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Rural Water and Sanitation Sector Sector Study REPUBLI YEMEF CO N RURAL WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR SECTOR STUDY JUNE-JULY 1996 REPORT FOR COMMENTS Correction errorf so commentfacd n si an t invitede sar . They shoul submittee db : dto Dr. Amin A. Mahmood, Chairman, General Authorit Rurar yfo l Electricit Wated yan r Supply, P.O.Box 12656, Sana'a, Republi Yemenf co ; and to: Christophe. Mr r Ward, Water Coordinator for the Middle East, World Bank, 1818 H Street N.W., Washington, B.C. 20433 U.S.A. Sana'a 18 July 1996 823Y - E17/32 6 Table of Contents 'age Tabl Contentf eo s ............................................... 1 Abbreviations and Acronyms................................ 2 1. Purpose of Sector Review and Approach.............. 3 2. Overvie Watewf o Sanitatiod ran n Sector ............ 5 3. Population Characteristics.................................... 8 4. Access to Water and Sanitation ........................... 12 5. Legal and Regulatory Framework ........................ 16 6. Regional and Local Institutions ............................ 20 7. General Authority for Rural Electricity and Water 27 8. Sector Financing and Economics ......................... 32 9. Conclusion Recommendationd san s ................... 37 Annexes 1.1 Maps Showing Sites Visited by Mission 2.1 Key Institutions in the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector 4.1 Acces Wateo st r Suppl Sanitatiod yan Governoraty nb Districd ean t Definitions and Caveats of the 1994 Census and Information Derived from it 5.1 Presidentia r 199fo l2 0 Decre (unofficia23 . eNo l translation) General Authority for Rural Electricity and Water 5.2 Draft Water - Policy Framework 6.1 Field Visits 6.2 Generae Th l Authorit Rurar yfo l Electricit Wated yan r List of Donor-Assisted Projects 7.1 Extract fro l ShamsmE y Repor Establishmenn o t GAREf o t W January 1993 7.2 Policies GAREW (Discussion Paper) 7.3 GAREW First Five-Yea Watee r Plath r nrfo Sector, 199 6200- 0 7.4 Prime Minister's Resolution 36/1996 on the Execution of the Public Budget Fiscal Year 1996 8.1 Unit Prices Paid for Water LIBRARY IRC 93190x HAGUBo E O , P 250TH ED 9A 10.1 References Tel.: +31 70 30 689 80 4 6 9 89 5 3 0 7 Fax1 :+3 BARCODE: LO: Abbreviations and Acronyms BCM Billion cubic meters EPC Environmental Protection Council ERADA Eastern Regional Agricultural Development Authority GAREW General Authority for Rural Electricity & Water GDP Gross Domestic Product GTZ German Agency for TechnicalCooperation HQ Headquarters LDC Local Development Council MOAWR Ministr Agriculturf yo Wated ean r Resources MOEW Ministry of Electricity and Water MOMR Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources MOPD Ministr Planninf yo Developmend gan t NGO Non-governmental organization NORADA Northern Regional Agricultural Development Authority NWP National Water Policy NWRA National Water Resources Authority NWSA National Wate Seweragd ran e Authority O&M Operation and maintenance RDA Regional Development Authority ROY Republic of Yemen RWSD Rural Water Supply Department SURDP Southern Uplands Regional Development Project IDA Tihama Development Authority UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization WQ Water Quality WR Water Resources WS Water Supply YR Yemeni Riyal YEMEN RURAL WATE SANITATIOD RAN N SECTOR STUDY REPORT FOR COMMENTS 18/07/96 "Even when the solution is known, the problem ham't been solved" Anon. 1. Purpos Sectof eo r Revie Approacd wan h 1.01 Yemen's water resource scarce srapidlar d ean y depleting. Increasing competition between urban and rural households and irrigated agriculture is becoming a major development issue. Failur o meet e t deman r potablfo d e water supplie sanitatiod san n would intensify health and environmental problems, while exhaustion of usable supplies would lead in the medium and long term to the collapse of much of the rural economy. The problem is exacerbated by the weak authority of the government, the prevalence of entrenched local rights, past lack of political will, weak institutional structures, the high rat f populatioo e n e growthhigth hd profitabilitan , water-intensivf yo productiont eqa . The country is in the process of developing a national water plan and strategy with the assistance of the UNDP, the World Bank and bilateral donors. This review of the rural water and sanitation sector is a contribution to the development of this strategy. Grants froNetherlande th m Japanesd san e Governments finance missione dth UNDP/Worle Th . d Bank Water and Sanitation Program provided some members of the mission. 