Michigan Amphibian & Reptile Best Management Practices
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
I Michigan Amphibian & Reptile Best Management Practices Herpetological Resource & Management, LLC Michigan Amphibian & Reptile Best Management Practices Michigan Amphibian and Reptile Best Management Practices Copyright 2014 © Herpetological Resource and Management, LLC. Drawings & photographs by Herpetological Resource and Management, LLC. unless otherwise noted ISBN: 978-0-9915169-0-2 Suggested Citation: Mifsud, David A., 2014. Michigan Amphibian and Reptile Best Management Practices. Herpetological Resource and Management Technical Publication 2014. i Acknowledgements This project was funded by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality and the Environmental Protection Agency through a Region 05 Wetland Program Development Grant. This work was performed under the sponsorship of THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY and the Michigan Natural Features Inventory Michigan State University Extension. This work does not necessarily represent the views of the University or the sponsoring agency. Numerous organizations and individuals have contributed information, photographs, and resources instrumental in the creation of this publication including, MDEQ Wetlands, Lakes, and Streams Unit, The Nature Conservancy, Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) Wildlife Division, MDNR Fisheries Division, MDEQ Office of the Great Lakes, Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), Michigan State University Museum, and The Stewardship Network. In addition to the organizations we would like to recognize the individuals who provided review and comment for their help and assistance: James Bettaso, Brittany Bird, Amy Derosier, David Dortman, Carly Eakin, Eric Ellis, Melanie Foose, James Francis, Chris Freiburger, Thomas Goniea, Anne Hokanson, Christopher Hoving, Spencer Kellum, Yu Man Lee, Amy Lounds, Mark Mackay, Christopher May, Mick Micacchion, Paul Muelle, Tim Payne, Mike Pennington, Lori Sargent, Matthew Smar, Pete Wilson, Richard Wolinski, and Sean Zera. Every attempt has been made to integrate feedback from the professionals and organizations listed above. Their participation however does not suggest the endorsement of every recommendation or professional opinion in this manual. Additionally, we would like to thank all of our photo contributors who helped improve the content and engagement of this document. On behalf of HRM, we would also like to specifically recognize and thank Maegan Stapleton for her time, dedication, organization, and patience in the development and completion of this manual. Special thanks also go to Hailey Brown for her technical skill and invaluable assistance in layout and organizing. On a personal level, I would like to thank my mother Mary Mifsud and wife Rachel Mifsud for whom their great support and love has helped me succeed in life and profession. I would also like to thank my mentor, colleague, and friend, Jim Harding for his support and inspiration throughout my career. ii Michigan Amphibian & Reptile Best Management Practices Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 Purpose and Intended Use of This Manual ...........................................................1 2. Project Planning .......................................................................................3 3. Amphibians and Reptiles of Michigan ...................................................5 Natural History of Herpetofauna in Michigan ......................................................6 Michigan Herpetofauna: Ecological and Habitat Requirements ......................... 7 Amphibians..............................................................................................................8 Reptiles .....................................................................................................................9 Michigan Herpetofauna Community Associations and Habitats ......................10 4. Threats to Amphibians and Reptiles ..................................................... 11 Habitat Loss, Degradation, Fragmentation, and Urbanization .........................11 Chemical Pollution ....................................................................................................15 Salts and Heavy Metals ........................................................................................15 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Other Hydrocarbons ......16 Pharmaceuticals and Hormones .......................................................................17 Excess Nutrients ...................................................................................................17 Pesticides ...............................................................................................................17 Piscicides ................................................................................................................20 Alterations to Hydrologic Processes ......................................................................20 Illegal Collection ......................................................................................................23 Persecution .................................................................................................................24 Invasive Species .........................................................................................................25 Disease ........................................................................................................................28 Climate Change .........................................................................................................29 iii Insufficient Assessment ..........................................................................................31 5. Conservation Efforts ..............................................................................32 Existing Conservation Guidelines .........................................................................33 State, Federal, and International Regulations ......................................................34 The Michigan Herp Atlas .......................................................................................36 6. Management and Development Planning .............................................37 Evaluating the Site ....................................................................................................37 Plan to Maintain Ecologically Functional Landscapes ........................................40 Implement Herp-friendly Work ..............................................................................43 7. Ecological Restoration and Mitigation and Habitat Design ................45 Planning Restoration and Mitigation ....................................................................45 Wetland Mitigation and Restoration .....................................................................47 Stream and River Restoration and Mitigation ......................................................52 Habitat Design ..........................................................................................................56 Turtle Nesting ......................................................................................................58 Turtle Hibernacula ................................................................................................60 Turtle Basking .......................................................................................................60 Snake Hibernacula ................................................................................................61 Snake and Lizard Basking and Cover ................................................................62 Snake and Lizard Nesting Sites ..........................................................................62 Amphibian Egg Laying Sites ...............................................................................63 Frog and Toad Cover and Basking Sites ...........................................................63 Salamander Cover and Foraging Sites ...............................................................64 Upland Conditions for Amphibians .................................................................65 Upland Conditions for Reptiles ........................................................................65 Captive Breeding and Rare Species Headstarting ................................................66 iv Michigan Amphibian & Reptile Best Management Practices Relocation, Translocation, and Rescue ..................................................................67 8. Management Techniques ...................................................................... 71 Chemical Applications and Management ..............................................................71 Pesticides, Nutrients, and Fertilizers ................................................................71 Oil and Chemical Spill Response ............................................................................76 Metal and Toxic Contamination .............................................................................77 Stormwater Management and Soil Erosion Control ..........................................77 Forest Management ..................................................................................................82 Vehicle Use .....................................................................................................83 Harvest Techniques ..............................................................................................86