jurist * The state of Justice * Education and teaching in times of crisis * A democratic audit of foreign policy * Gender and economic inequality in Spain * Regional Media * The third measurement of democracy * Statistical appendix Spanish Democracy qualification: 5.8 The editorial team of the REPORT ON DEMOCRACY IN SPAIN 2010 This Report on the current state of Spanish democracy was realised by a committee of consultants appointed by the Laboratorio de la Fundación Alternativas who, together with the director, spent much time debating its structure and orientation, familiarizing themselves with the work-in-progress and agreeing the final manuscript. The research and selection of material, the production of relevant data, and the initial editing of each chapter of the Report was undertaken by a team of investigators contracted by the Laboratorio de la Fundación Alternativas. The responsibility for the final text lies with the editorial committee. Consultant committee Joaquín Estefanía Moreira Director of the Report Joaquín Arango Vila-Belda Mercedes Cabrera Calvo-Sotelo Jesús Leguina Villa Sandra León Alfonso José María Maravall Herrero Emilio Ontiveros Baeza Javier Pradera Cortázar Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca Rodríguez Julián Santamaría Osorio Juan Manuel Eguiagaray Ucelay Director of the Laboratorio de Alternativas Javier Ortiz Vicente Assistant director of the Laboratorio de Alternativas Research team Luis Ayala Cañón Income and inequality Phd. (Economics), Complutense University, Madrid. Professor of Applied Economics, University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid. Ex-assistant general director of studies at the Instituto de Estudios Fiscales. Published numerous works on inequality and poverty. Mariano Bacigalupo Saggese Justice Graduated from the Law Department, University of Friburg (Germany). Post- graduate Studies in Constitutional Law and Political Science, Centre of Political and Constitutional Studies (CEPC). Phd. (law). Awarded premio extraordinario (CEPC). Lecturer in Administrative Law, UNED, Madrid, and ex-legal adviser to the technical cabinet of the General Council of Judicial Power (CGPJ). Enrique Bustamante Ramírez The media Professor of Audio-visual Communication and Publicity, Complutense University, Madrid. Has been general secretary of the International Univeristy of Menéndez Pelayo, and author of a dozen works on the economics of television and the cultural industry. Was member of the committee for the reform of the printed media (2004-2005). Julio Carabaña Morales Education Professor of Sociology of Education, Complutense University, Madrid. Has worked with CSIC and been consultant to the Ministry of Education. Published many works on education and teaching in Spain. Modesto Escobar Mercado, Phd. (Sociology), Complutense University, Madrid. Professor, University of Salamanca. Specialist in techniques of social investigation. Currently head of the Master’s course on Public Administration and Social Policies, University of Salamanca. Joaquín Estefanía Moreira Graduate of Economics and Journalism from the Complutense University, Madrid. Has been editor of El País and editor of its opinion and editorial section. Currently director of the School of Journalism, Universidad Autónoma/El País, Madrid. Winner of the European Prize for Journalism for his defence of democratic freedom. Braulio Gómez Fortes Democratic Audit Phd. (Political Science & Sociology), Complutense University, Madrid. Currently researcher at the Instituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. José Antonio Herce San Miguel Statistical Appendix Phd. (Economics), Complutense University, Madrid. Lecturer on Basis of Economic Analysis. Associate director of Afi (International financial analysts). Author of numerous articles on economics. Sandra Léon Alfonso Politics Phd. in Political Science, Autónoma University, Madrid. Graduate member of the Institute Juan March. Madrid. Currently researcher at the Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales. Area head of the Laboratorio de Alternativas. Rosa Martínez López Income and inequality Lecturer, Public Economy, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid. Graduate, Economics and Sociology, Complutense University, Madrid. Has been researcher at the Instituto de Estudios Fiscales specialising in income distribution and social policy. Emilio Ontiveros Baeza Economy Professor of Business Economics, Autonoma University, Madrid where he was vice-rector for four years. Author of various books and numerous articles on finance and economics. Founder and president of AFI (Analistas Financieros Internacionales). Luis