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Taksonomija I Filogenija Xeranthemum Grupe (Asteraceae) – Morfološki, Anatomski, Fitohemijski I Molekularni Aspekti

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Taksonomija I Filogenija Xeranthemum Grupe (Asteraceae) – Morfološki, Anatomski, Fitohemijski I Molekularni Aspekti UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU BIOLOŠKI FAKULTET Milan M. Gavrilović Taksonomija i filogenija Xeranthemum grupe (Asteraceae) – morfološki, anatomski, fitohemijski i molekularni aspekti Doktorska disertacija Beograd, 2019. UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF BIOLOGY Milan M. Gavrilović Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Xeranthemum group (Asteraceae) – morphological, anatomical, phytochemical and molecular aspects Doctoral Dissertation Belgrade, 2019. Podaci o mentoru i članovima komisije: Mentor: Dr Peđa Janaćković, vanredni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu - Biološki fakultet Članovi komisije: Dr Petar Marin, redovni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu - Biološki fakultet Dr Zora Dajić - Stevanović redovni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu - Poljoprivredni fakultet Datum odbrane: Posvećeno mojoj baki Bojani ZAHVALNICA Ova doktorska disertacija je urađena na Katedri za morfologiju i sistematiku biljaka Biološkog fakulteta-Univerziteta u Beogradu, u SEM-EDS laboratoriji i Laboratoriji za kristalografiju Rudarsko-geološkog fakulteta-Univerziteta u Beogradu, u Laboratoriji za ramansku spektroskopiju Fizičko-hemijskog fakulteta-Univerziteta u Beogradu, u Univerzitetskom centru za elektronsku mikroskopiju Departmana za biologiju i ekologiju Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta-Univerziteta u Novom Sadu, u Laboratoriji za funkcionlanu anatomiju biljaka Katedre za agrobotaniku Poljoprivrednog fakulteta- Univeziteta u Beogradu, u Centru za instrumentalnu analizu IHTM-a, na Katedri za organsku hemiju Hemijskog fakulteta-Univeziteta u Beogradu, na Katedri za analitičku hemiju Hemijskog fakulteta-Univeziteta u Beogradu, u Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB- CSIC-ICUB), u Department of Botany Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil, u Institutu za biologiju i ekologiju Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Kragujevcu i u Mikološkoj laboratoriji Odeljenja za fiziologiju biljaka nstituta za biološka istra ivanja iniša tanković'' Univerziteta u Beogradu. Najveću zahvalnost dugujem svom mentoru i učitelju Prof. dr Peđi Janaćkoviću sa Katedre za morfologiju i sistematiku biljaka Biološkog fakulteta-Univerziteta u Beogradu, pod čijim mentorstvom sam eleo da radim doktorsku disertaciju još na početku osnovnih studija. Hvala na svakodnevnoj neiscrpnoj pomoći, stručnim savetima i sugestijama tokom celokupne izrade ove disertacije. Hvala što me je uveo i vodio kroz svet sistematike biljaka i familije Asteraceae. Takav izgrađen odnos je celo ivotan. Želeo bih da se zahvalim članovima komisije Prof. dr Petru D. Marinu sa Katedre za morfologiju i sistematiku biljaka Biološkog fakulteta-Univerziteta u Beogradu i Prof. dr Zori Dajić- tevanović sa Katedre za agrobotaniku Poljoprivrednog fakulteta-Univerziteta u Beogradu na korisnim savetima i sugestijama koje su mi pru ili prilikom pregledanja ove doktorske disertacije. Veliku zahvalnost dugujem Prof. dr Dragani Rančić sa Katedre za agrobotaniku Poljoprivrednog fakulteta-Univeziteta u Beogradu, na nesebičnoj pomoći i znanju iz anatomije biljaka. Takođe se zahvaljujem dipl. biol. Radenku Radoševiću, rukovodiocu laboratorije za funkcionlanu anatomiju biljaka Poljoprivrednog fakulteta-Univeziteta u Beogradu, na pomoći prilikom pravljenja anatomskih preparata. Veliko hvala dugujem Núria Garcia-Jacas i Alfonso Susanna iz Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), na znanju i savetima koje su mi pru ili iz molekularnih analiza tokom boravka u institutu kao i tokom celokupnog istra ivanja. Veliko hvala Milutinu Praščeviću iz Plava (Alpinetum Prokletije, Crna Gora) na velikoj i srdačnoj pomoći prilikom sakupljanja biljnog materijala u Crnoj Gori za potrebe ove disertacije. Želeo bih da se zahvalim dipl. biol. Milošu Bokorovu na pomoći prilikom rada na SEM-u, u Univerzitetskom centru za elektronsku mikroskopiju, Departmana za biologiju i ekologiju, Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta, Univerziteta u Novom adu. Zahvalnost dugujem Prof. dr uzani Erić sa Rudarsko-geološkog fakulteta- Univerziteta u Beogradu, na pomoći prilikom rada na EM-EDS-u i identifikaciji kristala. Hvala Prof. dr Veletu Teševiću sa Katedre za organsku hemiju, Hemijskog fakulteta-Univeziteta u Beogradu, na pomoći prilikom rada na HPLC-u i NMR-u. Hvala dr Urošu Gašiću sa Katedre za analitičku hemiju, Hemijskog fakulteta- Univeziteta u Beogradu na pomoći prilikom rada na Orbitrap-u i identifikacije fenolnih jedinjenja. Hvala Antonio Fernando M. de Oliveira i Mariana O. Barbosa na pomoći prilikom ekstrakcije i identifikacije masnih kiselina iz cipsela. Hvala Prof. dr Dmitru Lakušiću sa Katedre za ekologiju