1.02 The purpose of this review is to: * Present an overview of the rural water and sanitation sector in Yemen Identif* y sector development constraint makd san e recommendation dealinr sfo g with them * Propose short- and medium-term investment and technical assistance programs 1.03 Experience throughout the world has shown that water supply projects are sustainable when wate manages ri economin a s da participatorca goodn i d an , y mannet ra the lowest appropriate level These principles formed the framework within which the sector mission team conducted its work. 1.04 Interviews and reviews of existing reports during the first two weeks focused on learning about practices in Yemen concerned with: - who has access to potable water and safe sanitation, and - by whom and how it is provided. e missio1.0Th 5 n found that much good wor bees kha n don recenn ei t years analyzing the e sectorneed th e Technica f o Th s. l Secretaria e Higth hf o tWate r Council, with assistance under UNDP/DESD Project YEM/88/001, analyzed the full sector in Yemen in a report titled Water Supply, Wastewater and Sanitation, published in June 1992. Even more relevant, from October 199 o Februar2t y 1993 . HassaMr , n Al ShamsyO WH , consultant, conducted a complete overview of the rural water sector. His findings and recommendations were included in a document entitled "Government of the Republic of Yemen, Proposed 5-Year Water Supply Plan, 1993-1997", dated January, 1993. Somf eo the recommendations of this report have been implemented. However, in general the passag exacerbatet bu timf es o eha serioue dth s situation described hi that report. 1.06 Durin e nex n daysgth te missionte ,th 1 visite representativda e grouwate7 1 f pro supply systems to observe and evaluate the factors which may be responsible for the sustainability of projects in Yemen (or lack thereof). To collect information on this subject the mission divided itself into sub-groups who separately interviewed female users, male communite th user d an s y leaders/system managers from each system. Annep xma 1.a 1s i showing locations visited. e Deput1.0Th 7 y Prime Ministe Ministed ran Planninf ro g sponsore workshoda p near e mission s attendeth f wa o t I representativey .d b dth en e interestee f mosth o sf o t d government ministries and agencies and of a number of multilateral and bilateral agencies. The team reporte ds preliminar it bac n o k y finding thosd an se attendin workshoe gth p discusse recommendationss it d . This report incorporates recommendation commentd san s workshopmade th t ea . 1 The members of the mission were: National Staff Eng. Abdullah A. Malik Badr, General Directo Water rfo r Supply, GAREW (P/T) Mr.Fawz Khirbashl iA , Hydrologist, GAREW Mr. Abdul Qadir Hanash, Engineer/technical specialist, GAREW Dr. Mohame Eryanil dA , Hydrogeologist, institutional specialis facilitatod tan r (consult) Mr. Abdul Mali Makramil kA , Community Development/Participation Consultant Dr. Ilham All Abdullah Basahi, Sanitary Engineer and WE) Consultant International Staff Mr. William Cosgrove, Team Leader •Dr. Wendy Wakeman, Community Development and Participation Specialist, (UNDP/World Bank Water and Sanitation Program) Mr. Piet Klop, Technical Specialist (UNDP/World Bank Water & Sanitation Prog) Mr. Toine Vriens, Resource Person, SURWAS . 2 Overvie Watef wo Sanitatiod ran n Sector Sector Organization 2.01 Technically speaking, in the process of development planning in Yemen (which is led by the Ministry of Planning and Development), water is not yet recognized as a "sector itsely rathet b " sub-sectoa bu f s ra Service th f ro e Sector same Th . e also applies to sanitation. Until recently, responsibilities for water planning and management as opposed to those for development and use have remained undifferentiated. is, both functions remained mixed together and handled by three key ministries; namely: a) the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (MOAWR): which is mainly concerned with irrigation use; b) the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MOEW): which focuses on urban and rural water suppliesd an ; d Minera an e Ministr l th Oi l) c f Resourceo y s (MOMR): whic largels hi y involved in water resources assessment studies and monitoring. Thus MOAWe th , MOEd Ran essentialle War y "development used -an - oriented" while MOMR is more towards the "planning and management" support, without actually doin planniny gan r managementgo . 2.02 Moreover, unde e MOAWe th MOEWrth d Ran , ther severae ear l institution which undertake various water-related activities. The MOAWR, for instance, has the Regional Development Authorities (e.g., TDA, NORAD ERADA)d Aan wels a , s a l several regional projects (e.g., Wadi Hadramawt, Central Highlands, Southern Highlands, etc) and national projects (Land and Water Conservation, Small Dams, etc). Almost all of these institutions provide funds for various water-related development projects: for irrigation, rural water supply and even for water resources assessment studies. Similarly, the two main institutions under the MOEW (i.e., NWASA and GAREWS) are involved in water supply development activities (urban and rural), water resource assessment studies sanitatiod an , n projects (mainly urban). 2.03 Consolidating the water planning and management functions into one entity wasn't carried out until very recently, when the National Water Resources Authority (NWRA) was established goals It .
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