Pomed Sánchez Justice Phd. (Law), premio extraordinario, University of Zaragoza. Lecturer in Administrative Law, University of Zaragoza (currently on sabbatical leave). Lawyer on the Constitutional Tribunal. Javier Pradera Cortázar Catalan Statute Law graduate from the Complutense University, Madrid. Journalist of El País, former editor of their opinion section, and currently columnist. Editor of Claves de Razón Práctica. Jesús Ruiz-Huerta Carbonell Income and inequality Professor of Applied Economics, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid. Has been director of the Instituto de Estudios Fiscales and vice-rector of the Universidad de Salamanca. Coordinated the EUROSOCIAL programme for the EU. Rubén Ruiz-Rufino Politics Phd. (Political Science and Sociology), Complutense University, Madrid. Member of the Instituto Juan March. Has been lecturer in political science at the St. Louis University, Madrid and the Complutense University, Madrid. Currently, researcher Juan de la Cierva, Instituto de Políticas y Bienes Públicos (IPP) of the CSIC, and area head of the Laboratorio de Alternativas. José Ignacio Torreblanca Payá Foreign Affairs Lecturer in Political Science, UNED. Director of the Madrid office of the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) and regular columnist of El País. Ignacio Urquizu Sancho Politics Phd. (Sociology) Complutense University, Madrid, and graduate member of the Instituto Juan March. Currently sub-director of Progress Studies at Fundación Alternativas and area head of the Laboratorio, Fundación Alternativas. Lecturer of Sociology at the Dept.of Journalism of the Universidad Complutense, Madrid. Manuel Villoria Mendieta Corruption Phd. Complutense University, Madrid. Professor of Political Science, University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid. Director of the department of Government, Administration and Public Policy, InstitutoUniversitario Ortega y Gasset. Published numerous articles on public administration and ethical administration. PREFACE This is the fourth edition of an annual report which focuses on the quality of our democracy and which has now gained a prominent position in the social debate on the issue of the improvement of our system. This year, the experience gained from previous editions and changes to the circumstances of Spanish political life has led us to focus attention not only on the major and recurrent themes of democratic theory but also on the more topical ones that add vitality to the experience of living in a democracy. As might be expected from a text of this nature, a broad panorama needs to be covered in order to examine the workings of the basic institutions of a democratic system - Government and opposition, political parties, Parliament, judiciary, media, etc - and to evaluate the behaviour of the main participants and analyse the adequacy of their response to social problems. Furthermore, in a year such as 2009, it was precisely these institutions which were affected by the omnipresence of the economic crisis, by the consequences of unemployment and economic uncertainty, by the extension of corruption, and by the rampant disaffection of the citizens – all of which figured prominently in the more recent opinion surveys. The main title of this year’s IDE, Against Disaffection, expresses a rather worrying diagnosis regarding both the current state of affairs and the consequent need for a decisive political response. In fact, a lot of the data presented in the 2010 Report and the analysis developed from it, whether of a economic, sociological, legal or political nature, points to the same conclusion: a deterioration in the level of public confidence in the institutions, and in whose who are responsible for them. The worrying corollary of this is that there is evidence of a distancing on the part of Spaniards with respect to their representatives, a disturbing uneasiness regarding the future, and undoubtedly, a questioning of some of the hard-won principles and social values which have been constructed over recent years and which cannot be easily replaceable. This widespread uncertainty about the future and the absence of a clear and agreed political and economic response has resulted in a climate which is hardly auspicious for a democratic system. And the scenario does not improve when the more widely-publicised responses to the crisis are vociferously criticised for their inadequacy by significant sectors of society. But nevertheless, it must be emphasised that there is no alternative to the institutions of our democratic system. This conviction, far from being an invocation to despair, compels us to make the best use of