i geografiju biljaka Biološkog fakulteta-Univerziteta u Beogradu na pomoći prilikom tumačenja rezultata morfometrijskih analiza morfoloških karaktera. Hvala dr Marini oković, naučnom savetniku, iz Mikološke laboratorije, Odeljenja za fiziologiju biljaka, Instituta za biološka istra ivanja iniša tanković'', Univerziteta u Beogradu, na pomoći vezanoj za antimikrobnu aktivnost. Takođe, hvala Prof. dr Milanu tankoviću sa nstituta za biologiju i ekologiju Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Kragujevcu na pomoći u radu za antioksidativnu aktivnost. Hvala i svim članovima Katedre za morfologiju i sistematiku biljaka Biološkog fakulteta-Univerziteta u Beogradu. Hvala mojim prijateljima koji su uvek bili uz mene i znali da ću da istrajem. pak, najveću zahvalnost dugujem svojoj porodici, mami Mirjani, baki Bojani i bratu blizancu Ljubiši na podršci koju su mi pru ali celog ivota. Bez njih ne bih uspeo. Takođe, bezuslovna ljubav mog psa ljubimca Lukija mi je uvek davala dodatnu snagu. Sa njihovom ljubavlju ova disertacija dobija potpuni i pravi smisao. Milan Gavrilović Taksonomija i filogenija Xeranthemum grupe (Asteraceae) – morfološki, anatomski, fitohemijski i molekularni aspekti Sažetak Xeranthemum grupu čine rodovi Shangwua, Amphoricarpos, Chardinia, Xeranthemum i Siebera, anatomski, mikromorfološki i fitohemijski gotovo neistraženi. Taksonomija čitave grupe, posebno roda Amphoricarpos je veoma komplesna. U ovom istraživanju je pokazano da mikromorfološke osobine povezuju višegodišnje vrste, određene povezuju jednogodišnje, određene su specifične za vrste, a određene zajedničke za sve taksone. Taksoni roda Amphoricarpos pokazuju slične anatomske karakteristike, dok su odabrani anatomski karakteri taksonomski značajni za diferencijaciju vrsta roda Xeranthemum. U cipselama taksona roda Amphoricarpos detektovano je osam masnih kiselina, od kojih je linolna dominantna, a u cipselama X. cylindraceum 12, od kojih je dominantna oleinska. Dominantan seskviterpenski lakton kod A. elegans je 3- deoksiamforikarpolid. Kod istraživanih taksona roda Amphoricarpos identifikovano je 30 fenolnih jedinjenja, gde je hrizoeriol dominantan među površinskim jedinjenjima svih taksona, a 5-O-kafeoilhinska kiselina među vakuolarnim, osim kod A. neumayerianus subsp. neumayerianus. Biološka aktivnost taksona roda Amphoricarpos pokazala je veoma dobar ili umeren efekat. Određeni mikromorfološki, anatomski i molekularni markeri podržavaju filogeniju Xeranthemum grupe. Morfološki karakteri vegetativnih struktura i glavice najbolje su razdvojili četiri balkanska taksona roda Amphoricarpos. Mikromorfološki karakteri involukralne brakteje posebno izdvajaju bosansko-hercegovački takson. Fitohemijske razlike evidentne su između balkanskih taksona. Molekularne analize su pokazale da je rod Amphoricarpos monofiletski i da su balkanski taksoni podeljeni na dve klade: bosansko-hercegovačku i crnogorsku. Rezultati podržavaju podizanje taksonomskog ranga Xeranthemum grupe na nivo podtribusa. Ključne reči: Asteraceae; Xeranthemum grupa; morfologija; mikromorfologija; anatomija; masne kiseline, seskviterpenski laktoni i fenolna jedinjenja; ITS i plastidni markeri; biološka aktivnost; taksonomija; filogenija. Naučna oblast: Biologija Uža naučna oblast: Morfologija, fitohemija i sistematika biljaka Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Xeranthemum group (Asteraceae) – morphological, anatomical, phytochemical and molecular aspects Abstract The Xeranthemum group includes Shangwua, Amphoricarpos, Chardinia, Xeranthemum and Siebera, anatomically, micromorphologically and phytochemically almost unexplored. The taxonomy of the whole group, especially of the Amphoricarpos is very complex. In this study, it was shown that micromorphological traits link together perennial species, some link annual ones, some are species-specific, and some are common to all taxa. Amphoricarpos taxa showed similar anatomical features, while selected anatomical characters differentiated Xeranthemum species. Eight fatty acids were found in the Amphoricarpos taxa cypselae, of which linoleic was dominant, while 12 fatty acids were found in X. cylindraceum cypselae, of which oleic was dominant. The dominant sesquiterpene lactone in the A. elegans is 3-deoxyamphoricarpolide. In Amphoricarpos taxa 30 phenolic compounds were identified, where chryzoeriol was dominant among the surface compounds of all taxa, and 5-O-caffeoylcholic acid among vacuolar ones, except for A. neumayerianus subsp. neumayerianus. The biological activity of Amphoricarpos showed a very good or moderate effect. Certain micromorphological, anatomical and molecular markers support the phylogeny of the Xeranthemum group. The morphological characters of the vegetative structures and the capitulum best separated four Balkan Amphoricarpos taxa. The micromorphological characters of the involucral bract particularly distinguished the Bosnian-Herzegovinian taxon. Phytochemical differences are evident between Balkan taxa. Molecular analyzes have shown that the genus
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